Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 4 - 4, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.1155749

Abstract

References

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Sport events and Covid-19: Trail runners’ attitudes and intentions during the pandemic

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 4 - 4, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.1155749

Abstract

COVID-19 has affected sport events, marathons, and trail-running events. Thus, it has become essential to understand the attitudes and intentions of runners, regarding their participation in the races. Therefore, this study aims to examine the changes in runners’ attitudes relating to their decision whether to participate in races, and changes in their habits because of the pandemic. Employing a qualitative research design, data were collected from 12 interviewees in Ephesus Ultra Marathon Trail Race, and by using participatory observation method. The results revealed that the participants’ motivations for participating in race events during the pandemic were socialization, healthy living, realizing their goals, and maintaining friendships. Despite the risks, the participants did not hesitate to participate in events for their belief in athlete immunity, confidence in individual precautions, their respect for the rules and the absence of fear. However, the decrease in the number of activities was found to create dissatisfaction, as it limited socialization.

References

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  • Allen, M. (2017). The sage encyclopedia of communication research methods (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Aro, A. R., Vartti, A. M., Schreck, M., Turtiainen, P., & Uutela, A. (2009). Willingness to take travel-related health risks—A study among Finnish tourists in Asia during the avian influenza outbreak. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(1), 68-73.
  • Ateljevic, I. (2020). Transforming the (tourism) world for good and (re) generating the potential ‘new normal’. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 467-475.
  • Bauer, R. A. (1960). Consumer behavior as risk taking. In Proceedings of the 43rd National Conference of the American Marketing Association. Chicago, Illinois, American Marketing Association. June 15-17.
  • Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L., & Jordan, J. (2011). Sport involvement: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Sport Management Review, 14(2), 126–140.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society: Towards a new modernity, Sage Publications.
  • Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research, message for the social sciences. 4th Edition, Allin and Bacon, Boston, 15-35.
  • Boguszewicz-Kreft, M., Kuczamer-Kłopotowska, S., & Kozłowski, A. (2022). The role and importance of perceived risk in medical tourism. Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Plos one, 17(1), e0262137.
  • Carmody, S., Murray, A., & Borodina, M. (2020). When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk assessment and factors to consider. British Journal of Sport Medicine. 54, 946-948.
  • Choo, H. K., Choo, Y. (Clara), & Kang, H. M. (2016). Do sport tourists’ perceived risks affect their involvement and intention to (re)visit? An empirical study for risk-reduction strategies. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 17(1), 19–36.
  • Cleland, J. (2019). Sport fandom in the risk society: Analyzing perceptions and experiences of risk, security and terrorism at elite sport events. Sociology of Sport Journal, 36(2), 144-151.
  • Cooper, J. A., & Alderman, D. H. (2020). Cancelling March Madness exposes opportunities for a more sustainable sports tourism economy. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 525-535.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2013) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th Edition, SAGE Publications, Inc., London.
  • Cunliffe, S.K. (2006), “Best Education Network Think Tank V keynote address: risk management for tourism: origins and needs”, Tourism Review International, Vol. 10 Nos 1/2, pp. 27-38.
  • Daniels, T., & Tichaawa, T. M. (2021). Rethinking sport tourism events in a post-COVID-19 South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(4), 1241-1256.
  • Davis, L. (2020). The adaptation of the live PDC darts event during the COVID-19 lockdown. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-7.
  • DeJong, A. F., Fish, P. N., & Hertel, J. (2021). Running behaviors, motivations, and injury risk during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of 1147 runners. PloS one, 16(2), e0246300.
  • Dubinsky, Y. (2022). Country image, cultural diplomacy, and sports during the COVID19 pandemic: Brand America and Super Bowl LV. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 1-17.
  • Elshaer, I. A., Azazz, A. M., Mahmoud, S. W., & Ghanem, M. (2022). Perceived Risk of Job Instability and Unethical Organizational Behaviour Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Family Financial Pressure and Distributive Injustice in the Tourism Industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2886.
  • Espiner, N., Degarege, G., Stewart, E. J., & Espiner, S. (2022). From backyards to the backcountry: Exploring outdoor recreation coping strategies and experiences during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 100497.
  • Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22(2), 135-147.
  • Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403-428.
  • Getz, D., & McConnell, A. (2014). Comparing trail runners and mountain bikers: Motivation, involvement, portfolios, and event-tourist careers. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 15(1), 69–100.
  • Grix, J., Brannagan, P. M., Grimes, H., & Neville, R. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(1), 1-12.
  • Hedenborg, S., Fredman, P., Hansen, A. S., & Wolf-Watz, D. (2022). Outdoorification of sports and recreation: A leisure transformation under the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. Annals of Leisure Research, 1-19.
  • Hinch, T., & Kono, S. (2018). Ultramarathon runners’ perception of place: A photo-based analysis. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 22(2), 109-130.
  • Hoang, V. T., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., & Gautret, P. (2020). The Tokyo Olympic Games and the risk of COVID-19. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 7(4), 126-132.
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
  • Işık, C., Sırakaya-Türk, E., & Ongan, S. (2020). Testing the efficacy of the economic policy uncertainty index on tourism demand in USMCA: Theory and evidence. Tourism Economics, 26(8), 1344-1357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816619888346
  • Jackson, M. (2019). Utilizing attribution theory to develop new insights into tourism experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 38, 176-183.
  • Johann, M., Mishra, S., Malhotra, G., & Tiwari, S. R. (2022). Participation in active sport tourism: impact assessment of destination involvement and perceived risk. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 26(2), 101-123.
  • Kozak, M. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Keshkar, S., Dickson, G., Ahonen, A., Swart, K., Addesa, F., Epstein, A., ... & Murray, D. (2021). The effects of Coronavirus pandemic on the sports industry: An update. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 9(1).
  • LaGree, D., Wilbur, D. and Cameron, G.T. (2019). A strategic approach to sports crisis management. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 20(3), 407-429.
  • Langarita, R., & Cazcarro, I. (2022). The socio-economic impact of sports tourism events in rural areas and losses from COVID19: A case study in Spain. Applied Economics, 1-15.
  • Lebrun, A. M., Su, C. J., & Bouchet, P. (2021). A more sustainable management of domestic tourists in protected natural parks: A new trend in sport tourism after the COVID-19 pandemic?. Sustainability, 13(14), 7750.
  • LeCompte, M. D., & Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60.
  • Liu, A., & Pratt, S. (2017). Tourism's vulnerability and resilience to terrorism. Tourism Management, 60, 404-417.
  • López-García, S., Muriel-Isidro, J., Ruibal-Lista, B., Maneiro, R., Amatria-Jiménez, M., & Moral-García, J. E. (2021). Trail-running, skyrunning and mountain running: Organizational structures of modalities. Preprints, 2021010308.
  • Ludvigsen, J. A. L., & Hayton, J. W. (2020). Toward COVID-19 secure events: Considerations for organizing the safe resumption of major sporting events. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-11.
  • Ludvigsen, J. A. L., & Parnell, D. (2021). Redesigning the games? The 2020 Olympic Games, playbooks and new sport event risk management tools. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-13.
  • Maditinos, Z., Vassiliadis, C., Tzavlopoulos, Y., & Vassiliadis, S. A. (2021). Sport events and the COVID-19 pandemic: Assessing runners' intentions for future participation in running events-Evidence from Greece. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 276-287.
  • Malliaropoulos, N., Mertyri, D., & Tsaklis, P. (2015). Prevalence of injury in ultra-trail running. Human Movement, 16(2), 52-59.
  • Martins, D. J. D. Q., Moraes, L. C. L., & Marchi Júnior, W. (2021). COVID-19 impacts on school sport events: An alternative through E-sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-5.
  • Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative content analysis. A Companion to Qualitative Research, 1(2), 159-176.
  • McCloskey, B., Zumla, A., Ippolito, G., Blumberg, L., Arbon, P., Cicero, A., ... & Borodina, M. (2020). Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: A political and public health dilemma. The Lancet, 395(10230), 1096-1099.
  • McKercher, B., & Pine, R. (2005). Privation as a stimulus to travel demand?. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(2-3), 107-116.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Peer-reviewed Articles
Authors

Aypar Satı 0000-0002-9549-196X

Settar Uğur Kurt 0000-0001-8476-9156

Necmiye Nida Özgen 0000-0002-3967-0875

Early Pub Date September 19, 2022
Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date August 4, 2022
Acceptance Date October 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Satı, A., Kurt, S. U., & Özgen, N. N. (2022). Sport events and Covid-19: Trail runners’ attitudes and intentions during the pandemic. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality, 4(2), 4-4. https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.1155749

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