Onset of puberty is it shifting to younger ages ? Review

Abstract

It was in the 20th century following the improvement in the health status of children that a marked change with a shift to younger ages expressed by the term “secular trend” occurred in age of attainment of growth and development parameters including sexual development In this paper we attempt to review the findings in studies from different countries relating to ages of attainment of onset and subsequent stages of puberty also referring to studies documenting the genetic socioeconomic nutritional and other influences on pubertal development Most of the reports pertain to puberty in girls and particularly to age of menarche Findings in these studies indicate that the secular trend is no longer seen in industrialized countries where socioeconomic differences have also lost their impact while this trend continues in developing countries where differences between socioeconomic groups and those between rural and urban populations are still in effect Key words: menarche puberty secular trend

Keywords

• -

Püberte başlangıç yaşı değişiyor mu? Derleme

Abstract

Yirminci yüzyılda çocukların sağlık durumlarının iyileşmesi sonucu büyüme ve gelişme sürecinin hızlandığı ve cinsel gelişmenin de daha erken yaşlara kaydığı ve bu değişimin “yüzyılın eğilimi” terimiyle ifade edildiği bilinmektedir Bu yazıda püberte gelişmesini etkileyen genetik sosyoekonomik beslenme ve diğer etmenlere değinilerek değişik ülke çocuklarında püberte başlangıcı ve pübertenin ileri evrelerine erişme yaşlarına ilişkin yayınlar incelenmiştir Çalışmaların çoğu kız çocuklarıyla ilgili olduğundan daha çok bunlara yer verilmiştir Pübertenin başlangıç yaşına ilişkin yayınların görece az olmasına karşın menarş konusunda çok sayıda çalışma vardır Bu çalışmalar gelişmiş ve sosyoekonomik farklılıkların azalmış olduğu ülkelerde püberte yaşındaki erkene kaymanın artık görülmediğini ortaya koymaktadır Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise değişik sosyoekonomik gruplar arasında püberteye erişme yaşı ve menarş yaşında farklılıklar ve yüzyılın eğilimi süregelmektedir Anahtar Kelimeler: menarş püberte yüzyılın eğilimi

Keywords

• menarş, püberte, yüzyılın eğilimi

References

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3. Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Valdez RA, et al. Secular trend increases in relative weight and adiposity among children over two decades : the Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 420- 6.
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94. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, et al. Relation of age at menarche to race, time period, and anthropometric dimensions. The Bogalusa Heart Study : Pediatrics 2002; 110.
95. Hwang JY, Shin C, Frongillo EA, et al. Secular trend in age at menarche for South Korean woman born between 1920 and 1986: the Ansan Study Ann Hum Biol 2003; 30: 434- 42.
96. Kac G Coel, Velasquez. Melendez G. Secular trend in age at menarche for women born between 1920 and 1979 in Rio de Janerio, Brazil. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 423- 8.
97. Bona G, Castellino N, Petri A. Secular trend of puberty. Minerva Pediatr 2002; 54: 553- 7.
98. Leung SSF, Lam YM, Low LS, et al. Height, weight and head circumference in Shatin children 3-7 years of age : further evidence for smaller changes. Hong Kong J Pediatr 1987; 4: 43- 51.
99. Leung SSF, Lui SSH. Nutritive value of Hong Kong Chinese weaning diet. Nutr Res 1990: 10; 707- 15.
100. Ling JYK, King NM. Secular trends in stature and weight in southern Chinese children in Hong Kong. Ann Hum Biol 1987; 14: 187- 190.
101. Wong GWK, Leung SSF, Yeung VTF, et al. Secular trend in the sexual maturation of sourthern Chinese boys. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 620- 1.
102. Huen KF, Leung SSF, Lau JFT, et al. Secular trend in the sexual maturation of Southern Chinese girls. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 1121- 4.
103. Leung SSF, LAu JTF, Xu YY, et al. Secular changes in standing height, sitting height and sexual maturation of Chinese- the Hong Kong growth study,1993. Ann Hum Biol 1996; 23: 297- 306.
104. Liu YX, Albertsson –Wikland K, Karlberg J. New reference for the age at childhood onset of growth and secular trend in the timing of puberty in Swedish. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 637- 43.
105. Taranger J, Engstrom I, Lichtenstein H, et al. Somatic pubertal development. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1976; 258: 121- 35.
106. Parent AS, Teilmann G, Juul A, et al. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity : variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocrine Reviews 2003; 24: 668- 93.
107. Murata M, Hibi I. Nutrition and the secular trend of growth. Horm Res 1992; 38: 89- 96.
108. Rao S, Joshi S, Kanade A. Height velocity, body fat and menarcheal age of Indian girls. Indian Pediatr 1998; 35: 619-28.
109. Levine VE. Studies in physiological anthropology III. Age of onset of menstruation of Alaska Eskimos. Am J Phys Anthropal 1953; 11: 252.
110. Ellis RWB. Age of puberty in tropics. Br Med J 1950; 1: 85-9.
111. Karlberg J. Secular trend in pubertal development. Horm Res 2002; 57: 19- 30.
112. Rimpela AH, Rimpela MK. Towards and equal distribution of health? Socioeconomic and regional differences of the secular trend of the age of menarche in Finland from 1979 to 1989. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 87- 90.
113. Chowdhury S, Shahabuddin AKM, Seal AJ, et al. Nutritional status and age at menarche in rural area of Bangladesh. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 249- 56.
114. Veronesi FM, Gueresi P. Trend in menarcheal age and socioeconomic influence in Bologna (Northern Italy). Ann Hum Biol 1994; 2: 187- 96. Hesketh T, Jian Ding QU, Tomkins A. Growth status and menarche in urban and rural area. Ann Hum Biol 2002; 29: 348- 52.
115. Stark O, Peckham CS, Moynihan C. Weight and age at menarche. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 383- 7.
116. Tavares CH, Heaffner LS, Barbieri MA, et al. Age at menarche among schoolgirls from a rural community in Southeast Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2000; 16: 709- 15.
117. Marrodan MD, Mesa MS, Arechiga J, et al. Trend in menarcheal age in Spain : rural and urban comparison during a recent period. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 313- 9.
118. Jungueira Do Lago M, Faerstein E, De SouzaLopes C, et al. Family socio-economic background modified secular trends in age at menarche : evidence from the Pro-Saude Study (Rio de Janerio, Brazil). Ann Human Biol 2003; 30: 347- 52. Padez C. Social background and at menarche in Portuguese university student : a note on the secular changes in Portugal. Am J Human Biol. 2003;15: 415- 27.
119. Kurdzielewicz M. Analysis of selected environmental and biophysical parameters during menarche. Ann Acad Med Stetin 2001; 47: 125- 43.
120. Bagga A, Kulkarni S. Age at menarche and secular trend in Maharashtrian (Iındian) girls. Acta Biologica 2000; 44: 53- 7.
121. Berkey CS, Gardner JD, Frazier AL, et al. Relation of childhood diet and body size to menarche and adolescent growth in girls. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 446- 52. Neyzi O, Saka N. Türk çocuklarında antropometrik araştırmalar. İst Tıp Fak. Mecmuası. 2002; 65: 211- 28.
122. Neyzi O, Bundak R, Günöz H, et al. Social class differences in growth and secular trend in Turkish city children. In : Bodzsar BE, Susanne C (eds). Studies in Human Biology. Budapest. Eötvas Univ Pres, 1996: 139- 46.
123. Neyzi O, Alp H, Orhon A. Sexual maturation in Turkish girls. Ann Hum Biol 1975; 2: 49- 59.
124. Bundak R, Neyzi O, Balaban S, et al. Secular trend in sexual maturation in Turkish girls of high socioeconomic class. 8 th International Congress of Auxology. Human Growth and Development. Philadelphia 1997, Abstract. p: 31.
125. Neyzi O, Alp H. Ergenlik çağının özellikleri 1. (Ergenlik olayının değerlendirilmesi, İstanbul çocuklarında cinsel gelişme) İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 1977; 40: 187- 215.
126. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında menarş, seksüel, kemik gelişmesi ve menarş yaşının fiziksel, seksüel ve kemik gelişimi tempoları ve sosyoekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg, 1973; 4: 392- 415.
127. Ersoy B, Balkan C, Günay T, et al. Effect of different socioeconomic conditions on menarche in Turkish female student. Early Human Development, 2004, 76: 115- 25.
128. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında seksüel gelişme. Pubik pilosite gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, pubik gelişme süresi ve sosyo- ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 1- 17.
129. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında seksüel gelişme. Göğüs gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, göğüs gelişme süresi ve sosyo-ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 18- 35.
130. Onat T, Ertem B. Aksiller pilozite gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, aksiller gelişme süresi ve sosyo ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 36- 50.
131. Henneberg C.M, Vizmanos B. The duration of puberty in girls is related to the timing of its onset. Pediatr 1997; 131: 618- 21.
132. Adair LS, Gordon-Larsen P. Maturational timing and overweight prevalance in US adolescent girls. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 642- 4.
133. Davison KK, Susman EJ, Birch LL. Percent body fat at age 5 predicts earlier pubertal development among girls at age 9. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 815- 21.
134. Qing He and Karlberg J. BMI in childhood and its association with height gain,timing of puberty, and final height. Pediatr Res 2001; 49: 244- 51.
135. Jaruratanasirikul S, Mo-suwan L, Lebel L. Growth pattern and age at menarche of obese girls in a transitional society. J Pediatr Endoc 1997; 10: 487- 90
136. Laron Z. Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation; Paediatrics 2003; 113: 171- 2.
137. Wang Y, Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation. A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 903- 10.
138. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Tuvemo T. Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. I. Menarcheal age. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80: 852- 8.
139. Mason P, Narad C, Jester T, Parks J. A survey of growth and development in the internationally adopted child. Pediatr Res 2000; 47: 209 A (abstract)
140. Krstevska-Konstantinova M, Charlier C, Craen M, et al. Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1020- 6.
141. Oostdijk MW, Drop SLS. Early puberty in adopted children. Horm Res 2002; 57:1- 9.
142. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Tuvemo T. Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. II Catch-up growth and final height. Indian J Ped 1991; 58: 105- 14.
143. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Wennqvist K. A lonjitüdinal study on antropometric and clinical development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. II. Growth, morbidity and development during two years after arrival in Sweden. Ups J Med Sci 1992; 97: 93- 106.
144. Proos LA. Growth and development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. Uppsala, 1992.
145. Proos LA, Karlberg J, Hofvander Y, et al. Pubertal lienar growth of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 641- 4.
146. Mazur W: Phytoestrogen content in foods. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 12: 729- 42.
147. Sharara FI, Seifer DB, Flaws JA. Enviromental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertil Steril 1998; 70: 613- 22.
148. Kuiper GG; Lemmen JG, Carlsson B, et al. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor ß. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 4252- 63.
149. Clark EJ, Norris DO, Jones RE. Interactions of gonadal steroids and pesticides (DDT, DDE) on gonadal duct in larval tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1998; 109: 94- 105.
150. Kelce WR, Stone CR, Laws SC, et al. Persistent DDT metabolite p,pı-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 1995; 375: 581- 5.
151. H. Nurçin Saka. Püberte başlangıç yaşı değişiyor mu ?
152. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 2005; 40: 7- 14 1.
153. Tanner JM. The secular trend towards earlier maturation. T
154. Soc Geneesk 1966; 44: 524- 38. 2.
155. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal
156. changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 1969; 44: 291- 303. 3.
157. Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, et al. Secondary
158. sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office
159. practice : a study from the pediatric research in office setting
160. network. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 505- 12. 4.
161. Reynolds EL, Wines JV. Individual differences in physical
162. changes associated with adolescence in girls. Am J Dis Child. 1948; 75: 329- 50. 5.
163. Nicholson AB, Hanley C. Indices of physiological maturity:
164. derivation and interrelationships. Child Dev. 1953; 24: 3- 38. 6.
165. Lee PA. Normal ages of pubertal events among American males
166. and females. J Adolesc Health Care. 1980; 1: 26- 9.
167. Harlan WR, Harlan EA, Grillo Cp. Secondary sex characteristics
168. of girls 12 to 17 years of age : the U.S. Health Examination
169. Survey. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 1074- 8. 8.
170. MacMahon B. Age at menarche : United States, 1973. Rockville,
171. MD : National Center for Health Statistics; DHEW publication
172. (HRA) 1974; 74: 1615. 9.
173. Chumlea WC, Schubert CM, Roche AF, et al. Age at menarche
174. and racial comparisons in US girls. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 110-3.
175. Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A. Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 844- 50.
176. Wattigney WA, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, et al. Secular trend of earlier onset of menarche with increasing obesity in black and white girls : the Bogalusa Heart study. Ethn Dis 1999; 9: 181- 9.
177. Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Valdez RA, et al. Secular trend increases in relative weight and adiposity among children over two decades : the Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 420- 6.
178. Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kuczmarski RJ, et al. Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 49: 1085- 91 Wu T, Mendola P, Buck G.M. Ethnic differences in the presence of secondary sex characteristics and menarche among US girls: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 1988- 1994 Pediatrics 2002; 110: 752- 7.
179. Sun SS, Schubert CM, Chumlea WC, et al. National estimates of the timing of sexual maturation and racial differences among US children. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 911- 9.
180. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, et al. Relation of age at menarche to race, time period, and anthropometric dimensions. The Bogalusa Heart Study : Pediatrics 2002; 110.
181. Hwang JY, Shin C, Frongillo EA, et al. Secular trend in age at menarche for South Korean woman born between 1920 and 1986: the Ansan Study Ann Hum Biol 2003; 30: 434- 42.
182. Kac G Coel, Velasquez. Melendez G. Secular trend in age at menarche for women born between 1920 and 1979 in Rio de Janerio, Brazil. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 423- 8.
183. Bona G, Castellino N, Petri A. Secular trend of puberty. Minerva Pediatr 2002; 54: 553- 7.
184. Leung SSF, Lam YM, Low LS, et al. Height, weight and head circumference in Shatin children 3-7 years of age : further evidence for smaller changes. Hong Kong J Pediatr 1987; 4: 43- 51.
185. Leung SSF, Lui SSH. Nutritive value of Hong Kong Chinese weaning diet. Nutr Res 1990: 10; 707- 15.
186. Ling JYK, King NM. Secular trends in stature and weight in southern Chinese children in Hong Kong. Ann Hum Biol 1987; 14: 187- 190.
187. Wong GWK, Leung SSF, Yeung VTF, et al. Secular trend in the sexual maturation of sourthern Chinese boys. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 620- 1.
188. Huen KF, Leung SSF, Lau JFT, et al. Secular trend in the sexual maturation of Southern Chinese girls. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 1121- 4.
189. Leung SSF, LAu JTF, Xu YY, et al. Secular changes in standing height, sitting height and sexual maturation of Chinese- the Hong Kong growth study,1993. Ann Hum Biol 1996; 23: 297- 306.
190. Liu YX, Albertsson –Wikland K, Karlberg J. New reference for the age at childhood onset of growth and secular trend in the timing of puberty in Swedish. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 637- 43.
191. Taranger J, Engstrom I, Lichtenstein H, et al. Somatic pubertal development. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1976; 258: 121- 35.
192. Parent AS, Teilmann G, Juul A, et al. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity : variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocrine Reviews 2003; 24: 668- 93.
193. Murata M, Hibi I. Nutrition and the secular trend of growth. Horm Res 1992; 38: 89- 96.
194. Rao S, Joshi S, Kanade A. Height velocity, body fat and menarcheal age of Indian girls. Indian Pediatr 1998; 35: 619-28.
195. Levine VE. Studies in physiological anthropology III. Age of onset of menstruation of Alaska Eskimos. Am J Phys Anthropal 1953; 11: 252.
196. Ellis RWB. Age of puberty in tropics. Br Med J 1950; 1: 85-9.
197. Karlberg J. Secular trend in pubertal development. Horm Res 2002; 57: 19- 30.
198. Rimpela AH, Rimpela MK. Towards and equal distribution of health? Socioeconomic and regional differences of the secular trend of the age of menarche in Finland from 1979 to 1989. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 87- 90.
199. Chowdhury S, Shahabuddin AKM, Seal AJ, et al. Nutritional status and age at menarche in rural area of Bangladesh. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 249- 56.
200. Veronesi FM, Gueresi P. Trend in menarcheal age and socioeconomic influence in Bologna (Northern Italy). Ann Hum Biol 1994; 2: 187- 96. Hesketh T, Jian Ding QU, Tomkins A. Growth status and menarche in urban and rural area. Ann Hum Biol 2002; 29: 348- 52.
201. Stark O, Peckham CS, Moynihan C. Weight and age at menarche. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 383- 7.
202. Tavares CH, Heaffner LS, Barbieri MA, et al. Age at menarche among schoolgirls from a rural community in Southeast Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2000; 16: 709- 15.
203. Marrodan MD, Mesa MS, Arechiga J, et al. Trend in menarcheal age in Spain : rural and urban comparison during a recent period. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 313- 9.
204. Jungueira Do Lago M, Faerstein E, De SouzaLopes C, et al. Family socio-economic background modified secular trends in age at menarche : evidence from the Pro-Saude Study (Rio de Janerio, Brazil). Ann Human Biol 2003; 30: 347- 52. Padez C. Social background and at menarche in Portuguese university student : a note on the secular changes in Portugal. Am J Human Biol. 2003;15: 415- 27.
205. Kurdzielewicz M. Analysis of selected environmental and biophysical parameters during menarche. Ann Acad Med Stetin 2001; 47: 125- 43.
206. Bagga A, Kulkarni S. Age at menarche and secular trend in Maharashtrian (Iındian) girls. Acta Biologica 2000; 44: 53- 7. Berkey CS, Gardner JD, Frazier AL, et al. Relation of childhood diet and body size to menarche and adolescent growth in girls. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 446- 52. Neyzi O, Saka N. Türk çocuklarında antropometrik araştırmalar. İst Tıp Fak. Mecmuası. 2002; 65: 211- 28.
207. Neyzi O, Bundak R, Günöz H, et al. Social class differences in growth and secular trend in Turkish city children. In : Bodzsar BE, Susanne C (eds). Studies in Human Biology. Budapest. Eötvas Univ Pres, 1996: 139- 46.
208. Neyzi O, Alp H, Orhon A. Sexual maturation in Turkish girls. Ann Hum Biol 1975; 2: 49- 59.
209. Bundak R, Neyzi O, Balaban S, et al. Secular trend in sexual maturation in Turkish girls of high socioeconomic class. 8 th International Congress of Auxology. Human Growth and Development. Philadelphia 1997, Abstract. p: 31.
210. Neyzi O, Alp H. Ergenlik çağının özellikleri 1. (Ergenlik olayının değerlendirilmesi, İstanbul çocuklarında cinsel gelişme) İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 1977; 40: 187- 215.
211. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında menarş, seksüel, kemik gelişmesi ve menarş yaşının fiziksel, seksüel ve kemik gelişimi tempoları ve sosyoekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg, 1973; 4: 392- 415.
212. Ersoy B, Balkan C, Günay T, et al. Effect of different socioeconomic conditions on menarche in Turkish female student. Early Human Development, 2004, 76: 115- 25.
213. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında seksüel gelişme. Pubik pilosite gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, pubik gelişme süresi ve sosyo- ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 1- 17.
214. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında seksüel gelişme. Göğüs gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, göğüs gelişme süresi ve sosyo-ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 18- 35.
215. Onat T, Ertem B. Aksiller pilozite gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, aksiller gelişme süresi ve sosyo ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 36- 50.
216. Henneberg C.M, Vizmanos B. The duration of puberty in girls is related to the timing of its onset. Pediatr 1997; 131: 618- 21.
217. Adair LS, Gordon-Larsen P. Maturational timing and overweight prevalance in US adolescent girls. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 642- 4.
218. Davison KK, Susman EJ, Birch LL. Percent body fat at age 5 predicts earlier pubertal development among girls at age 9. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 815- 21.
219. Qing He and Karlberg J. BMI in childhood and its association with height gain,timing of puberty, and final height. Pediatr Res 2001; 49: 244- 51.
220. Jaruratanasirikul S, Mo-suwan L, Lebel L. Growth pattern and age at menarche of obese girls in a transitional society. J Pediatr Endoc 1997; 10: 487- 90
221. Laron Z. Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation; Paediatrics 2003; 113: 171- 2.
222. Wang Y, Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation. A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 903- 10.
223. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Tuvemo T. Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. I. Menarcheal age. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80: 852- 8.
224. Mason P, Narad C, Jester T, Parks J. A survey of growth and development in the internationally adopted child. Pediatr Res 2000; 47: 209 A (abstract)
225. Krstevska-Konstantinova M, Charlier C, Craen M, et al. Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1020- 6. Oostdijk MW, Drop SLS. Early puberty in adopted children. Horm Res 2002; 57:1- 9.
226. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Tuvemo T. Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. II Catch-up growth and final height. Indian J Ped 1991; 58: 105- 14.
227. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Wennqvist K. A lonjitüdinal study on antropometric and clinical development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. II. Growth, morbidity and development during two years after arrival in Sweden. Ups J Med Sci 1992; 97: 93- 106.
228. Proos LA. Growth and development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. Uppsala, 1992.
229. Proos LA, Karlberg J, Hofvander Y, et al. Pubertal lienar growth of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 641- 4. Mazur W: Phytoestrogen content in foods. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 12: 729- 42.
230. Sharara FI, Seifer DB, Flaws JA. Enviromental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertil Steril 1998; 70: 613- 22.
231. Kuiper GG; Lemmen JG, Carlsson B, et al. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor ß. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 4252- 63.
232. Clark EJ, Norris DO, Jones RE. Interactions of gonadal steroids and pesticides (DDT, DDE) on gonadal duct in larval tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1998; 109: 94- 105. Kelce WR, Stone CR, Laws SC, et al. Persistent DDT metabolite p,pı-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 1995; 375: 581- 5.
233. H. Nurçin Saka. Püberte başlangıç yaşı değişiyor mu ?
234. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 2005; 40: 7- 14
235. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 2005; 40: 7- 14 1.
236. Tanner JM. The secular trend towards earlier maturation. T
237. Soc Geneesk 1966; 44: 524- 38. 2.
238. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal
239. changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 1969; 44: 291- 303. 3.
240. Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, et al. Secondary
241. sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office
242. practice : a study from the pediatric research in office setting
243. network. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 505- 12. 4.
244. Reynolds EL, Wines JV. Individual differences in physical
245. changes associated with adolescence in girls. Am J Dis Child. 1948; 75: 329- 50. 5.
246. Nicholson AB, Hanley C. Indices of physiological maturity:
247. derivation and interrelationships. Child Dev. 1953; 24: 3- 38. 6.
248. Lee PA. Normal ages of pubertal events among American males
249. and females. J Adolesc Health Care. 1980; 1: 26- 9. 7.
250. Harlan WR, Harlan EA, Grillo Cp. Secondary sex characteristics
251. of girls 12 to 17 years of age : the U.S. Health Examination
252. Survey. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 1074- 8. 8.
253. MacMahon B. Age at menarche : United States, 1973. Rockville,
254. MD : National Center for Health Statistics; DHEW publication
255. (HRA) 1974; 74: 1615. 9.
256. Chumlea WC, Schubert CM, Roche AF, et al. Age at menarche
257. and racial comparisons in US girls. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 110-3.
258. Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A. Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 844- 50.
259. Wattigney WA, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, et al. Secular trend of earlier onset of menarche with increasing obesity in black and white girls : the Bogalusa Heart study. Ethn Dis 1999; 9: 181- 9.
260. Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Valdez RA, et al. Secular trend increases in relative weight and adiposity among children over two decades : the Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 420- 6.
261. Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kuczmarski RJ, et al. Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 49: 1085- 91
262. Wu T, Mendola P, Buck G.M. Ethnic differences in the presence of secondary sex characteristics and menarche among US girls: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 1988- 1994 Pediatrics 2002; 110: 752- 7.
263. Sun SS, Schubert CM, Chumlea WC, et al. National estimates of the timing of sexual maturation and racial differences among US children. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 911- 9.
264. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, et al. Relation of age at menarche to race, time period, and anthropometric dimensions. The Bogalusa Heart Study : Pediatrics 2002; 110.
265. Hwang JY, Shin C, Frongillo EA, et al. Secular trend in age at menarche for South Korean woman born between 1920 and 1986: the Ansan Study Ann Hum Biol 2003; 30: 434- 42.
266. Kac G Coel, Velasquez. Melendez G. Secular trend in age at menarche for women born between 1920 and 1979 in Rio de Janerio, Brazil. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 423- 8.
267. Bona G, Castellino N, Petri A. Secular trend of puberty. Minerva Pediatr 2002; 54: 553- 7.
268. Leung SSF, Lam YM, Low LS, et al. Height, weight and head circumference in Shatin children 3-7 years of age : further evidence for smaller changes. Hong Kong J Pediatr 1987; 4: 43- 51.
269. Leung SSF, Lui SSH. Nutritive value of Hong Kong Chinese weaning diet. Nutr Res 1990: 10; 707- 15.
270. Ling JYK, King NM. Secular trends in stature and weight in southern Chinese children in Hong Kong. Ann Hum Biol 1987; 14: 187- 190.
271. Wong GWK, Leung SSF, Yeung VTF, et al. Secular trend in the sexual maturation of sourthern Chinese boys. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 620- 1.
272. Huen KF, Leung SSF, Lau JFT, et al. Secular trend in the sexual maturation of Southern Chinese girls. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 1121- 4.
273. Leung SSF, LAu JTF, Xu YY, et al. Secular changes in standing height, sitting height and sexual maturation of Chinese- the Hong Kong growth study,1993. Ann Hum Biol 1996; 23: 297- 306.
274. Liu YX, Albertsson –Wikland K, Karlberg J. New reference for the age at childhood onset of growth and secular trend in the timing of puberty in Swedish. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 637- 43.
275. Taranger J, Engstrom I, Lichtenstein H, et al. Somatic pubertal development. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1976; 258: 121- 35.
276. Parent AS, Teilmann G, Juul A, et al. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity : variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocrine Reviews 2003; 24: 668- 93.
277. Murata M, Hibi I. Nutrition and the secular trend of growth. Horm Res 1992; 38: 89- 96.
278. Rao S, Joshi S, Kanade A. Height velocity, body fat and menarcheal age of Indian girls. Indian Pediatr 1998; 35: 619-28.
279. Levine VE. Studies in physiological anthropology III. Age of onset of menstruation of Alaska Esk imos. Am J Phys Anthropal 1953; 11: 252.
280. Ellis RWB. Age of puberty in tropics. Br Med J 1950; 1: 85-9.
281. Karlberg J. Secular trend in pubertal development. Horm Res 2002; 57: 19- 30.
282. Rimpela AH, Rimpela MK. Towards and equal distribution of health? Socioeconomic and regional differences of the secular trend of the age of menarche in Finland from 1979 to 1989. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 87- 90.
283. Chowdhury S, Shahabuddin AKM, Seal AJ, et al. Nutritional status and age at menarche in rural area of Bangladesh. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 249- 56.
284. Veronesi FM, Gueresi P. Trend in menarch eal age and socioeconomic influence in Bologna (Northern Italy). Ann Hum Biol 1994; 2: 187- 96. Hesketh T, Jian Ding QU, Tomkins A. Growth status and menarche in urban and rural area. Ann Hum Biol 2002; 29: 348- 52.
285. Stark O, Peckham CS, Moynihan C. Weight and age at menarche. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 383- 7.
286. Tavares CH, Heaffner LS, Barbieri MA, et al. Age at menarche among schoolgirls from a rural community in Southeast Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2000; 16: 709- 15.
287. Marrodan MD, Mesa MS, Arechiga J, et al. Trend in menarcheal age in Spain : rural and urban comparison during a recent period. Ann Hum Biol 2000; 27: 313- 9.
288. Jungueira Do Lago M, Faerstein E, De SouzaLopes C, et al. Family socio-economic background modified secular trends in age at menarche : evidence from the Pro-Saude Study (Rio de Janerio, Brazil). Ann Human Biol 2003; 30: 347- 52.
289. Padez C. Social background and at menarche in Portuguese university student : a note on the secular changes in Portugal. Am J Human Biol. 2003;15: 415- 27.
290. Kurdzielewicz M. Analysis of selected environmental and biophysical parameters during menarche. Ann Acad Med Stetin 2001; 47: 125- 43.
291. Bagga A, Kulkarni S. Age at menarche and secular trend in Maharashtrian (Iındian) girls. Acta Biologica 2000; 44: 53- 7. Berkey CS, Gardner JD, Frazier AL, et al. Relation of childhood diet and body size to menarche and adolescent growth in girls. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 446- 52.
292. Neyzi O, Saka N. Türk çocuklarında antropometrik araştırmalar. İst Tıp Fak. Mecmuası. 2002; 65: 211- 28.
293. Neyzi O, Bundak R, Günöz H, et al. Social class differences in growth and secular trend in Turkish city children. In : Bodzsar BE, Susanne C (eds). Studies in Human Biology. Budapest. Eötvas Univ Pres, 1996: 139- 46.
294. Neyzi O, Alp H, Orhon A. Sexual maturation in Turkish girls. Ann Hum Biol 1975; 2: 49- 59.
295. Bundak R, Neyzi O, Balaban S, et al. Secular trend in sexual maturation in Turkish girls of high socioeconomic class. 8 th International Congress of Auxology. Human Growth and Development. Philadelphia 1997, Abstract. p: 31.
296. Neyzi O, Alp H. Ergenlik çağının özellikleri 1. (Ergenlik olayının değerlendirilmesi, İstanbul çocuklarında cinsel gelişme) İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 1977; 40: 187- 215.
297. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında menarş, seksüel, kemik gelişmesi ve menarş yaşının fiziksel, seksüel ve kemik gelişimi tempoları ve sosyoekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg, 1973; 4: 392- 415.
298. Ersoy B, Balkan C, Günay T, et al. Effect of different socioeconomic conditions on menarche in Turkish female student. Early Human Development, 2004, 76: 115- 25.
299. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında seksüel gelişme. Pubik pilosite gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, pubik gelişme süresi ve sosyo- ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 1- 17.
300. Onat T, Ertem B. İstanbul kız çocuklarında seksüel gelişme. Göğüs gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, göğüs gelişme süresi ve sosyo-ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 18- 35.
301. Onat T, Ertem B. Aksiller pilozite gelişimi ve bunun belirme yaşının vücut ölçüleri, kemik yaşı, menarş, aksiller gelişme süresi ve sosyo ekonomik seviye ile ilişkileri; Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Derg 1974; 5: 36- 50.
302. Henneberg C.M, Vizmanos B. The duration of puberty in girls is related to the timing of its onset. Pediatr 1997; 131: 618- 21.
303. Adair LS, Gordon-Larsen P. Maturational timing and overweight prevalance in US adolescent girls. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 642- 4.
304. Davison KK, Susman EJ, Birch LL. Percent body fat at age 5 predicts earlier pubertal development among girls at age 9. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 815- 21.
305. Qing He and Karlberg J. BMI in childhood and its association with height gain,timing of puberty, and final height. Pediatr Res 2001; 49: 244- 51.
306. Jaruratanasirikul S, Mo-suwan L, Lebel L. Growth pattern and age at menarche of obese girls in a transitional society. J Pediatr Endoc 1997; 10: 487- 90 Laron Z. Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation; Paediatrics 2003; 113: 171- 2. Wang Y, Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation. A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 903- 10.
307. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Tuvemo T. Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. I. Menarcheal age. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80: 852- 8. Mason P, Narad C, Jester T, Parks J. A survey of growth and development in the internationally adopted child. Pediatr Res 2000; 47: 209 A (abstract)
308. Krstevska-Konstantinova M, Charlier C, Craen M, et al. Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1020- 6. Oostdijk MW, Drop SLS. Early puberty in adopted children. Horm Res 2002; 57:1- 9.
309. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Tuvemo T. Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. II Catch-up growth and final height. Indian J Ped 1991; 58: 105- 14.
310. Proos LA, Hofvander Y, Wennqvist K. A lonjitüdinal study on antropometric and clinical development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. II. Growth, morbidity and development during two years after arrival in Sweden. Ups J Med Sci 1992; 97: 93- 106.
311. Proos LA. Growth and development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. Uppsala, 1992. Proos LA, Karlberg J, Hofvander Y, et al. Pubertal lienar growth of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 641- 4. Mazur W: Phytoestrogen content in foods. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 12: 729- 42.
312. Sharara FI, Seifer DB, Flaws JA. Enviromental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertil Steril 1998; 70: 613- 22.
313. Kuiper GG; Lemmen JG, Carlsson B, et al. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor ß. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 4252- 63.
314. Clark EJ, Norris DO, Jones RE. Interactions of gonadal steroids and pesticides (DDT, DDE) on gonadal duct in larval tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1998; 109: 94- 105. Kelce WR, Stone CR, Laws SC, et al. Persistent DDT metabolite p,pı-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 1995; 375: 581- 5.