Effect of Wave Impeding Barrier Depth on Buried Pipeline

Abstract

Pipelines are one of most important component of lifeline engineering. For instance, the Southern Caucasus- Eastern Turkey energy corridors are formed by several key pipelines carrying crude oil and natural gas from Azerbaijan, via Georgia, to world markets through Mediterranean Sea. Many project accomplished recently and construction of new corridors are still going on. They should be protected from earthquake disaster especially when they pass through high seismicity zones. The wave impeding barrier (WIB) based on the cut-off frequency of a soil layer over bedrock can be used to reduce the earthquake excitation of this vulnerable the infrastructures. In this paper, efficiency of WIB with the application of various depths underneath of pipeline is investigated. The proposed model is analyzed as numerical simulation using 2D finite element analysis. A parametric study carried out for various depths of embankment of WIB. The soil is defined as semi-infinite medium by using absorbent boundaries and Mohr-Coulomb material model is chosen in the analysis. Results showed that artificial bedrock can be very promising as an isolator to protect pipelines when they buried for a certain depth

Keywords

• Wave impeding barrier, Dynamic FE analysis, infrastructures, earthquake motion, passive isolation, absorbent boundaries

References

1. Adam, M. & Chouw, N. (2001). Reduction of footing response to man-made excitations by using a wave impeding barrier. Journal of Applied Mechanics 4 (pp. 423-431).
2. Adam, M. & Estorff, O.Von. (2005). Reduction of train-induced building vibrations by using open and filled trenches. Computers and Structures 83 (pp.11–24).
3. Ahmad, S. & Al-Hussaini, T.M. (1991). Simplified design for vibration screening by open and infilled trenches. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 117 (1) (pp.67-88).
4. Beskos, D.E., Dasgupta, G. & Vardoulakis, I.G. (1986). Vibration isolation using open or filled trenches part 1: 2-D homogeneous soil. Comput. Mech 1 (1) (pp. 43–63).
5. Brinkgreve, R.B.J., Al-Khoury, R., Bakker, K.J., Bonnier, P.G., Brand, P.J.W., Broere, W., Burd, H.J., Soltys, G.,
6. Vermeer, P.A. & Haag, D.D. (2002). Plaxis finite element code for soil and rock analyses. Published and distributed by A.A. Balkema Publisher, The Netherlands.
7. Celebi, E., Fırat, S. & Cankaya, I. (2006). The effectiveness of wave barriers on the dynamic stiffness coefficients of foundations using boundary element method. Applied Mathematics and Computation 180 (pp.683–699).
8. Chouw, N. & Schmid, G. (1999). Numerical and experimental investigation on wave impediment in soil, Structural dynamics EURODYN’99 (pp.977-982). Fryba & Naprstek, Balkema, Roterdam,

9. Çelebi, E. & Göktepe, F. (2012). Non-linear 2-D FE analysis for the assessment of isolation performance of wave impeding barrier in reduction of railway-induced surface waves. Construction and Building Materials 36 (pp.1-13).
10. Forchap, E. & Verbic, B. (1994). Wave propagation and reduction of foundation vibrations, Berg-Verlag GmbH (pp. 165-178). Bochum.
11. Gamber, N.K. (2004). Shallow foundation systems response to blast loading. A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Science, Athens.
12. Goktepe, F., Kirtel, O. & Celebi, E. (2010). Wave impeding block for mitigation of structural responses to train induced vibrations, 9th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering. Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
13. Goktepe, F., Kuyuk, H.S., & Celebi, E. (2011). Efficiency of wave impeding barrier in pipeline construction under earthquake excitation using finite element analysis, International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (ICEES 2011). NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan.
14. Hall, WJ. & O’Rourke, T.D. (1991). Seismic behavior and vulnerability of pipelines. Lifeline earthquake engineering, M. A. Cassaro, ed., American Society of Civil Engineers (pp. 761–773). New York.
15. Haupt, W.A. (1981). Model tests on screening of surface waves, In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Soil Mech (pp. 215–222). Found. Eng., Stockholm, Sweden, Vol. 3.
16. Klein, R., Antes, H. & Houedec, D.Le. (1997). Efficient 3D modelling of vibration isolation by open trenches. Computers & Structures 64 (1-4) (pp.809-817).
17. Leung, K.L., Vardoulakis, I.G., Beskos, D.E. & Tassoulas, J.L. (1991). Vibration isolation by trenches in continuously non-homogenous soil by the BEM. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 10 (3), (pp.172-179).
18. Liu, H. & Song, E. (2005). Seismic response of large underground structures in liquefiable soils subjected to horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations. Computers and Geotechnics 32(4) (pp. 223-244).
19. Pflanz, G., Hashimoto, K. & Chouw, N. (2002). Reduction of structural vibrations induced by a moving load. J. Appl. Mech 5 (pp.555–563).
20. Takemiya, H. (1998a). Lineside ground vibrations induced by high-speed train passage, Workshop on Effect of High-Speed Vibration on Structures and Equipment (pp.43-49). Dept. Civil Eng., Nat. Cheng Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
21. Takemiya, H. (1998b). Paraseismic behavior of wave impeding block measured for ground vibration reduction, Workshop on Effect of High-Speed Vibration on Structures and Equipment (pp.51-56). Dept. Civil Eng., Nat. Cheng Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
22. Woods, R.D. (1968). Screening of surface waves in soils. J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. Div., American Society of Civil Engineers 94 (4) (pp.951–979).
23. Zaneta, G.Adme. (2006). Analysis NATM tunnel responses due to earthquake loading in various soils. Mining Technology Bulletin-Institute of Mining Science and Technology ISSN 1859-0063 No. 2-3/2006 (pp.9-17).