Zihinsel Dayanıklılık: İmgeleme ve Duygusal Zekânın Rolü
Year 2024,
, 334 - 340, 30.07.2024
Aygün Akgül
,
Serdar Solmaz
,
Ahmet Uzun
,
Yunus Emre Yarayan
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı farklı spor branşlarında imgeleme ve duygusal zekanın zihinsel dayanıklılık üzerindeki rolünü belirlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırma ilişkisel tarama modeliyle tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma grubu milli sporculuk düzeyine sahip 125’i erkek (%50,8) (yaş=21,74±1,93) 121’i kadın (%49,2) (yaş=22,50±1,91) sporcudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmaya gerekli verilerin toplanabilmesi için, araştırmacılar tarafından tasarlanan Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri, Sporda Duygusal Zeka Envanteri ve Sporda İmgeleme Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Ulaşılan verilerin analizinde öncelikle normallik varsayımları için çarpıklık basıklık değerleri incelenmiş ve verilerin bu varsayımları karşıladığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda R Studio (4.0.5) yazılımı kullanılarak değişkenler arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkileri açıklayabilmek amacıyla YOL analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Bu analizde yaş değişkeni kontrol altında tutulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde, duygusal zekâ değişkeninin zihinsel dayanıklılık değişkeni üzerinde pozitif yönde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu, imgeleme değişkeninin ise yine zihinsel dayanıklılık değişkeni üzerinde pozitif yönde ve anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Duygusal zeka değişkeni ve imgeleme değişkeni zihinsel dayanıklılık değişkeni üzerindeki varyansın %15’ini açıklamaktadır. Sonuç olarak; optimal performans aralığını yakalamak adında elde edilen bu bulgular, duygusal zeka ve imgelemenin zihinsel dayanıklılığı güçlendirmede önemli faktörler olabileceğini öne sürmektedir.
Ethical Statement
Bu araştırmanın yapılabilmesi için Siirt Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü 03.03.2023 tarihli 4377 sayılı dosya kararı ile etik kurul onayı alınmıştır. Ayrıca çalışma süresince etik ilkelere ve ahlaka uygun bir şekilde hareket edildiğini beyan ederiz.
Supporting Institution
Çalışma herhangi bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemektedir.
References
- Moran A. Sport and exercise psychology: A critical introduction. Routledge; 2013.
- Jones G, Hanton S, Connaughton D. What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of applied sport psychology 2002;14(3):205-218. doi:10.1080/10413200290103509
- Goldberg AS. Sports slump busting: 10 steps to mental toughness and peak performance. Human Kinetics; 1998.
- Hardy L, Bell J, Beattie SA. Neuropsychological model of mentally tough behavior. Journal of personality 2014;82(1): 69-81. doi:10.1111/jopy.12034
- Weinberg RS, Gould D. Spor ve egzersiz psikolojisinin temelleri. İçinde: Şahin M, Koruç Z, editör. Çev. Akın A, ve Akın Ç. Nobel Akademik; 2019.
- Kosslyn SM, Ganis G, Thompson WL. Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2001;2(9):635-642. doi:10.1038/35090055
- White A, Hardy L. An in-depth analysis of the uses of imagery by high-level slalom canoeists and artistic gymnasts. The Sport Psychologist 1998;12(4):387-403. doi:10.1123/tsp.12.4.387
- Aydoğan H, Güner O, Yamak E. İçinde: Mutlu Ö, Arı Y, editör. Spor bilimlerinde betimsel metinler: Sporda imgeleme. Efe Akademi Yayınları; 2022.
- Salovey P, Mayer JD. Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 1990;9(3):185-211. doi:10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
- Goleman D. Duygusal Zekâ neden IQ'dan daha önemlidir? Çev: Yüksel BS. Varlık Yayınları, 2013.
- Jones G, Hanton S, Connaughton D. A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist 2007);21(2):243-264. doi:10.1123/tsp.21.2.243
- Bozlar V. Profesyonel futbolcuların zihinsel dayanıklılık, imgeleme ve takım bütünlüğü özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Doktora Tezi]. Kırıkkale: Kırıkkale Üniversitesi; 2020.
- Geikie TL. The relationship between young athletes' imagery use and mental toughness [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Windsor; 2016.
- Guerin EA, Munroe-Chandler KJ, Loughead TM. The relationship between imagery use and mental toughness in athletes with a disability. Journal of Exercise, Movement, and Sport (SCAPPS refereed abstracts repository) 2014;46(1):140-140.
- Mattie P. Examining the relationship between imagery use and mental toughness [Master's Thesis]. University of Windsor; 2009.
- Mattie P, Munroe-Chandler K. Examining the relationship between mental toughness and imagery use. Journal of applied sport psychology 2012);24(2):144-156. doi:10.1080/10413200.2011.605422
- Yalçın İ, Ayhan C, Araz GY, Bayram A, Birkök MC. The effect of ımagery ability on mental toughness and sportive confidence level in athletes. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2022;5(2):895-905. doi:10.38021/asbid.1210993
- Bahadır G, Adiloğulları İ. Spor yapan üniversite öğrencilerinde zihinsel dayanıklılık ile duygusal zekâ arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences 2020;6(4):117-128. doi:10.18826/useeabd.793760
- Boroujeni ST, Mirheydari SBG, Kaviri Z, Shahhosseini S. The Survey of Relationship and Comparison: Emotional Intelligence, Competitive Anxiety and Mental Toughness Female Super League Basketball Players. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2012;46:1440-1444. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.317
- Cowden RG. Mental toughness, emotional intelligence, and coping effectiveness: An analysis of construct interrelatedness among high-performing adolescent male athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2016;123(3):737–753. doi:10.1177/0031512516666027
- Günay M, Güçlü M, Yazıcı A. Examination of mental toughness and emotional intelligence of the Turkish and American professional basketball players. The Journal of Eurasia Sport Sciences and Medicine 2021;3(2):96-105. doi:10.53431/jessm.987630
- Nazaritab N, Zarei S, Gharayagh-Zandi H, Mohebi M. The relationship between emotional intelligence and mental toughness in elite and amateurs Taekwondo athletes. Journal of Psychologicalscience 2018;16(64):567-580.
- Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR, Backhouse SH Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences. Personality and individual differences 2009;47(1):73-75. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006
- Orhan S. Bireysel sporcular ve takım sporcularında duygusal zekâ ve zihinsel dayanıklılık ilişkisi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi; 2018.
- Özdemir S. Biçer T. Profesyonel futbol liglerinde görev alan teknik direktör ve antrenörlerin duygusal zekâları ve zihinsel dayanıklılıkları arasındaki ilişki. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences-IJSETS 2022;8(1):1-11. doi:10.18826/useeabd.1018185
- Uyar G. Spor yapan üniversite öğrencilerinde zihinsel dayanıklılık ile duygusal zekâ arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi; 2019.
- Yarayan YE, Ilhan EL, Esentürk OK, Çağrı ARI, Gülşen DBA. Does Emotional Intelligence Affect Mental Toughness in Physically Disabled Athletes? Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 2023;8(2):231-242.
- Zarei S, Gharayagh-Zandi H, Mohebi M. The effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on mental toughness in elite taekwondo athletes. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning 2018;9(4):547-562. doi:10.22059/jmlm.2018.223319.1195
- Creswell JW, Creswell JD. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications: 2017.
- Gravetter FJ, Forzano LAB. Research methods for the behavioral sciences. Cengage Learning: 2012.
- Lane AM, Meyer BB, Devonport TJ, Davies KA, Thelwell R, Gill GS, Diehl CDP, Wilson M, Weston N. Validity of the emotional intelligence scale for use in sport. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 2009;8(2): 289.
- Adiloğulları İ. Görgülü R. Sporda duygusal zeka envanteri'nin uyarlama çalışması. Uluslararası Spor Egzersiz ve Antrenman Bilimi Dergisi 2015;1(2):83-94. doi:10.18826/ijsets.05333
- Hall C, Mack D, Paivio A, Hausenblas H. Imagery Use by Athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology 1998;29:73-89.
- Kızıldağ E, Tiryaki MŞ. Sporda imgeleme envanterinin türk sporcular için uyarlanması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2012;23(1):13-23.
- Sheard M, Golby J, Van Wersch A. Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2009;25(3):186-193. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.186
- Altıntaş A. Koruç PB. Sporda zihinsel dayanıklılık envanterinin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2015;27(4):162–171. doi:/10.17644/sbd.311985
- Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In R Foundation for Statistical Computing: 2021.
- Wright S. The method of path coefficients. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 1934;5(3):161-215.
- Hair JF, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage: 2022.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. Pearson: 2013
- Behrendt S. lm.beta: Add Standardized Regression Coefficients to lm-Objects. R package version 1.5-1. The Comprehensive R Archive Network: 2014.
- Hau KT, Marsh HW. The use of item parcels in structural equation modelling: Non‐normal data and small sample sizes. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 2004;57(2):327-351. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.2004.tb00142.x
- Marsh RL, Hicks JL, Bink ML. Activation of completed, uncompleted, and partially completed intentions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1998;24(2):350. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.2.350
- Nasser-Abu Alhija F, Wisenbaker JA. Monte Carlo study investigating the impact of item parceling strategies on parameter estimates and their standard errors in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling 2006;13(2):204-228. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1302_3
- Connaughton D, Wadey R, Hanton S, Jones G. The development and maintenance of mental toughness: Perceptions of elite performers. Journal of sports sciences, 2008;26(1):83-95. doi:10.1080/02640410701310958
- Cowden RG, Meyer-Weitz A, Oppong Asante K. Mental toughness in competitive tennis: relationships with resilience and stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 2016;7:320. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00320
- Yardımcı A, Sadık R, Kardaş NT. Amerikan futbolu sporcularının yalnızlık düzeyleri ve sporda mental dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 2017;2(2):79-90. doi:10.25307/jssr.337838
- Cowden RG, Fuller DK, Anshel MH. Psychological predictors of mental toughness in elite tennis: an exploratory study in learned resourcefulness and competitive trait anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2014;119(3):661-678. doi:10.2466/30.PMS.119c27
- Campbell A, Ntobedzi A. Emotional intelligence, coping and psychological distress: a partial least squares approach to developing a predictive model. E-Journal of Applied Psychology 2007;3:39-54.
- Kopp A, Jekauc D. The influence of emotional intelligence on performance in competitive sports: A meta-analytical investigation. Sports 2018;6(4):175. doi:10.3390/sports6040175
Mental Toughness: The Role of Imagery and Emotional Intelligence
Year 2024,
, 334 - 340, 30.07.2024
Aygün Akgül
,
Serdar Solmaz
,
Ahmet Uzun
,
Yunus Emre Yarayan
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the role of imagery and emotional intelligence on mental toughness in different sports branches. For this purpose, the research was designed with relational screening model. The research group consisted of 125 male (50,8%) (yaş=21,74±1,93) and 121 female (49,2%) (yaş=22,50±1,91) athletes with national sportsmanship level. In order to collect the necessary data for the study, Personal Information Form, Mental Endurance Inventory in Sport, Emotional Intelligence Inventory in Sport and Imagery Inventory in Sport designed by the researchers were used. In the analysis of the data obtained, skewness kurtosis values were examined for normality assumptions and it was determined that the data met these assumptions. In this direction, using R Studio (4.0.5) software, PATH analysis was used to explain the predictive relationships between variables. In this analysis, the age variable was kept under control. When the results obtained within the scope of the research were examined, it was concluded that the emotional intelligence variable had a positive and significant effect on the mental resilience variable, while the imagery variable had a positive and significant effect on the mental resilience variable. Emotional intelligence variable and imagery variable explain 15% of the variance on mental toughness variable. In conclusion; these findings obtained in the name of achieving the optimal performance range suggest that emotional intelligence and imagery may be important factors in strengthening mental toughness.
Ethical Statement
In order to conduct this research, the approval of the ethics committee was obtained with the decision of Siirt University Rectorate dated 03.03.2023 and numbered 4377. We also declare that we acted in accordance with ethical principles and morality during the study.
Supporting Institution
The study is not supported by any organization.
References
- Moran A. Sport and exercise psychology: A critical introduction. Routledge; 2013.
- Jones G, Hanton S, Connaughton D. What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of applied sport psychology 2002;14(3):205-218. doi:10.1080/10413200290103509
- Goldberg AS. Sports slump busting: 10 steps to mental toughness and peak performance. Human Kinetics; 1998.
- Hardy L, Bell J, Beattie SA. Neuropsychological model of mentally tough behavior. Journal of personality 2014;82(1): 69-81. doi:10.1111/jopy.12034
- Weinberg RS, Gould D. Spor ve egzersiz psikolojisinin temelleri. İçinde: Şahin M, Koruç Z, editör. Çev. Akın A, ve Akın Ç. Nobel Akademik; 2019.
- Kosslyn SM, Ganis G, Thompson WL. Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2001;2(9):635-642. doi:10.1038/35090055
- White A, Hardy L. An in-depth analysis of the uses of imagery by high-level slalom canoeists and artistic gymnasts. The Sport Psychologist 1998;12(4):387-403. doi:10.1123/tsp.12.4.387
- Aydoğan H, Güner O, Yamak E. İçinde: Mutlu Ö, Arı Y, editör. Spor bilimlerinde betimsel metinler: Sporda imgeleme. Efe Akademi Yayınları; 2022.
- Salovey P, Mayer JD. Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 1990;9(3):185-211. doi:10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
- Goleman D. Duygusal Zekâ neden IQ'dan daha önemlidir? Çev: Yüksel BS. Varlık Yayınları, 2013.
- Jones G, Hanton S, Connaughton D. A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist 2007);21(2):243-264. doi:10.1123/tsp.21.2.243
- Bozlar V. Profesyonel futbolcuların zihinsel dayanıklılık, imgeleme ve takım bütünlüğü özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Doktora Tezi]. Kırıkkale: Kırıkkale Üniversitesi; 2020.
- Geikie TL. The relationship between young athletes' imagery use and mental toughness [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Windsor; 2016.
- Guerin EA, Munroe-Chandler KJ, Loughead TM. The relationship between imagery use and mental toughness in athletes with a disability. Journal of Exercise, Movement, and Sport (SCAPPS refereed abstracts repository) 2014;46(1):140-140.
- Mattie P. Examining the relationship between imagery use and mental toughness [Master's Thesis]. University of Windsor; 2009.
- Mattie P, Munroe-Chandler K. Examining the relationship between mental toughness and imagery use. Journal of applied sport psychology 2012);24(2):144-156. doi:10.1080/10413200.2011.605422
- Yalçın İ, Ayhan C, Araz GY, Bayram A, Birkök MC. The effect of ımagery ability on mental toughness and sportive confidence level in athletes. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2022;5(2):895-905. doi:10.38021/asbid.1210993
- Bahadır G, Adiloğulları İ. Spor yapan üniversite öğrencilerinde zihinsel dayanıklılık ile duygusal zekâ arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences 2020;6(4):117-128. doi:10.18826/useeabd.793760
- Boroujeni ST, Mirheydari SBG, Kaviri Z, Shahhosseini S. The Survey of Relationship and Comparison: Emotional Intelligence, Competitive Anxiety and Mental Toughness Female Super League Basketball Players. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2012;46:1440-1444. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.317
- Cowden RG. Mental toughness, emotional intelligence, and coping effectiveness: An analysis of construct interrelatedness among high-performing adolescent male athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2016;123(3):737–753. doi:10.1177/0031512516666027
- Günay M, Güçlü M, Yazıcı A. Examination of mental toughness and emotional intelligence of the Turkish and American professional basketball players. The Journal of Eurasia Sport Sciences and Medicine 2021;3(2):96-105. doi:10.53431/jessm.987630
- Nazaritab N, Zarei S, Gharayagh-Zandi H, Mohebi M. The relationship between emotional intelligence and mental toughness in elite and amateurs Taekwondo athletes. Journal of Psychologicalscience 2018;16(64):567-580.
- Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR, Backhouse SH Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences. Personality and individual differences 2009;47(1):73-75. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006
- Orhan S. Bireysel sporcular ve takım sporcularında duygusal zekâ ve zihinsel dayanıklılık ilişkisi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi; 2018.
- Özdemir S. Biçer T. Profesyonel futbol liglerinde görev alan teknik direktör ve antrenörlerin duygusal zekâları ve zihinsel dayanıklılıkları arasındaki ilişki. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences-IJSETS 2022;8(1):1-11. doi:10.18826/useeabd.1018185
- Uyar G. Spor yapan üniversite öğrencilerinde zihinsel dayanıklılık ile duygusal zekâ arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi; 2019.
- Yarayan YE, Ilhan EL, Esentürk OK, Çağrı ARI, Gülşen DBA. Does Emotional Intelligence Affect Mental Toughness in Physically Disabled Athletes? Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 2023;8(2):231-242.
- Zarei S, Gharayagh-Zandi H, Mohebi M. The effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on mental toughness in elite taekwondo athletes. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning 2018;9(4):547-562. doi:10.22059/jmlm.2018.223319.1195
- Creswell JW, Creswell JD. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications: 2017.
- Gravetter FJ, Forzano LAB. Research methods for the behavioral sciences. Cengage Learning: 2012.
- Lane AM, Meyer BB, Devonport TJ, Davies KA, Thelwell R, Gill GS, Diehl CDP, Wilson M, Weston N. Validity of the emotional intelligence scale for use in sport. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 2009;8(2): 289.
- Adiloğulları İ. Görgülü R. Sporda duygusal zeka envanteri'nin uyarlama çalışması. Uluslararası Spor Egzersiz ve Antrenman Bilimi Dergisi 2015;1(2):83-94. doi:10.18826/ijsets.05333
- Hall C, Mack D, Paivio A, Hausenblas H. Imagery Use by Athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology 1998;29:73-89.
- Kızıldağ E, Tiryaki MŞ. Sporda imgeleme envanterinin türk sporcular için uyarlanması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2012;23(1):13-23.
- Sheard M, Golby J, Van Wersch A. Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2009;25(3):186-193. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.186
- Altıntaş A. Koruç PB. Sporda zihinsel dayanıklılık envanterinin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2015;27(4):162–171. doi:/10.17644/sbd.311985
- Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In R Foundation for Statistical Computing: 2021.
- Wright S. The method of path coefficients. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 1934;5(3):161-215.
- Hair JF, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage: 2022.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. Pearson: 2013
- Behrendt S. lm.beta: Add Standardized Regression Coefficients to lm-Objects. R package version 1.5-1. The Comprehensive R Archive Network: 2014.
- Hau KT, Marsh HW. The use of item parcels in structural equation modelling: Non‐normal data and small sample sizes. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 2004;57(2):327-351. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.2004.tb00142.x
- Marsh RL, Hicks JL, Bink ML. Activation of completed, uncompleted, and partially completed intentions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1998;24(2):350. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.2.350
- Nasser-Abu Alhija F, Wisenbaker JA. Monte Carlo study investigating the impact of item parceling strategies on parameter estimates and their standard errors in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling 2006;13(2):204-228. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1302_3
- Connaughton D, Wadey R, Hanton S, Jones G. The development and maintenance of mental toughness: Perceptions of elite performers. Journal of sports sciences, 2008;26(1):83-95. doi:10.1080/02640410701310958
- Cowden RG, Meyer-Weitz A, Oppong Asante K. Mental toughness in competitive tennis: relationships with resilience and stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 2016;7:320. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00320
- Yardımcı A, Sadık R, Kardaş NT. Amerikan futbolu sporcularının yalnızlık düzeyleri ve sporda mental dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 2017;2(2):79-90. doi:10.25307/jssr.337838
- Cowden RG, Fuller DK, Anshel MH. Psychological predictors of mental toughness in elite tennis: an exploratory study in learned resourcefulness and competitive trait anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2014;119(3):661-678. doi:10.2466/30.PMS.119c27
- Campbell A, Ntobedzi A. Emotional intelligence, coping and psychological distress: a partial least squares approach to developing a predictive model. E-Journal of Applied Psychology 2007;3:39-54.
- Kopp A, Jekauc D. The influence of emotional intelligence on performance in competitive sports: A meta-analytical investigation. Sports 2018;6(4):175. doi:10.3390/sports6040175