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Year 2014, Volume: 5 Issue: 42, 0 - , 13.10.2014

Ahmet Selçuk Kılınçer Meliha Tuzgöl Dost

Abstract

This descriptive study examines the degree to which psychological variables (self-esteem, attachment related avoidance, attachment related anxiety and academic success) and demographic variables (age, gender, relationship duration, and parents’ relational status) predict university students’ experiences of abuse in romantic relationships. The sample composed of 411 (280 female, 131 male) students studying in a state university, faculty of education in 2011-2012 spring term. Throughout the study three different scales have been utilized: Romantic Relationship Assessment Inventory developed by the researchers to assess the abuse which university students perceive in their romantic relationships, Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory-II was used to investigate dimensions of attachment, Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale was used to measure self-esteem. A Personal Information Form developed by the researchers was used to gather students’ socio- demographic information. Step-wise regression analysis was used to determine the degrees to which demographic and psychological variables predicted abuse in a romantic relationships. Step-wise regression analyses showed that of the variables in the first model only self-esteem significantly predicted abuse experienced in romantic relationships. In the second model, self-esteem, the attachment related avoidance, relationship duration, age and gender were significant predictors of abuse experienced in romantic relationships. Results and implications for future research and psychological counselors were discussed

Keywords

romantic relationships abuse self-esteem attachment styles university students

References

  • Abadi, M. N. L. Ghazinour, M., Nojomi, M. ve Richter, J. (2012). The buffering effect of social support between domestic violence and self-esteem in pregnant women in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Family Violence, 27(3), 225-231.
  • Abraham, M. (1999). Sexual abuse in South Asian immigrant marriages. Violence Against Women, 5(6), 591-618.
  • Aluede, O., Imhonde, H. ve Eguavoen, A. (2006). Academic, career and personal needs of Nigerian university students. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 33(1), 50-57.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716.
  • Bartholomew, K. ve Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61(2), 226-244.
  • Bookwala, J. (2002). The role of own and perceived partner attachment in relationship aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 84-100.
  • Bookwala, J. ve Zdaniuk, B. (1998). Adult attachment styles and aggressive behavior with in dating relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 175-190.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety, and anger. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  • Burazeri, G., Roshi, E., Jewkes, R., Jordan, S., Bjegovic, V. ve Laaser, U. (2005). Factors associated with spousal physical violence in Albania: Cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 331, 197-201.
  • Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E. ve Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988). Gender identity, self-esteem, and physical abuse in dating relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(3), 272-285.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. A., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Cascardi, M. ve O’Leary, K. D. (1992): Depressive symptomatology, self-esteem and self- blame in battered women. Journal of Family Violence, 7(4), 249-259.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Creasey, G. ve Ladd, A. (2004). Negative mood regulation expectancies and conflict behaviors in late adolescent college student romantic relationships: The moderating role of generalized attachment representations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14(2), 235–255.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Curun, F. (2001). The effects of sexism and sex role orientation on romantic relationship satisfaction. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Doğan, T. (2012). A long-term study of the counseling needs of Turkish university students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90, 91-96.
  • Doumas, D., M., Pearson, C., L., Elgin, J. E. ve McKinley, L. L. (2008). Adult attachment as a risk factor for intimate partner violence: The “mispairing” of partners’ Attachment Style. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(5), 616-634.
  • Etchevery, P. E., Le, B. ve Charania, M. R. (2008). Perceived versus reported social referent approval and romantic relationship commitment and persistence. Personal Relationships, 15, 281–295.
  • Forke, C. M., Myers, R. K., Catallozzi, M. ve Schwarz, D. F. (2008). Relationship violence among female and male college undergraduate students. Formerly Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(7), 634-641.
  • Foshee, B. A., Bauman, K. E., Ennett, S. T., Linder, G. F., Benefield, T. ve Suchindran, C. (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of the safe dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 619-624.
  • Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G. ve Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350-365.
  • Gormley, B. (2005). An adult attachment theoretical perspective of gender symmetry in intimate partner violence. Sex Roles, 52(11/12) 785-795.
  • Gormley, L. ve Lopez, G. (2010). Psychological abuse perpetration in college dating relationships contributions of gender, stress, and adult attachment orientations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25 (2), 204-218.
  • Harned, M. S. (2001). Abused women or abused men? An examination of the context and outcomes of dating violence. Violence and Victims, 16 (3) 269-285.
  • Hazan C. ve Shaver, P. (1987) Romantic love conceptualized as attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511- 524.
  • Heise, L., Ellsberg, M. ve Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Population reports. İnternet Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2012. http://findarticles.com/p/ articles/mi_m0856/is_4_27/ai_72739225
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Sti.
  • Kalkan, M. (2010). Ergen romantik ilişkilerinde duygusal istismar, fiziksel istismar ve soruna yönelmeye Adlerian bir bakış: Sosyal ilgi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11 (3), 242-247.
  • Kaygusuz, C. (2013). Irrational beliefs and abuse in university students’ romantic relations. Eğitim Araştırmaları, 51, 141-156.
  • Keeffe, N. K., Brockopp, K. ve Chew, E. (1986). Teen dating violence. Social Work, 31, 465-468
  • Kesner, J. E. ve McKenry, P. C. (1998). The role of childhood attachment factors in predicting male violence toward female intimates. Journal of Family Violence, 13(4) 417-432.
  • Kılınçer, A. S. ve Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2013). Romantik İlişkiyi Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 4(1), 15-32.
  • Loring, M. T. (1994). Emotional abuse. New York: Lexington Books.
  • Lysova, A. V. ve Douglas, M. E. (2008). Intimate partner violence among male and female Russian university students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1(23), 1579-1599.
  • Merrell, J. (2001). Social support for victims of domestic violence. Journal of Psychological Nursing & Mental Health Services, 30(11), 30-34.
  • Merrill, L. L., Julie L. C., Thomsen C. J., Guimond, J. ve Milner, J. S. (2004). Perpetration of severe intimate partner violence: Premilitary and second year of service rates. Military Medicine, 170 (8), 705-705.
  • Mouradian, V. (2000). Abuse in intimate relationships: Defining the multiple dimensions and terms. National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center, Wellesley Centers for Women: Wellesley College.
  • O’Malley, P. M. ve Bachman, J. G. (1983). Self - esteem: Change and stability between ages 13 and 23. Development Psychology, 19, 257-268.
  • Papadakaki, M., Tzamalouka, G. S., Chatzifotiou, S. ve Chliaoutakis, J. (2009). Seeking for risk factors of intimate partner violence in a Greek national Sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(5), 732-750.
  • Pipes, R. B. ve Le Bov-Keeler, K. (1997). Psychological abuse among college women in exclusive heterosexual dating relationships. Sex Roles, 36(9/10), 585-603.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self- image. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Pres.
  • Saltzman, L., Fanslow, J. L., McMahon, P. M. ve Shelley, G. A. (2002). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta (GA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
  • Schweiter, R. D. (1996). Problems and awareness of support services among students at an urban Australian university. Journal of American College Health, 45(2), 73-77.
  • Sommer, R. (1994). Male and female perpetrated partner abuse: Testing a diathesis- stress model. Unpublished, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
  • Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N. ve Uysal, A. (2005). Yetişkin bağlanma boyutları için yeni bir ölçüm: Yakın ilişkilerde yaşantılar envanteri-II’nin Türk örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8(16), 1-13.
  • Şahin, N. H., Timur, S., Ergin, A. B., Taşpınar, A., Baklaya, N. A. ve Çubukçu, S. (2010). Childhood trauma, type of marriage and self-esteem as correlates of domestic violence in married women in Turkey. Journal of Family Violence, 25(7), 661-668.
  • Swindell, S., Liebniz, G. ve Brigham, T. (2005) Intimate partner violence, stalking and sexual coercion among students at Washington State University. Washington State University: University Safety Report.
  • Tice, D. M. (1991). Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives differ by trait self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 711-725.
  • Yenidünya, A. (2005). Lise öğrencilerinde rekabetçi tutum, benlik saygısı ve akademik başarı etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2014, 5 (42)

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Romantik İlişkilerinde Algıladıkları İstismar

Year 2014, Volume: 5 Issue: 42, 0 - , 13.10.2014

Ahmet Selçuk Kılınçer Meliha Tuzgöl Dost

Abstract

Bu araştırma, psikolojik değişkenler grubunda ele alınan benlik saygısı, bağlanma alt boyutları olan kaygı ve kaçınma ve akademik başarı ile demografik değişkenler grubunda ele alınan yaş, cinsiyet, ilişkinin süresi ve anne-babanın birliktelik durumunun, üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde algıladıkları istismarı yordama düzeyini belirlemeyi amaçlayan betimsel bir çalışmadır. Araştırma grubu, 2011–2012 öğretim yılı bahar döneminde bir devlet üniversitesinin eğitim fakültesinin çeşitli bölümlerinde öğrenim görmekte olan 280’i (% 68.1) kadın ve 131’i (% 31.9) erkek olmak üzere toplam 411 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde algıladıkları istismarı belirlemek amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen Romantik İlişkiyi Değerlendirme Ölçeği, bağlanma boyutlarını belirlemek amacıyla Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II, benlik saygısını belirlemek amacıyla Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği ve demografik değişkenleri belirlemek üzere Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Veriler aşamalı regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, ilk modelde sadece benlik saygısı romantik ilişkide maruz kalınan istismarı anlamlı olarak yordamaktadır. İkinci modelde ise benlik saygısı, kaçınma bağlanma boyutu, cinsiyet, yaş ve ilişkinin süresinin romantik ilişkide maruz kalınan istismarın anlamlı yordayıcıları olduğu saptanmıştır. Bulgular alanyazın ışığında tartışılmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

romantik ilişki istismar benlik saygısı bağlanma üniversite öğrencileri

References

  • Abadi, M. N. L. Ghazinour, M., Nojomi, M. ve Richter, J. (2012). The buffering effect of social support between domestic violence and self-esteem in pregnant women in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Family Violence, 27(3), 225-231.
  • Abraham, M. (1999). Sexual abuse in South Asian immigrant marriages. Violence Against Women, 5(6), 591-618.
  • Aluede, O., Imhonde, H. ve Eguavoen, A. (2006). Academic, career and personal needs of Nigerian university students. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 33(1), 50-57.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716.
  • Bartholomew, K. ve Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61(2), 226-244.
  • Bookwala, J. (2002). The role of own and perceived partner attachment in relationship aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 84-100.
  • Bookwala, J. ve Zdaniuk, B. (1998). Adult attachment styles and aggressive behavior with in dating relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 175-190.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety, and anger. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  • Burazeri, G., Roshi, E., Jewkes, R., Jordan, S., Bjegovic, V. ve Laaser, U. (2005). Factors associated with spousal physical violence in Albania: Cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 331, 197-201.
  • Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E. ve Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988). Gender identity, self-esteem, and physical abuse in dating relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(3), 272-285.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. A., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Cascardi, M. ve O’Leary, K. D. (1992): Depressive symptomatology, self-esteem and self- blame in battered women. Journal of Family Violence, 7(4), 249-259.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Creasey, G. ve Ladd, A. (2004). Negative mood regulation expectancies and conflict behaviors in late adolescent college student romantic relationships: The moderating role of generalized attachment representations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14(2), 235–255.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Curun, F. (2001). The effects of sexism and sex role orientation on romantic relationship satisfaction. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Doğan, T. (2012). A long-term study of the counseling needs of Turkish university students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90, 91-96.
  • Doumas, D., M., Pearson, C., L., Elgin, J. E. ve McKinley, L. L. (2008). Adult attachment as a risk factor for intimate partner violence: The “mispairing” of partners’ Attachment Style. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(5), 616-634.
  • Etchevery, P. E., Le, B. ve Charania, M. R. (2008). Perceived versus reported social referent approval and romantic relationship commitment and persistence. Personal Relationships, 15, 281–295.
  • Forke, C. M., Myers, R. K., Catallozzi, M. ve Schwarz, D. F. (2008). Relationship violence among female and male college undergraduate students. Formerly Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(7), 634-641.
  • Foshee, B. A., Bauman, K. E., Ennett, S. T., Linder, G. F., Benefield, T. ve Suchindran, C. (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of the safe dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 619-624.
  • Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G. ve Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350-365.
  • Gormley, B. (2005). An adult attachment theoretical perspective of gender symmetry in intimate partner violence. Sex Roles, 52(11/12) 785-795.
  • Gormley, L. ve Lopez, G. (2010). Psychological abuse perpetration in college dating relationships contributions of gender, stress, and adult attachment orientations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25 (2), 204-218.
  • Harned, M. S. (2001). Abused women or abused men? An examination of the context and outcomes of dating violence. Violence and Victims, 16 (3) 269-285.
  • Hazan C. ve Shaver, P. (1987) Romantic love conceptualized as attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511- 524.
  • Heise, L., Ellsberg, M. ve Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Population reports. İnternet Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2012. http://findarticles.com/p/ articles/mi_m0856/is_4_27/ai_72739225
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Sti.
  • Kalkan, M. (2010). Ergen romantik ilişkilerinde duygusal istismar, fiziksel istismar ve soruna yönelmeye Adlerian bir bakış: Sosyal ilgi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11 (3), 242-247.
  • Kaygusuz, C. (2013). Irrational beliefs and abuse in university students’ romantic relations. Eğitim Araştırmaları, 51, 141-156.
  • Keeffe, N. K., Brockopp, K. ve Chew, E. (1986). Teen dating violence. Social Work, 31, 465-468
  • Kesner, J. E. ve McKenry, P. C. (1998). The role of childhood attachment factors in predicting male violence toward female intimates. Journal of Family Violence, 13(4) 417-432.
  • Kılınçer, A. S. ve Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2013). Romantik İlişkiyi Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 4(1), 15-32.
  • Loring, M. T. (1994). Emotional abuse. New York: Lexington Books.
  • Lysova, A. V. ve Douglas, M. E. (2008). Intimate partner violence among male and female Russian university students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1(23), 1579-1599.
  • Merrell, J. (2001). Social support for victims of domestic violence. Journal of Psychological Nursing & Mental Health Services, 30(11), 30-34.
  • Merrill, L. L., Julie L. C., Thomsen C. J., Guimond, J. ve Milner, J. S. (2004). Perpetration of severe intimate partner violence: Premilitary and second year of service rates. Military Medicine, 170 (8), 705-705.
  • Mouradian, V. (2000). Abuse in intimate relationships: Defining the multiple dimensions and terms. National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center, Wellesley Centers for Women: Wellesley College.
  • O’Malley, P. M. ve Bachman, J. G. (1983). Self - esteem: Change and stability between ages 13 and 23. Development Psychology, 19, 257-268.
  • Papadakaki, M., Tzamalouka, G. S., Chatzifotiou, S. ve Chliaoutakis, J. (2009). Seeking for risk factors of intimate partner violence in a Greek national Sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(5), 732-750.
  • Pipes, R. B. ve Le Bov-Keeler, K. (1997). Psychological abuse among college women in exclusive heterosexual dating relationships. Sex Roles, 36(9/10), 585-603.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self- image. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Pres.
  • Saltzman, L., Fanslow, J. L., McMahon, P. M. ve Shelley, G. A. (2002). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta (GA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
  • Schweiter, R. D. (1996). Problems and awareness of support services among students at an urban Australian university. Journal of American College Health, 45(2), 73-77.
  • Sommer, R. (1994). Male and female perpetrated partner abuse: Testing a diathesis- stress model. Unpublished, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
  • Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N. ve Uysal, A. (2005). Yetişkin bağlanma boyutları için yeni bir ölçüm: Yakın ilişkilerde yaşantılar envanteri-II’nin Türk örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8(16), 1-13.
  • Şahin, N. H., Timur, S., Ergin, A. B., Taşpınar, A., Baklaya, N. A. ve Çubukçu, S. (2010). Childhood trauma, type of marriage and self-esteem as correlates of domestic violence in married women in Turkey. Journal of Family Violence, 25(7), 661-668.
  • Swindell, S., Liebniz, G. ve Brigham, T. (2005) Intimate partner violence, stalking and sexual coercion among students at Washington State University. Washington State University: University Safety Report.
  • Tice, D. M. (1991). Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives differ by trait self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 711-725.
  • Yenidünya, A. (2005). Lise öğrencilerinde rekabetçi tutum, benlik saygısı ve akademik başarı etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2014, 5 (42)
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ahmet Selçuk Kılınçer This is me

Meliha Tuzgöl Dost

Publication Date October 13, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 5 Issue: 42

Cite

APA Kılınçer, A. S., & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2014). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Romantik İlişkilerinde Algıladıkları İstismar. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(42). https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.94701
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