ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF THAI LOCAL FRUIT EXTRACTS: APPLICATION OF A SELECTED FRUIT EXTRACT, PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA LINN. AS A NATURAL PRESERVATIVE IN RAW GROUND PORK DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE

Abstract

Crude methanolic extracts of Thai local fruits including Ardisia polycephala Wall. (pirangasa), Elaeocarpus hygrophilus Kurz. (makoknum), Limonia acidissima Linn. (maquid or elephant apple), Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (makampom or Indian gooseberry), Garcinia schomburgkiana Pierre. (madan) and Averrhoa carambola Linn. (mafueng or star fruit) were tested for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Fruit extracts of madan, makampom and makoknum had higher antimicrobial activity, while the extracts of makampom, pirangasa and makoknum had stronger antioxidant activity compared to the others. Then, the extract of makampom (0.25 –2.0%) was used as a natural preservative in raw ground pork during refrigerated storage at 4°C. This extract at 2.0% was the most effective to decrease the number of total viable counts and total Pseudomonas in raw ground pork. After 12-day storage at 4°C, total viable counts and total Pseudomonas in ground pork samples added with 2.0% makampom extract had low survival rate of 23.27% and 2.06%, respectively. These raw ground pork samples had acceptable appearance with 5.52 pH value. Moreover, addition of 2.0% makampom extract was the most effective to delay lipid oxidation by slowing down the increasing of thiobarbituric reactive substance (TBARS) value of raw ground pork. Then, the chilled raw ground pork added with 2.0% makampom extract was used to produce a seasoned ground pork product. After duo-trio testing, some of 12 taste panels could not detect flavor of this fruit extract in the product

Keywords

• fruit extract, Phyllanthus emblica, antimicrobial, antioxidant

References

1. Ahmad, S. –A., Catalano, S., Marsili, A., Morelli, I., & Scartoni, V. (1977). Chemical examination of leaves of Ardisia solanacea. Planta Medica, 32, 162-164.
2. Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M., & Bersert, E. C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittle Wissenschaft and Technologie, 28, 25-30.
3. Blasa, M., Gennari, L., Angelino, D., & Ninfali, P. (2010). Fruit and vegetable antioxidants in health. In R. R. Watson & V. R. Preedy (Eds.), Bioactive foods in promoting health: fruits and vegetables (pp. 37-58). New York: Elsevier Inc.
4. Collin, C. H., Lyne, P. M., & Grange, J. M. (2001). Collin and Lyne’s microbiology methods. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
5. Jorgensen, J. H., Turnidge, J. D., & Washington, J. A. (1999). Antibacterial susceptibility test: dilution and disk diffusion methods. In P. R. Murray, E. R. Barron, M. A. Praller, F. C. Tenover & R. H. (Eds.), Manual of clinical microbiology (pp. 1526-1562). Washington, DC: ASM Press.
6. Kirk, R. S., & Sawyer, R. (1991). Pearson’s composition and analysis of foods. Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical.
7. Lado, C., Then, M., Varga, I., Szőke, É., & Szentmihályi, K. (2004). Antioxidant property of volatile oils determined by the ferric reducing ability. Z. Naturforsch, 56c, 354-358.
8. Luo, W., Zhao, M., Yang, B., Shen, G., & Rao, G. (2009). Identification of bioactive compounds in Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit and their free radical scavenging activities. Food Chemistry, 114, 499-504.

9. Mayachiew, P., & Devahastin, S. (2008). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts. Lebensmittle Wissenschaft and Technologie, 42, 1153-1159.
10. Mehmood, M. H., Siddigi, H. S., & Gilani, A. H. (2011). The antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of Phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptor and ca2+ channels. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133, 856- 865.
11. Pinsuwan, S., Ingkatawornwong, S., Kaewoan, P., Sakdisate, P., & Sukaphat, N. (Eds.). (2007). Development of liposomes containing Phyllanthus emblica extract. Proceedings from The 33rd Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
12. Roessler, E. B., Panborn, R. M., Sidel, J. L., & Stone, H. (1978). Expand statistical table for estimating significance in paired – preference, paired – difference, duo – trio and triangle tests. Journal of Food Science, 43, 940 – 943.
13. Ruangchakpet, A., & Sajjaanantakul, T. (2007). Effect of Spanish plum (Elaeocarpus hygrophilus Kurz.) maturity on tota phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Agricultural Science Journal, 38, 127-130.
14. Samee, W., Engkalohakul, M., Nebbua, N., & Direkrojanavuti, P. (2006). Correlation analysis between total acid, total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents in fruit extracts and their antioxidant activities. Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal, 1, 196-203.
15. Suntornsuk, L., Gritsanapun, W., Nilkamhank, S., & Paochom, A. (2002). Quantitation of vitamin C content in herbal juice using direct titration. Journal of Pharmaceutical Biomedical Analysis, 28, 849-855.
16. Tepe, B., Daferera, D., Sokmen, A., Sokmen, M., & Polissiou, M. (2005). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia tomentosa Miller (Lamiaceae). Food Chemistry, 90, 333-340.
17. Lim, Y. Y., Lim, T. T., & Tee, J. J. (2007). Antioxidant properties of several tropical fruits: A comparative study. Food Chemistry, 103, 1003-1008.