Yapısal Düzenleyici Olarak Refah Rejimleri: AB27 Genelinde Göçmen Kadınların İşgücü Piyasası Dezavantajı ve Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamalarına Yansımaları

Abstract

Cinsiyet ile göç statüsünün kesişimi Avrupa işgücü piyasalarında bileşen bir istihdam dezavantajı üretmekte; bu dezavantajın büyüklüğü her iki boyutun bireysel etkilerinin toplamını aşmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği'nin 27 üye devleti genelinde göçmen kadınların ortalama istihdam oranı yüzde 59,6 olup göçmen erkeklerin 14,3 puan, yerli kadınların ise 4,6 puan gerisinde kalmaktadır. Bu çalışma, tüm AB27 üye devletlerine ilişkin Eurostat İşgücü Anketi panel verilerini (2015–2024) ve OECD Uluslararası Göç Veri Tabanını (2023) kullanarak göçmen kadın, göçmen erkek ve yerli kadın arasındaki üç yönlü karşılaştırmalı bir analiz gerçekleştirmekte; dört teorik çerçeve değerlendirilmektedir: Çift dezavantaj hipotezi, kesişimsellik teorisi, seçici göç hipotezi ve refah rejimi teorisi. Welch t-testleri ve ülke sabit etkili OLS regresyon, göçmen cinsiyet istihdam açığının (14,3 pp; Cohen d = −1,96, p < ,001) yerli cinsiyet açığının (8,1 pp) yaklaşık 1,75 katı büyüklüğünde olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Ülkeler arası heterojenlik aşırı boyuttadır (I² = yüzde 98,8) ve bulgular refah rejimi gradyanını izlemektedir. Sosyal Demokrat rejimlerde göçmen kadınlar için en yüksek mutlak istihdam oranları en geniş göçmen-yerli açıklarıyla bir arada gözlemlenmekte; bu durum "evrenselci paradoks" olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bulgular, bileşik dezavantajın toplamsal yorumlarını sorgulamakta ve sosyal hizmet pratiği, mesleki eğitim ile politika savunuculuğu için doğrudan çıkarımlar taşımaktadır.

Keywords

• göçmen kadınlar
• işgücü piyasası entegrasyonu
• çift dezavantaj
• kesişimsellik
• refah rejimleri

Project Number

140426

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma yalnızca kamuya açık bütünleşik idari verilerin (Eurostat İşgüçü Anketi; OECD Uluslararası Göç Veri Tabanı) ikincil analizine dayanmaktadır. İnsan katılımcıları içeren birincil veri toplama işlemi gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Etik komite onayi gerekmemiştir. Tüm veri kaynakları kamuya açık olup bireysel olarak tanımlayıcı bilgi içermemektedir.

WELFARE REGIMES AS STRUCTURAL MODERATORS: IMMIGRANT WOMEN'S LABOUR MARKET DISADVANTAGE ACROSS THE EU27 AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

Abstract

When gender and migration status intersect in European labour markets, the resulting employment disadvantage exceeds the sum of its parts. Across the 27 member states of the European Union, immigrant women's mean employment rate stands at 59.6%, trailing immigrant men by 14.3 percentage points and native women by 4.6 pp. Drawing on Eurostat Labour Force Survey panel data for all EU27 member states (2015–2024) and the OECD International Migration Database (2023), this study conducts a systematic three-way comparison and evaluates four theoretical frameworks: the double disadvantage hypothesis, intersectionality theory, the selective migration hypothesis, and welfare regime theory. Welch t-tests and country fixed-effects OLS regression confirm that the immigrant gender employment gap (14.3 pp; Cohen's d = −1.96, p < .001) is approximately 1.75 times larger than the native gender gap (8.1 pp), consistent with an intersectional interpretation. Between-country heterogeneity is extreme (I² = 98.8%), tracing a welfare regime gradient. A "universalist paradox" is identified in Social Democratic regimes, where the highest absolute employment rates for immigrant women coincide with the widest immigrant–native gaps. Findings challenge additive models of compound disadvantage and carry direct implications for social work practice, professional education, and policy advocacy across differentiated welfare state contexts.

Keywords

• immigrant women
• labour market integration
• double disadvantage
• intersectionality
• welfare regimes

Project Number

140426

Ethical Statement

This study relies exclusively on secondary analysis of publicly available aggregate administrative data (Eurostat Labour Force Survey; OECD International Migration Database). No primary data collection involving human participants was conducted. Ethical committee approval was not required. All data sources are publicly accessible and contain no individually identifiable information.

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