Childhood bullying: implications for pediatricians Review

Abstract

Childhood bullying has long been perceived as a normal part of growing up However recent studies from different countries showed that bullying behavior among children and adolescents was a greater problem than other problem behaviors such as drug use and early sexual activity The most common definition of bullying used in the literature was formulated by Dan Olweus According to Olweus bullying is an aggressive behavior that: a is intended to cause harm or distress b occurs repeatedly over time and c occurs in a relationship in which there is an imbalance of power Bullying others is a form of peer abuse and shares many characteristics with other types of abuse namely child maltreatment and domestic violence Bullying behaviors may be physical verbal non physical and non verbal and may be direct and indirect Boys are more likely than girls to demonstrate bullying behaviors While boys are bullied by only boys girls are bullied by both girls and boys Although being bullied decreases with age bullying others does not show the same pattern Researches identified many individual and environmental factors that place children and adolescents at risk for bullying others and being bullied Commonly frequent or persistent bullying behavior is considered a part of conduct disordered behavior pattern Substantial numbers of children do not report their victimization to adults and prefer other coping strategies Bullying may effect the physical and psychological health and academic work of children who are targeted Physicians have important roles in identifying at risk children screening for psychiatric comorbidities counseling families about the problem and advocating for bullying prevention in their communities Turk Arch Ped 2007; 42 Suppl: 19 25 Key words: Bullying intervention mental health physical health

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Çocukluk çağında kabadayılık zorbalık davranışları: Hekimler açısından anlamı Derleme

Abstract

Çocukluk çağı boyunca gözlenen kabadayılık zorbalık davranışları uzun yıllar normal gelişimin bir parçası olarak kabul edilmiştir Ancak son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde bu davranışların özellikle okul çocukları ve ergenler arasında madde kullanımı ve erken yaşta cinsel ilişkiye girme gibi davranışlardan daha büyük bir sorun olduğunu ortaya koymuştur Yaygın olarak kabul edilen tanımlama Dan Olweus tarafından yapılmıştır Olweus’a göre kabadayılık zorbalık saldırgan bir davranıştır Güç dengesizliği olan ilişkilerde gözlenir Karşı tarafa zarar veya sıkıntı vermeye yöneliktir ve zaman içerisinde tekrarlanır Kabadayılık zorbalık arkadaşın arkadaşı istismarıdır ve çocuk istismarı aile içi şiddet gibi diğer istismar tipleriyle pek çok ortak özelliği vardır Kabadayılık zorbalık fiziksel sözel veya diğer doğrudan veya yan yöntemler kullanılarak gerçekleştirilebilir Bu davranışlar erkeklerde daha sık görülmekte ve erkekler erkekler tarafından hedef seçilirken kızlar hem erkekler hem de kızlar tarafından hedef seçilmektedir Kabadayılığa zorbalığa uğrama yaşla azalırken kabadayılık zorbalık yapma yaşla belirgin olarak değişmemektedir Araştırmalar kabadayılık zorbalık yapma ve veya kabadayılığa zorbalığa uğrama ile bireysel ve çevresel pek çok etken arasında ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir Sık sık veya devamlı kabadayılık zorbalık yapma davranış bozukluğunun Conduct disorder bir parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir Kabadayılığa zorbalığa uğrayan çocukların önemli bir kısmı bu durumu erişkinlere haber vermemekte ve farklı baş etme yöntemleri kullanmaktadır Kabadayılığa zorbalığa uğramak çocukların fiziksel sağlığını psikososyal ve akademik yaşantılarını etkileyebilmektedir Hekimler kabadayılık zorbalık yapma veya kabadayılık zorbalığa uğrama riski olan çocukları saptayarak aileleri ile sorunu tartışarak bu çocukları eşlik eden psikiyatrik sorunlar açısından tarayarak ve kabadayılığı zorbalığı önleme ve müdahale programlarını destekleyerek bu sorunun çözümlenmesinde rol oynayabilirler Türk Ped Arş 2007; 42 Özel Sayı: 19 25 Anahtar kelimeler: Fiziksel sağlık kabadayılık zorbalık önleme ruhsal sağlık

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