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PLATON’S CRITIQUE OF DEMOCRACY IN THE POLITEIA (REPUBLIC): POLITICS AS EPISTEME

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 195 - 209, 28.03.2025

Abstract

This study aims to examine Plato’s critique of democracy in the Republic. This study consists of three parts. First part of this study Plato’s critiques of democracy will be examined. There are two arguments that constitute critiques of Plato on democracy. The selfishness of people and unqualified rulers are introduced as his two important critiques. The first argument is that Democracy encourages people to be selfish and strengthens their selfish feelings. This leads to the weakening of social ties and excessive individualism. The second argument is that since the numerical majority determines the government in a democracy, unqualified people become the head of the state. Second part of this study, Plato’s critique of democracy will be explained by his understanding of politics as episteme. He clarifies his ideas and understanding of politics basically based on his metaphysics and epistemology. His political philosophy is directly related to his understanding of epistemology that is the core aspect of his metaphysical theory. By politics, as episteme, it means that people who have true knowledge of politics and expertise in this field. According to Plato, politics as episteme does not belong to any ordinary citizen who lacks skills including using reason properly through dialectics and disciplining passions only philosophers have this knowledge and features that differentiate them from others. The distinction between belief and knowledge creates politically hierarchical governing. In the last part of this study, Plato’s critiques of democracy will be evaluated.

References

  • Arendt, Hannah. 2005. The Promise of Politics. Edited by Jerome Kohn, New York: Schocken Books.
  • Aristotle. 1992. Politics, translated by T. A. Sinclair, Revised and Represented by Trevor J. Saunders, New York: Penguin Books.
  • Bluck, R. S. Plato's 'Ideal' State. The Classical Quarterly , Nov., 1959, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Nov., 1959), pp. 166-168.
  • Bunnin, Nicholas and Yu Jiyuan. 2004. The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy, London: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Cassirer, Ernst. 1946. The Myth of the State, London: Yale University of Press.
  • Cheek, H. L. 1991. A Note on the Platonic and Aristotelian Critique of Democratic Man, International Social Science Review, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 59- 63.
  • Cunnigham, Frank. 2002. The Theories of Democracy: A Critical Introduction, London: Routledge Press. Flew, Anthony. 1984. A Dictionary of Philosophy, London: Macmillan Press.
  • Gerasimos, Santas. 2010. Understanding Plato’s Republic, Malden: Wiley- Blackwell Publishing.
  • Jeager, Werner. 1945. Paideia: the Ideals of Greek Culture, Translated by Gilbert Highet, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Jones, Nicholas F. 2008. Politics and Society in Ancient Greece, London: Preager Press.
  • Lange, Stella. 1939. Plato and Democracy, The Classical Journal, Vol. 34, No. 8, pp. 480-486.
  • Mautner, Thomas. 2005. Dictionary of Philosophy, London: Penguin Books.
  • Moore, Stanley. 1988. Democracy and Commodity Exchange: Protagoras Versus Plato, History of Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 5, No.4, pp. 357-368.
  • Parry, Richard R. 2003. The Craft of Ruling in Plato's "Euthydemus" and "Republic", Phronesis, 2003, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1-28.
  • Plato. 1934. The Laws of Plato, Translated by A. E. Taylor, London: J. M. Dent & Son LTD.
  • Plato. 1961. The Sophists & The Statesman, Translated by A. E. Taylor, New York: Thomas Nelson and Son LTD.
  • Plato. 1962. Plato’s Epistles, Translated by Glenn R. Morrow, New York: The Boss Merril Company.
  • Plato. 2004. Republic, Translated by C. D. Reeve, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Plato. 2014. Theaetetus. Translated by John McDowell, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Preus, Anthony. 2007. Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Reid, Jeremy. In Eric Robinson & Vlaentina Arena (eds), The Cambridge History of Democracy, Vol. 1: From Democratic Beginnings to c. 1350. London: Cambridge University Press. Forth coming.
  • Rist, John M. 1967. Knowledge and Value in Plato. Phoenix, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1967), pp. 283-295.
  • Rogers, A. K. 1936. Plato’s Theory of Forms. The Philosophical Review, Jan., 1936, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan., 1936), pp. 61-78.
  • Rosen, Stanley. 2005. Plato’s Republic A Study, London: Yale University Press.
  • Rowe, C. J. 2001. Killing Socrates: Plato's Later Thoughts on Democracy, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 121 (2001), pp. 63-76.
  • Sinclair, T.A. 1951. A History of Greek Political Thought, New York: Routledge Press.
  • Takala, T. 1998. Plato on Leadership, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 785-798.
  • Wolff, Jonathan. 2006. An Introduction to Political Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press.

PLATON’UN POLITEIA (DEVLET) ESERİNDE DEMOKRASİ ELEŞTİRİSİ: EPİSTEME OLARAK POLİTİKA

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 195 - 209, 28.03.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Platon'un Devlet adlı eserindeki demokrasi eleştirisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Platon’un demokrasi eleştirileri incelenecektir. Platon'un demokrasiye yönelik eleştirilerini oluşturan iki argüman vardır. İnsanların bencilliği ve niteliksiz yöneticiler, onun iki önemli eleştirisi olarak tanıtılmaktadır. İlk argüman, Demokrasinin insanları bencil olmaya teşvik ettiği ve bencil duygularını güçlendirdiğidir. Bu, sosyal bağların zayıflamasına ve aşırı bireyselciliğe yol açar. İkinci argüman, sayısal çoğunluk bir demokraside hükümeti belirlediğinden, niteliksiz insanların devletin başı haline geldiğidir. Bu çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, Platon'un demokrasiye yönelik eleştirisi, siyaseti episteme olarak anlamasıyla açıklanacaktır. Onun siyaset anlayışı temel olarak kendi felsefi sistemindeki metafiziğe ve epistemolojisine dayanır. Siyaset felsefesi, metafizik teorisinin temel yönü olan epistemoloji anlayışıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Siyaset, episteme olarak, siyasetin gerçek bilgisine ve bu alanda uzmanlığa sahip olan kişiler anlamına gelir. Platon'a göre, episteme olarak siyaset, diyalektik yoluyla aklı doğru şekilde kullanma ve tutkuları disiplin altına alma gibi becerilerden yoksun olan sıradan bir vatandaşa ait değildir; yalnızca filozoflar bu bilgiye ve onları diğerlerinden ayıran özelliklere sahiptir. İnanç ve bilgi arasındaki ayrım, siyasi olarak hiyerarşik bir yönetim yaratır. Bu çalışmanın son bölümünde, Platon'un demokrasiye yönelik eleştirileri değerlendirilecektir.

References

  • Arendt, Hannah. 2005. The Promise of Politics. Edited by Jerome Kohn, New York: Schocken Books.
  • Aristotle. 1992. Politics, translated by T. A. Sinclair, Revised and Represented by Trevor J. Saunders, New York: Penguin Books.
  • Bluck, R. S. Plato's 'Ideal' State. The Classical Quarterly , Nov., 1959, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Nov., 1959), pp. 166-168.
  • Bunnin, Nicholas and Yu Jiyuan. 2004. The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy, London: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Cassirer, Ernst. 1946. The Myth of the State, London: Yale University of Press.
  • Cheek, H. L. 1991. A Note on the Platonic and Aristotelian Critique of Democratic Man, International Social Science Review, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 59- 63.
  • Cunnigham, Frank. 2002. The Theories of Democracy: A Critical Introduction, London: Routledge Press. Flew, Anthony. 1984. A Dictionary of Philosophy, London: Macmillan Press.
  • Gerasimos, Santas. 2010. Understanding Plato’s Republic, Malden: Wiley- Blackwell Publishing.
  • Jeager, Werner. 1945. Paideia: the Ideals of Greek Culture, Translated by Gilbert Highet, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Jones, Nicholas F. 2008. Politics and Society in Ancient Greece, London: Preager Press.
  • Lange, Stella. 1939. Plato and Democracy, The Classical Journal, Vol. 34, No. 8, pp. 480-486.
  • Mautner, Thomas. 2005. Dictionary of Philosophy, London: Penguin Books.
  • Moore, Stanley. 1988. Democracy and Commodity Exchange: Protagoras Versus Plato, History of Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 5, No.4, pp. 357-368.
  • Parry, Richard R. 2003. The Craft of Ruling in Plato's "Euthydemus" and "Republic", Phronesis, 2003, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1-28.
  • Plato. 1934. The Laws of Plato, Translated by A. E. Taylor, London: J. M. Dent & Son LTD.
  • Plato. 1961. The Sophists & The Statesman, Translated by A. E. Taylor, New York: Thomas Nelson and Son LTD.
  • Plato. 1962. Plato’s Epistles, Translated by Glenn R. Morrow, New York: The Boss Merril Company.
  • Plato. 2004. Republic, Translated by C. D. Reeve, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Plato. 2014. Theaetetus. Translated by John McDowell, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Preus, Anthony. 2007. Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Reid, Jeremy. In Eric Robinson & Vlaentina Arena (eds), The Cambridge History of Democracy, Vol. 1: From Democratic Beginnings to c. 1350. London: Cambridge University Press. Forth coming.
  • Rist, John M. 1967. Knowledge and Value in Plato. Phoenix, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1967), pp. 283-295.
  • Rogers, A. K. 1936. Plato’s Theory of Forms. The Philosophical Review, Jan., 1936, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan., 1936), pp. 61-78.
  • Rosen, Stanley. 2005. Plato’s Republic A Study, London: Yale University Press.
  • Rowe, C. J. 2001. Killing Socrates: Plato's Later Thoughts on Democracy, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 121 (2001), pp. 63-76.
  • Sinclair, T.A. 1951. A History of Greek Political Thought, New York: Routledge Press.
  • Takala, T. 1998. Plato on Leadership, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 785-798.
  • Wolff, Jonathan. 2006. An Introduction to Political Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Systematic Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Umut Dağ 0000-0002-2576-2146

Publication Date March 28, 2025
Submission Date December 19, 2024
Acceptance Date January 13, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dağ, U. (2025). PLATON’S CRITIQUE OF DEMOCRACY IN THE POLITEIA (REPUBLIC): POLITICS AS EPISTEME. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 195-209.