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Examining The Mental Well-Being and Perceived Level Of Support in Sports Among University Students Who Play E-Sports

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 161 - 168, 30.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1618908

Abstract

This study aims to thoroughly examine the effects of e-sports on the mental health of university students. Specifically, the research will focus on the impacts of popular e-sports games such as League of Legends, Dota 2, Counter-Strike, PubG, and Valorant. These games rank among the top ten e-sports globally in 2024, with four of them occupying positions within the top five. The literature highlights a strong relationship between perceived social support and mental health. Accordingly, the primary focus of this study is to determine the effects of e-sports games on perceived social support and investigate the implications of this influence on mental health. Furthermore, the study will evaluate the relationship between engagement in e-sports, concepts of social support, and mental well-being. Three main scales will be employed in the research: the Perceived Available Support in Sport Scale, the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (Short Form), and the Sport-Specific Perceived Available Support Scale. These scales aim to comprehensively measure students' experiences with e-sports and the impacts of these experiences on their mental health. The collected data will be analyzed using the SPSS program, employing descriptive and correlation analyses. This analytical process is expected to make a significant contribution to understanding the potential effects of e-sports participation, whether amateur or recreational, on university students' mental well-being and perceptions of social support. The study sheds light on the influence of perceived support within e-sports environments on the mental well-being of e-sports participants. The findings demonstrate that perceived social support plays a critical role in enhancing emotional resilience, improving stress management skills, and fostering overall mental health among e-sports players.

References

  • Aker, S., Dündar, C., & Pekşen, Y. (2005). Ölçme araçlarında iki yaşamsal kavram: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik: Derleme. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 22(1), 50-60.
  • Alamdarloo, G. H., Shojaee, S., Asadmanesh, E., Sheikhani Shahin, H., Rangani, A., & Negahdarifard, S. (2019). A comparison of psychological well-being in athlete and non-athlete women. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 11(2), 11.
  • Barrera Jr, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4), 413-445.
  • Bean, C., McFadden, T., Fortier, M., & Forneris, T. (2021). Understanding the relationships between programme quality, psychological needs satisfaction, and mental well-being in competitive youth sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(2), 246-264.
  • Brown, C. J., Webb, T. L., Robinson, M. A., & Cotgreave, R. (2018). Athletes' experiences of social support during their transition out of elite sport: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 71-80.
  • Carson, F., Malakellis, M., Walsh, J., Main, L. C., & Kremer, P. (2019). Examining the mental well-being of Australian sport coaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4601.
  • Cheng, M., Chen, L., Pan, Q., Gao, Y., & Li, J. (2023). E− sports playing and its relation to lifestyle behaviors and psychological well-being: A large-scale study of collegiate e-sports players in China. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 51, 101731.
  • Demirtaş, A. S., & Baytemir, K. (2019). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği kisa formu’nun Türkçe’ye uyarlanmasi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 689-701.
  • Dow, B., & Gaffy, E. (2015). Mental health and well-being in older people. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 34(4).
  • Eather, N., Wade, L., Pankowiak, A., & Eime, R. (2023). The impact of sports participation on mental health and social outcomes in adults: a systematic review and the ‘Mental Health through Sport’conceptual model. Systematic Reviews, 12(1), 102.
  • Edwards, C. D. (2023). Mental health considerations for athlete removal from play and return to play planning. Sports Psychiatry: Journal of Sports and Exercise Psychiatry.
  • Flaherty, J., & Richman, J. (1989). Gender differences in the perception and utilization of social support: Theoretical perspectives and an empirical test. Social Science & Medicine, 28(12), 1221-1228.
  • Fox, K. R. (1999). The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public Health Nutrition, 2(3a), 411-418.
  • Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N., & Hyun, H. (1993). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education 10th ed. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Freeman, P., Coffee, P., & Rees, T. (2011). The PASS-Q: The perceived available support in sport questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 54-74.
  • Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward a new definition of mental health. World Psychiatry, 14(2), 231.
  • Ghaith, G. M. (2002). The relationship between cooperative learning, perception of social support, and academic achievement. System, 30(3), 263-273.
  • Guite, H. F., Clark, C., & Ackrill, G. (2006). The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being. Public Health, 120(12), 1117-1126.
  • Günay, A. R., Ceylan, H. I., Çolakoğolu, F. F., & Saygın, Ö. (2019). Comparison of coinciding anticipation timing and reaction time performances of adolescent female volleyball players in different playing positions. The Sport Journal, 36, 1-12.
  • Hagiwara, G., Tsunokawa, T., Iwatsuki, T., Shimozono, H., & Kawazura, T. (2021). Relationships among student-athletes’ identity, mental health, and social support in Japanese student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7032.
  • Heere, B. (2018). Embracing the sportification of society: Defining e-sports through a polymorphic view on sport. Sport Management Review, 21(1), 21-24.
  • Jõesaar, H., Hein, V., & Hagger, M. S. (2012). Youth athletes’ perception of autonomy support from the coach, peer motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in sport setting: One-year effects. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(3), 257-262.
  • Kapıkıran, Ş., & Kapıkıran, N. A. (2010). The validity and reliability of the Perceived Available Support Scale. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 43(2), 51-74.
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
  • Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854-1884.
  • Lee, S. J., Srinivasan, S., Trail, T., Lewis, D., & Lopez, S. (2011). Examining the relationship among student perception of support, course satisfaction, and learning outcomes in online learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 14(3), 158-163.
  • Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., & McCormack, A. (2011). Adolescents and school sport: The relationship between beliefs, social support and physical self-perception. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 16(3), 237-250.
  • Lundqvist, C., Schary, D. P., Eklöf, E., Zand, S., & Jacobsson, J. (2023). Elite lean athletes at sports high schools face multiple risks for mental health concerns and are in need of psychosocial support. Plos one, 18(4), e0284725.
  • Marsters, C., & Tiatia-Seath, J. (2019). Young Pacific male rugby players’ perceptions and experiences of mental wellbeing. Sports, 7(4), 83.
  • Martin-Niedecken, A. L., & Schättin, A. (2020). Let the body’n’brain games begin: toward innovative training approaches in esports athletes. Frontiers İn Psychology, 11, 138.
  • Melrose, K. L., Brown, G. D., & Wood, A. M. (2015). When is received social support related to perceived support and well-being? When it is needed. Personality and İndividual Differences, 77, 97-105.
  • Møller, V., & Dimeo, P. (2014). Anti-doping–the end of sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 6(2), 259-272.
  • Rouquette, O. Y., Knight, C. J., Lovett, V. E., & Heuzé, J. P. (2021). Effect of parent responsiveness on young athletes’ self-perceptions and thriving: An exploratory study in a Belgian French-Community. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101801.
  • Schwarzer, R., & Schulz, U. (2003). Soziale unterstützung bei der krankheitsbewältigung: Die berliner social support skalen (BSSS). Diagnostica, 49(2), 73-82.
  • Seifert, L., Wattebled, L., Herault, R., Poizat, G., Adé, D., Gal-Petitfaux, N., & Davids, K. (2014). Neurobiological degeneracy and affordance perception support functional intra-individual variability of inter-limb coordination during ice climbing. PloS one, 9(2), e89865.
  • Siekańska, M. (2012). Athletes’ perception of parental support and its influence on sports accomplishments–a retrospective study. Human Movement, 13(4), 380-387.
  • Stinglhamber, F., & Caesens, G. (2020). Perceived organizational support. In Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs (pp. 71-98). Routledge.
  • Şahin, N. (1994). Psikoloji araştırmalarında ölçek kullanımı. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(33), 19-26.
  • Şenel, E., & Sakallı, D. (2024). The Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire: Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(2), 349-365.
  • Tan, M., Yaşın, İ., Çolakoğlu, F., & Şahin, M. (2020). The effect of sport on perceived social support andfuture attitudes. African Educational Research Journal, 8(4).
  • Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., ... & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 1-13.
  • Thompson, B. A., & Schary, D. P. (2021). Well-being therapy: An approach to increase athlete well-being and performance. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 12(1), 1-10.
  • Vinokur, A., Schul, Y., & Caplan, R. D. (1987). Determinants of perceived social support: interpersonal transactions, personal outlook, and transient affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1137.
  • Wagner, M. G. (2006). On the Scientific Relevance of Esports. In International Conference on Internet Computing (pp. 437-442).
  • Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events. Journal of Health and Social behavior, 78-89.
  • Windle, G., Hughes, D., Linck, P., Russell, I., & Woods, B. (2010). Is exercise effective in promoting mental well-being in older age? A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 652-669.
  • Yükçü, S., & Kaplanoğlu, E. (2018). UİK e-Spor endüstrisi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 533-550.
  • Zhao, J., Gao, Z., & Settles, B. H. (2013). Determinants of parental perception and support on youth physical activity. Family & Community Health, 36(1), 77-88.
  • Escharts. (2024) 2024 Yılında Dünyada En Popüler Ilk 10 E-Spor Oyunu. https://escharts.com/top-games?order=peak [Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2024].
  • Newzoo (2019). Indusrty First Report: The Evolution of The Esports Ecosystem . https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/industry-first-report-evolution-esports-ecosystem/ [Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2024].

E-Spor Oyunları Oynayan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Mental İyi Oluş ve Sporda Algılanan Destek Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 161 - 168, 30.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1618908

Abstract

: Bu araştırma, üniversite öğrencilerinin mental sağlık durumları üzerindeki e-spor etkilerini derinlemesine incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Özellikle, e-sporun popüler oyunları arasında yer alan League of Legends, Dota 2, Counter-Strike, PubG ve Valorant gibi oyunların etkileri üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Oyunlar 2024 yılında dünya genelinde en popüler e-spor oyunları arasında ilk on sıradadır; özellikle dört tanesi ilk beş oyun arasında yer almaktadır. Literatürde, algılanan sosyal destek ile mental sağlık arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası, e-spor oyunlarının algılanan sosyal destek üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek ve bu etkinin mental sağlık üzerindeki sonuçlarını araştırmaktır. Ayrıca, e-spor ile etkileşimin sosyal destek kavramları ve mental sağlıkla ilişkisini değerlendirilmiştir Araştırmada üç ana ölçek kullanılmıştır: Algılanan Elde Edilebilir Destek Ölçeği, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği Kısa Formu ve Sporda Algılanan Erişilebilir Destek Ölçeği. Bu ölçekler, öğrencilerin e-spor oynama deneyimlerini ve bu deneyimlerin mental sağlıkları üzerindeki etkilerini kapsamlı bir şekilde ölçmeyi hedeflemektedir. Elde edilecek verilerin analizi SPSS programı aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilecek olup, veriler betimsel ve korelasyon analizleri ile değerlendirilecektir. Bu sürecin, amatör veya rekreatif olarak, e-spor oyunları oynayan üniversite öğrencilerinin mental iyi olma ve algılanan destek algıları üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerini anlamada önemli bir katkı sağladığı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışma, e-spor ortamlarında algılanan desteğin, e-sporcuların mental iyi oluşları üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, algılanan sosyal desteğin, e-sporcuların duygusal dayanıklılığını artırmada, stresle başa çıkma becerilerini geliştirmede ve genel mental sağlıklarını iyileştirmede kritik bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir.

References

  • Aker, S., Dündar, C., & Pekşen, Y. (2005). Ölçme araçlarında iki yaşamsal kavram: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik: Derleme. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 22(1), 50-60.
  • Alamdarloo, G. H., Shojaee, S., Asadmanesh, E., Sheikhani Shahin, H., Rangani, A., & Negahdarifard, S. (2019). A comparison of psychological well-being in athlete and non-athlete women. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 11(2), 11.
  • Barrera Jr, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4), 413-445.
  • Bean, C., McFadden, T., Fortier, M., & Forneris, T. (2021). Understanding the relationships between programme quality, psychological needs satisfaction, and mental well-being in competitive youth sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(2), 246-264.
  • Brown, C. J., Webb, T. L., Robinson, M. A., & Cotgreave, R. (2018). Athletes' experiences of social support during their transition out of elite sport: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 71-80.
  • Carson, F., Malakellis, M., Walsh, J., Main, L. C., & Kremer, P. (2019). Examining the mental well-being of Australian sport coaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4601.
  • Cheng, M., Chen, L., Pan, Q., Gao, Y., & Li, J. (2023). E− sports playing and its relation to lifestyle behaviors and psychological well-being: A large-scale study of collegiate e-sports players in China. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 51, 101731.
  • Demirtaş, A. S., & Baytemir, K. (2019). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği kisa formu’nun Türkçe’ye uyarlanmasi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 689-701.
  • Dow, B., & Gaffy, E. (2015). Mental health and well-being in older people. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 34(4).
  • Eather, N., Wade, L., Pankowiak, A., & Eime, R. (2023). The impact of sports participation on mental health and social outcomes in adults: a systematic review and the ‘Mental Health through Sport’conceptual model. Systematic Reviews, 12(1), 102.
  • Edwards, C. D. (2023). Mental health considerations for athlete removal from play and return to play planning. Sports Psychiatry: Journal of Sports and Exercise Psychiatry.
  • Flaherty, J., & Richman, J. (1989). Gender differences in the perception and utilization of social support: Theoretical perspectives and an empirical test. Social Science & Medicine, 28(12), 1221-1228.
  • Fox, K. R. (1999). The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public Health Nutrition, 2(3a), 411-418.
  • Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N., & Hyun, H. (1993). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education 10th ed. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Freeman, P., Coffee, P., & Rees, T. (2011). The PASS-Q: The perceived available support in sport questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 54-74.
  • Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward a new definition of mental health. World Psychiatry, 14(2), 231.
  • Ghaith, G. M. (2002). The relationship between cooperative learning, perception of social support, and academic achievement. System, 30(3), 263-273.
  • Guite, H. F., Clark, C., & Ackrill, G. (2006). The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being. Public Health, 120(12), 1117-1126.
  • Günay, A. R., Ceylan, H. I., Çolakoğolu, F. F., & Saygın, Ö. (2019). Comparison of coinciding anticipation timing and reaction time performances of adolescent female volleyball players in different playing positions. The Sport Journal, 36, 1-12.
  • Hagiwara, G., Tsunokawa, T., Iwatsuki, T., Shimozono, H., & Kawazura, T. (2021). Relationships among student-athletes’ identity, mental health, and social support in Japanese student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7032.
  • Heere, B. (2018). Embracing the sportification of society: Defining e-sports through a polymorphic view on sport. Sport Management Review, 21(1), 21-24.
  • Jõesaar, H., Hein, V., & Hagger, M. S. (2012). Youth athletes’ perception of autonomy support from the coach, peer motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in sport setting: One-year effects. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(3), 257-262.
  • Kapıkıran, Ş., & Kapıkıran, N. A. (2010). The validity and reliability of the Perceived Available Support Scale. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 43(2), 51-74.
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
  • Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854-1884.
  • Lee, S. J., Srinivasan, S., Trail, T., Lewis, D., & Lopez, S. (2011). Examining the relationship among student perception of support, course satisfaction, and learning outcomes in online learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 14(3), 158-163.
  • Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., & McCormack, A. (2011). Adolescents and school sport: The relationship between beliefs, social support and physical self-perception. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 16(3), 237-250.
  • Lundqvist, C., Schary, D. P., Eklöf, E., Zand, S., & Jacobsson, J. (2023). Elite lean athletes at sports high schools face multiple risks for mental health concerns and are in need of psychosocial support. Plos one, 18(4), e0284725.
  • Marsters, C., & Tiatia-Seath, J. (2019). Young Pacific male rugby players’ perceptions and experiences of mental wellbeing. Sports, 7(4), 83.
  • Martin-Niedecken, A. L., & Schättin, A. (2020). Let the body’n’brain games begin: toward innovative training approaches in esports athletes. Frontiers İn Psychology, 11, 138.
  • Melrose, K. L., Brown, G. D., & Wood, A. M. (2015). When is received social support related to perceived support and well-being? When it is needed. Personality and İndividual Differences, 77, 97-105.
  • Møller, V., & Dimeo, P. (2014). Anti-doping–the end of sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 6(2), 259-272.
  • Rouquette, O. Y., Knight, C. J., Lovett, V. E., & Heuzé, J. P. (2021). Effect of parent responsiveness on young athletes’ self-perceptions and thriving: An exploratory study in a Belgian French-Community. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101801.
  • Schwarzer, R., & Schulz, U. (2003). Soziale unterstützung bei der krankheitsbewältigung: Die berliner social support skalen (BSSS). Diagnostica, 49(2), 73-82.
  • Seifert, L., Wattebled, L., Herault, R., Poizat, G., Adé, D., Gal-Petitfaux, N., & Davids, K. (2014). Neurobiological degeneracy and affordance perception support functional intra-individual variability of inter-limb coordination during ice climbing. PloS one, 9(2), e89865.
  • Siekańska, M. (2012). Athletes’ perception of parental support and its influence on sports accomplishments–a retrospective study. Human Movement, 13(4), 380-387.
  • Stinglhamber, F., & Caesens, G. (2020). Perceived organizational support. In Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs (pp. 71-98). Routledge.
  • Şahin, N. (1994). Psikoloji araştırmalarında ölçek kullanımı. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(33), 19-26.
  • Şenel, E., & Sakallı, D. (2024). The Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire: Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(2), 349-365.
  • Tan, M., Yaşın, İ., Çolakoğlu, F., & Şahin, M. (2020). The effect of sport on perceived social support andfuture attitudes. African Educational Research Journal, 8(4).
  • Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., ... & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 1-13.
  • Thompson, B. A., & Schary, D. P. (2021). Well-being therapy: An approach to increase athlete well-being and performance. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 12(1), 1-10.
  • Vinokur, A., Schul, Y., & Caplan, R. D. (1987). Determinants of perceived social support: interpersonal transactions, personal outlook, and transient affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1137.
  • Wagner, M. G. (2006). On the Scientific Relevance of Esports. In International Conference on Internet Computing (pp. 437-442).
  • Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events. Journal of Health and Social behavior, 78-89.
  • Windle, G., Hughes, D., Linck, P., Russell, I., & Woods, B. (2010). Is exercise effective in promoting mental well-being in older age? A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 652-669.
  • Yükçü, S., & Kaplanoğlu, E. (2018). UİK e-Spor endüstrisi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 533-550.
  • Zhao, J., Gao, Z., & Settles, B. H. (2013). Determinants of parental perception and support on youth physical activity. Family & Community Health, 36(1), 77-88.
  • Escharts. (2024) 2024 Yılında Dünyada En Popüler Ilk 10 E-Spor Oyunu. https://escharts.com/top-games?order=peak [Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2024].
  • Newzoo (2019). Indusrty First Report: The Evolution of The Esports Ecosystem . https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/industry-first-report-evolution-esports-ecosystem/ [Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2024].
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Exercise and Sports Psychology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Görkem Menteş 0000-0001-6661-9226

Özcan Saygın 0000-0003-0380-586X

Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date January 13, 2025
Acceptance Date April 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Menteş G, Saygın Ö. E-Spor Oyunları Oynayan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Mental İyi Oluş ve Sporda Algılanan Destek Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. TOJRAS. 2025;14(2):161-8.