Research Article
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Predictors of Psychological Resilience in Sports Science Students: Positive and Negative Affect

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 494 - 499, 30.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1774276

Abstract

The positive and negative emotional states experienced by individuals throughout their lives and their levels of psychological resilience have long been an area of interest for scientists and a subject of research. This study examined the role of positive and negative emotions as predictors of psychological resilience in sports science students. The population of the study, which used a correlational survey model, consisted of students from the Faculty of Sports Sciences at a state university. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 412 students, 280 males and 132 females, selected from the aforementioned population using convenience sampling. The “Short Psychological Resilience Scale” and the “Positive-Negative Emotion Scale” were used as data collection tools. Pearson correlation and regression techniques were preferred for the statistical analysis of the data. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a low-level, positive, and significant relationship between psychological resilience and positive emotions (r = .231; p < .001) and a low-level, negative, and significant relationship between psychological resilience and negative emotions (r = -.230; p < .001). According to regression analysis, both positive emotions (β = .237; t = 5.070; p < .001) and negative emotions (β = -.236; t = -5.057; p < .001) were found to predict psychological resilience at a significant level. In this regard, it was concluded that 11% of the total variance in psychological resilience was explained by emotional states. The findings indicate that an increase in individuals' positive emotions increases their psychological resilience levels, while an increase in negative emotions decreases psychological resilience. Although the explanatory power of emotional states on psychological resilience was found to be low, it was still significant, revealing that emotional experiences play a decisive role in an individual's psychological resilience.

References

  • Baykal, E. (2020). COVID-19 Bağlamında psikolojik dayanıklılık, kaygı ve yaşam doyum ilişkisi. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 10(2), 68-80.
  • Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 511-535.
  • Bozdağ, F., & Ergün, N. (2021). Psychological resilience of healthcare professionals during Covid-19 Pandemic. Psychological Reports, 124(6), 2567-2586.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş. & Çakmak, E. K. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (23. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Charney, D. S. (2004). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Focus, 161(3), 195-391.
  • Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361.
  • Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
  • Demos, V., Dugan, T. F., & Coles, R. (1989). The child in our times: Studies in the development of resiliency. Resiliency in infancy, 3-22.
  • Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
  • Düzen, A. Ç., & Özçelik, İ. Y. (2022). Lise öğrencilerinin spor yapma durumuna göre psikolojik sağlamlık ve mutluluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 176-191.
  • Feder, A., Haglund, M., Wu, G., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2013). The neurobiology of resilience. In D. S. Charney, J. D. Buxbaum, P. Sklar, & E. J. Nestler (Eds.), Neurobiology of mental illness (4th ed., pp. 1144–1170). Oxford University Press.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-26.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. (Sixteenth edition). Routledge, New York, NY 10017.
  • Goleman, D. (2011). The brain and emotional intelligence: New insights. Regional Business, 94-95.
  • Hepsert, S., Dönmez, A., Şakar, İ., Cana, H., & Ramazanoğlu, F. (2024). Satranç sporunun bilişsel esneklik ve problem çözme becerisi üzerindeki etkisi: tanımlayıcı araştırma. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 16(2), 220-227.
  • Husain, H., Samsudin, S., Ayub, A. F. M., Ahmad, M. F., & Afwan, N. S. Z. S. (2024). A systematic literature review on the impact of participation in sport and physical activities on psychological resilience. Int. J. Public Health Sci.(IJPHS), 13, 1727.
  • Izard, C. E. (2001). Emotional intelligence or adaptive emotions?. Emotion 1(3), 249–257.
  • Karademir, T., & Açak, M. (2019). Üniversiteli sporcuların psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 803-816.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nitel-nicel-karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği (1. Baskı). İstanbul: Nobel Kitabevi.
  • Ke, G. N., Grajfoner, D., Wong, R. M. M., Carter, S., Khairudin, R., Lau, W. Y., ... & Lee, S. C. (2022). Building the positive emotion-resilience-coping efficacy model for COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 764811.
  • Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1067– 1079.
  • Kumpfer, K. L., Glantz, M. D., & Johnson, J. L. (1999). Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations. NY: Kluwer Academic, 224.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Lee Duckworth, A., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 1(1), 629-651.
  • Lindsley, D. B. (1951). “Emotion,” in Handbook of Experimental Psychology, ed. S. S. Stevens (Oxford: Wiley), 473–516
  • Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: Past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 12-31.
  • Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. G. (2002). Resilience. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Meredith, L. S., Sherbourne, C. D., Gaillot, S. J., Hansell, L., Ritschard, H. V., Parker, A. M., & Wrenn, G. (2011). Promoting psychological resilience in the US military. Rand Health Quarterly, 1(2), 2.
  • Nasvytienė, D., Lazdauskas, T., & Leonavičienė, T. (2012). Child’s resilience in face of maltreatment: A meta-analysis of empirical studies. Psichologija, 46, 7- 26.
  • Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 730.
  • Ong, A. D., Zautra, A. J., & Reid, M. C. (2010). Psychological resilience predicts decreases in pain catastrophizing through positive emotions. Psychology and Aging, 25(3), 516.
  • Polizzi, C. P., & Lynn, S. J. (2021). Regulating emotionality to manage adversity: A systematic review of the relation between emotion regulation and psychological resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(4), 577-597.
  • Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Anxiety among adults with a history of childhood adversity: Psychological resilience moderates the indirect effect of emotion dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 217, 144-152.
  • Sapienza, J. K., & Masten, A. S. (2011). Understanding and promoting resilience in children and youth. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(4), 267-273.
  • Sarıkabak, M., Ayrancı, M., Yaman, Ç., Hergüner, G., Tok, S., Kır, R., Cana, H., Baykara, C., Dönmez, A., & Genç, H. İ. (2021). Investigation of emotional ıntelligence levels of elite athletes: The role of gender and age. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences. 15(4), 1610-1614.
  • Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200.
  • Tok, S., Binboğa, E., Guven, S., Çatıkkas, F., & Dane, S. (2013). Trait emotional intelligence, the Big Five personality traits and isometric maximal voluntary contraction level under stress in athletes. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 19(3), 133-138.
  • Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320– 333.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063.
  • Werner, E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Wolin, S. J., & Wolin, S. (1993). Bound and Determined: Growing up resilient in a troubled family. New York: Villard.
  • Yang, Y., Yan, X., Zhao, X. R., Mattila, A. S., Cui, Z., & Liu, Z. (2022). A two-wave longitudinal study on the impacts of job crafting and psychological resilience on emotional labor. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 128-140.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y., & Erdoğan, S. (2014). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Yi, F., Li, X, Song, X., & Zhu, L. (2020). The underlying mechanisms of psychological resilience on emotional experience: attention-bias or emotion disengagement. Front Psychol. Sep 17;11:1993. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01993.

Spor Bilimleri Öğrencilerinde Psikolojik Sağlamlığın Yordayıcıları: Olumlu ve Olumsuz Duygular

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 494 - 499, 30.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1774276

Abstract

Bireylerin yaşamları boyunca deneyimledikleri olumlu ve olumsuz duygu durumları ile psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri, uzun süredir bilim insanlarının dikkatini çeken ve araştırmalara konu olan bir alan olmuştur. Bu araştırmada spor bilimleri öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak olumlu ve olumsuz duyguların rolü incelenmiştir. İlişkisel tarama modelinin kullanıldığı araştırmanın evrenini bir devlet üniversitesinin Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise, bahsedilen evren içerisinden kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 280’i erkek ve 132’si kadın olmak üzere toplam 412 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği” ve Pozitif-Negatif Duygu Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin istatistiksel analizlerinden Pearson korelasyon ve Regresyon tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Pearson korelasyon analizi sonucunda, psikolojik sağlamlık ile olumlu duygular arasında pozitif yönlü düşük düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki (r = .231; p < .001), psikolojik sağlamlık ile olumsuz duygular arasında ise negatif yönlü düşük düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki (r = -.230; p < .001) tespit edilmiştir. Regresyon analizine göre, hem olumlu duyguların (β = ,237; t = 5,070; p < .001) hem de olumsuz duyguların (β = -,236; t = -5,057; p < .001) psikolojik sağlamlığı anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Bu doğrultuda, psikolojik sağlamlığa ait toplam varyansın %11’ inin duygu durumları tarafından açıklandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, bireylerin olumlu duygularının artmasının psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerini artırdığını, olumsuz duygularının artmasının ise psikolojik sağlamlığı azalttığını göstermektedir. Duygu durumlarının psikolojik sağlamlık üzerindeki açıklayıcı gücü düşük düzeyde olmakla birlikte anlamlı bulunmuş, bu da duygusal deneyimlerin bireyin psikolojik dayanıklılığında belirleyici bir rol oynadığını ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • Baykal, E. (2020). COVID-19 Bağlamında psikolojik dayanıklılık, kaygı ve yaşam doyum ilişkisi. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 10(2), 68-80.
  • Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 511-535.
  • Bozdağ, F., & Ergün, N. (2021). Psychological resilience of healthcare professionals during Covid-19 Pandemic. Psychological Reports, 124(6), 2567-2586.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş. & Çakmak, E. K. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (23. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Charney, D. S. (2004). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Focus, 161(3), 195-391.
  • Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361.
  • Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
  • Demos, V., Dugan, T. F., & Coles, R. (1989). The child in our times: Studies in the development of resiliency. Resiliency in infancy, 3-22.
  • Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
  • Düzen, A. Ç., & Özçelik, İ. Y. (2022). Lise öğrencilerinin spor yapma durumuna göre psikolojik sağlamlık ve mutluluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 176-191.
  • Feder, A., Haglund, M., Wu, G., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2013). The neurobiology of resilience. In D. S. Charney, J. D. Buxbaum, P. Sklar, & E. J. Nestler (Eds.), Neurobiology of mental illness (4th ed., pp. 1144–1170). Oxford University Press.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-26.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. (Sixteenth edition). Routledge, New York, NY 10017.
  • Goleman, D. (2011). The brain and emotional intelligence: New insights. Regional Business, 94-95.
  • Hepsert, S., Dönmez, A., Şakar, İ., Cana, H., & Ramazanoğlu, F. (2024). Satranç sporunun bilişsel esneklik ve problem çözme becerisi üzerindeki etkisi: tanımlayıcı araştırma. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 16(2), 220-227.
  • Husain, H., Samsudin, S., Ayub, A. F. M., Ahmad, M. F., & Afwan, N. S. Z. S. (2024). A systematic literature review on the impact of participation in sport and physical activities on psychological resilience. Int. J. Public Health Sci.(IJPHS), 13, 1727.
  • Izard, C. E. (2001). Emotional intelligence or adaptive emotions?. Emotion 1(3), 249–257.
  • Karademir, T., & Açak, M. (2019). Üniversiteli sporcuların psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 803-816.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nitel-nicel-karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği (1. Baskı). İstanbul: Nobel Kitabevi.
  • Ke, G. N., Grajfoner, D., Wong, R. M. M., Carter, S., Khairudin, R., Lau, W. Y., ... & Lee, S. C. (2022). Building the positive emotion-resilience-coping efficacy model for COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 764811.
  • Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1067– 1079.
  • Kumpfer, K. L., Glantz, M. D., & Johnson, J. L. (1999). Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations. NY: Kluwer Academic, 224.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Lee Duckworth, A., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 1(1), 629-651.
  • Lindsley, D. B. (1951). “Emotion,” in Handbook of Experimental Psychology, ed. S. S. Stevens (Oxford: Wiley), 473–516
  • Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: Past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 12-31.
  • Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. G. (2002). Resilience. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Meredith, L. S., Sherbourne, C. D., Gaillot, S. J., Hansell, L., Ritschard, H. V., Parker, A. M., & Wrenn, G. (2011). Promoting psychological resilience in the US military. Rand Health Quarterly, 1(2), 2.
  • Nasvytienė, D., Lazdauskas, T., & Leonavičienė, T. (2012). Child’s resilience in face of maltreatment: A meta-analysis of empirical studies. Psichologija, 46, 7- 26.
  • Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 730.
  • Ong, A. D., Zautra, A. J., & Reid, M. C. (2010). Psychological resilience predicts decreases in pain catastrophizing through positive emotions. Psychology and Aging, 25(3), 516.
  • Polizzi, C. P., & Lynn, S. J. (2021). Regulating emotionality to manage adversity: A systematic review of the relation between emotion regulation and psychological resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(4), 577-597.
  • Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Anxiety among adults with a history of childhood adversity: Psychological resilience moderates the indirect effect of emotion dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 217, 144-152.
  • Sapienza, J. K., & Masten, A. S. (2011). Understanding and promoting resilience in children and youth. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(4), 267-273.
  • Sarıkabak, M., Ayrancı, M., Yaman, Ç., Hergüner, G., Tok, S., Kır, R., Cana, H., Baykara, C., Dönmez, A., & Genç, H. İ. (2021). Investigation of emotional ıntelligence levels of elite athletes: The role of gender and age. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences. 15(4), 1610-1614.
  • Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200.
  • Tok, S., Binboğa, E., Guven, S., Çatıkkas, F., & Dane, S. (2013). Trait emotional intelligence, the Big Five personality traits and isometric maximal voluntary contraction level under stress in athletes. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 19(3), 133-138.
  • Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320– 333.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063.
  • Werner, E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Wolin, S. J., & Wolin, S. (1993). Bound and Determined: Growing up resilient in a troubled family. New York: Villard.
  • Yang, Y., Yan, X., Zhao, X. R., Mattila, A. S., Cui, Z., & Liu, Z. (2022). A two-wave longitudinal study on the impacts of job crafting and psychological resilience on emotional labor. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 128-140.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y., & Erdoğan, S. (2014). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Yi, F., Li, X, Song, X., & Zhu, L. (2020). The underlying mechanisms of psychological resilience on emotional experience: attention-bias or emotion disengagement. Front Psychol. Sep 17;11:1993. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01993.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Exercise and Sports Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Sarıkabak 0000-0002-2778-295X

Hasip Cana 0000-0002-8746-382X

Publication Date October 30, 2025
Submission Date August 29, 2025
Acceptance Date October 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Sarıkabak M, Cana H. Spor Bilimleri Öğrencilerinde Psikolojik Sağlamlığın Yordayıcıları: Olumlu ve Olumsuz Duygular. TOJRAS. 2025;14(4):494-9.