Egzersizin, Psikolojik ve Zihinsel Sağlıkla İlişkisi: Yeşil Egzersiz ve Kapalı Alan Egzersizi Örneği

Abstract

Egzersiz ortamı, egzersizin yapıldığı yere göre (açık/kapalı alan) farklılık gösterebilir. Doğal ve açık alanlarda yapılan egzersiz, literatürde yeşil egzersiz olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Yeşil egzersiz katılımcıları parkları, ormanları ya da yeşil alanları tercih ederken, kapalı alanda egzersiz yapanlar daha çok spor salonları (fitness vb.) ya da ev gibi yapay alanları tercih etmektedirler. Bu araştırmanın amacı, yeşil egzersiz ve kapalı alan egzersiz katılımcılarının psikolojik ve zihinsel iyi oluşlarının incelenmesidir. Nicel araştırma yaklaşımıyla planlanan bu çalışmada tarama yöntemi ve bu yöntemde sıklıkla kullanılan anket tekniğinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu Trabzon ve Rize şehirlerinin doğal (yeşil) alanlarında ve Trabzon’daki fitness salonlarında egzersize katılan 18 yaş ve üzerinde 100’ü kadın ve 232’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 332 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak, kişisel bilgi formu yanında, “Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği” ve “Warwick-Edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Veriler bizzat araştırmacılar tarafından egzersizin hemen bitiminde toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, betimsel istatistikler, T testi ve Korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda, yeşil egzersiz katılımcılarının psikolojik ve mental iyi oluş puan ortalamalarnın kapalı alanda egzersiz yapan bireylerin ortalamalarından yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca yeşil ve kapalı alan egzersiz katılımcılarının mental iyi oluş puan ortalamaları arasındaki fark anlamlıdır (bu bulgu her iki cinsiyette de aynıdır). Yeşil egzersiz ve kapalı alan egzersiz katılımcılarının psikolojik iyi oluş ve mental iyi oluşları arasında orta düzeyde pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

• Fitness
• İyi oluş
• Psikoloji
• Yeşil egzersiz
• Zihinsel sağlık.

Exploring the Psychological and Mental Health Benefits of Exercise: A Focus on Green and Indoor Exercise

Abstract

The exercise environment may differ according to the location of the exercise (indoor/outdoor). Exercise in natural and open spaces is defined as green exercise in the literature. While green exercise participants prefer parks, forests or green areas, indoor exercise participants prefer artificial areas such as gyms (fitness, etc.) or homes. The aim of this study is to examine the psychological and mental well-being of green exercise and indoor exercise participants. In this study, which was planned with a quantitative research approach, the survey method and the survey technique frequently used in this method were utilised. The sample group of the study consisted of a total of 332 people, 100 women and 232 men, aged 18 and over, who participated in exercise in the natural (green) areas of Trabzon and Rize cities and in fitness centres in Trabzon. In addition to personal information form, ‘Psychological well-being scale’ and ‘Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale’ were used as data collection tools. The data were collected by the researchers at the end of the exercise. Descriptive statistics, T test and correlation analysis were used to analyse the data. As a result of the study, it was found that the mean psychological and mental well-being scores of green exercise participants were higher than the mean scores of individuals who exercised indoors. In addition, the difference between the mean mental well-being scores of green and indoor exercise participants was significant (this finding was the same for both genders). It was concluded that there was a moderate positive and significant relationship between psychological well-being and mental well-being of green exercise and indoor exercise participants.

Keywords

• Fitness
• Well-being
• Psychology
• Green exercise
• Mental health.

References

1. Maulik PK, Devarapalli S, Kallakuri S, Praveen D, Jha V, Patel A. Systematic Medical Appraisal, Referral and Treatment (SMART) Mental Health Programme for providing innovative mental health care in rural communities in India. Global Mental Health. 2015;2.
2. Lopes RP, Barroso B, Deusdado L, Novo A, Guimarães M, Teixeira JP, et al. Digital technologies for innovative mental health rehabilitation. Electronics (Switzerland). 2021 Sep 1;10(18).
3. Lake J, Turner MS. Urgent Need for Improved Mental Health Care and a More Collaborative Model of Care. Perm J. 2017;21.
4. Lahart I, Darcy P, Gidlow C, Calogiuri G. The effects of green exercise on physical and mental wellbeing: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Apr 2;16(8).
5. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Vol. 54, British Journal of Sports Medicine. BMJ Publishing Group; 2020. p. 1451–62.
6. Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5(September):1–11.
7. Hegde BM. Health benefits of exercise. Kuwait Medical Journal. 2018;50(2):143–5.
8. Saeed SA, Cunningham K, Bloch RM. Depression and anxiety disorders: Benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(10):620–7.

9. Han KT. The effect of nature and physical activity on emotions and attention while engaging in green exercise. Urban For Urban Green. 2017;24:5–13.
10. Shanahan DF, Franco L, Lin BB, Gaston KJ, Fuller RA. The Benefits of Natural Environments for Physical Activity. Sports Medicine. 2016;46(7):989–95.
11. Thompson Coon J, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge MH. Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(5):1761–72.
12. Pretty J, Griffin M, Sellens M, Pretty C. Green Exercise : Complementary Roles of Nature , Exercise and Diet in Physical and Emotional Well-Being and. CES Occasional Paper. 2003;(March):1–38.
13. Kaplan, R., Kaplan S, , Ryan L. Title: With People in Mind: Design and Management of Everyday Nature [EDRA / Places Awards. Places. 1999;13(1).
14. Ulrich RS. Biophilia, Biophobia, and Natural Landscapes. The Biophilia Hypothesis. 1993;(November):73–137.
15. Frumkin H. Beyond toxicity: Human health and the natural environment. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20(3):234–40.
16. Wicks C, Barton J, Orbell S, Andrews L. Psychological benefits of outdoor physical activity in natural versus urban environments: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. Vol. 14, Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2022. p. 1037–61.
17. Kajosaari A, Pasanen TP. Restorative benefits of everyday green exercise: A spatial approach. Landsc Urban Plan. 2021 Feb 1;206.
18. Li H, Zhang X, Bi S, Cao Y, Zhang G. Psychological benefits of green exercise in wild or urban greenspaces: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Urban For Urban Green. 2022 Feb 1;68.
19. By Ryff, Carol D. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;57(6):1069–81.
20. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2001, Mental health: New Unerstanding, New hope. Geneva: World Health Organization.; 2001.
21. de Vries S, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP, Spreeuwenberg P. Natural environments - Healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. Environ Plan A. 2003;35(10):1717–31.
22. Liszio S, Graf L, Masuch M. The Relaxing Effect of Virtual Nature: Immersive Technology Provides Relief in Acute Stress Situations. In: Wiederhold BK, Riva G,, Bouchard S, editors. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine. San Diego: Interactive Media Institute; 2018.
23. Rogerson M, Brown DK, Sandercock G, Wooller JJ, Barton J. A comparison of four typical green exercise environments and prediction of psychological health outcomes. Perspect Public Health. 2016;136(3):171–80.
24. Pretty J, Peacock J, Hine R, Sellens M, South N, Griffin M. Green exercise in the UK countryside: Effects on health and psychological well-being, and implications for policy and planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 2007;50(2):211–31.
25. Thompson Coon J, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge MH. Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(5):1761–72.
26. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. Yeşil Kalkınma Yolunda Karbon Nötr Şehirler (NET ZERO CITIES) [Internet]. Ankara; 2022 [cited 2024 Mar 21]. Available from: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cem/icerikler/karbon-seh-r-envanter_sonuc_25.11.2022_k-20221125093826.pdf
27. Şenik B, Uzun O. Açık Yeşil Alan Sistemi Planlanma ve Tasarım Süreçlerinde Millet Bahçelerinin Rolü. Journal of Planning. 2021;
28. Alemdag S, Alemdag C, Özkara AB. An Investigation of Physical Activity and Social Self-Efficacy of University Students:The Example of Turkey and England. Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences [Internet]. 2017;(Special Issue: Hestourex World Health, Sports Tourism Congress & Exhibition):135–46. Available from: www.jhss-khazar.org
29. Alemdag S. The Role of Social Self-Efficacy on Physical Activity: A Cross-Cultural Comparision. J Educ Train Stud. 2018 Mar 27;6(5):40.
30. Pretty J, Peacock J, Sellens M, Griffin M. The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. Int J Environ Health Res. 2005;15(5):319–37.
31. Durusoy E, Mutuş R. Yeşil Egzersizin Kronik Ağrıya, Fiziksel ve Mental Sağlığa Etkileri. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;14(14):351–62.
32. Tutar M. Açık ve Kapalı Alan Egzersizlerinin Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi. Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023 Jan 1;
33. Karasar N. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi:Kavramlar-ilkeler-teknikler. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları; 2009.
34. PS Levy, S Lemeshow. Sampling of populations: methods and applications. John Wiley & Sons.; 2013.
35. Flora DB, Curran PJ. An Empirical Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Estimation for Confirmatory Factor Analysis With Ordinal Data. Psychol Methods. 2004;9(4):466–91.
36. Pretty J, Peacock J, Hine R, Sellens M, South N, Griffin M. Green exercise in the UK countryside: Effects on health and psychological well-being, and implications for policy and planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 2007;50(2):211–31.
37. Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali LM, Knight TM, Pullin AS. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments [Internet]. 2010. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/456
38. Coon JT, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge M. Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health (1978). 2011 Sep 1;65(Suppl 2):A38–A38.
39. Gladwell VF, Brown DK, Wood C, Sandercock GR, Barton JL. The great outdoors: How a green exercise environment can benefit all. Vol. 2, Extreme Physiology and Medicine. BioMed Central Ltd.; 2013.
40. Carter EE, Bird MD, Jackman PC. Comparing the Effects of Affect-Regulated Green and Indoor Exercise on Psychological Distress and Enjoyment in University Undergraduate Students: A Pilot Study. Available from: https://doi.org/10.55743/JASPR0202
41. Bodin M, Hartig T. Does the outdoor environment matter for psychological restoration gained through running? Psychol Sport Exerc. 2003 Apr;4(2):141–53.
42. Barton J, Pretty J. What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health- A multi-study analysis. Environ Sci Technol. 2010 May 15;44(10):3947–55.
43. Plante TG, Aldridge A, Su D, Bogdan R, Belo M, Kahn K. Does Virtual Reality Enhance the Management of Stress When Paired With Exercise? An Exploratory Study. Int J Stress Manag. 2003 Aug;10(3):203–16.
44. Calogiuri G, Litleskare S, Fagerheim KA, Rydgren TL, Brambilla E, Thurston M. Experiencing nature through immersive virtual environments: Environmental perceptions, physical engagement, and affective responses during a simulated nature walk. Front Psychol. 2018 Jan 23;8(JAN).
45. Edwards S. Physical exercise and psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology. 2006;36(2):357–73.
46. Hassmén P, Koivula N, Uutela A. Physical exercise and psychological well-being: A population study in Finland. Prev Med (Baltim). 2000;30(1):17–25.
47. Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V. Exercise and mental health. Vol. 106, Maturitas. Elsevier Ireland Ltd; 2017. p. 48–56.