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Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts

Year 2014, , - , 07.07.2014
https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the larval growth and digestive enzyme activities of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) larvae fed on Artemia nauplii (AN) and decapsulated cyst (ADC). The experiment was carried out in triplicate and lasted 27 days. Specific growth and survival rates, specific activities of total protease, lipase, amylase and chitinase were examined in experimental groups. At the end of the experiment for group fed with AN total length, weight and SGR were 20.56±3.23 mm, 0.9±0.05 g and 2.03 % d−1 , respectively and for group fed with ADC it was 28.16±4.81 mm, 0.28±0.16 g and 6.02 d−1 (P<0.05). However, survival rates in the group fed on ADC was 98.88% while in the group fed on AN was 97.77% (P>0.05). Besides, there were significant differences on specific enzyme activities (total protease, amylase, chitinase, lipase) (P<0.05). Obtained results suggested that koi larvae fed by ADC presented relatively higher growth parameters.

References

  • Bengston, D.A., Leger, P. and Sorgeloos, P. 1991. Use of Artemia as a Food Source for Aquaculture. Artemia Biology:, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL: 256-258.
  • Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem., 72: 248-254.
  • Cahu, C.L. and Zambonino Infante, J.L. 2001. Substitution of live food by formulated diets in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 200: 161–180. doi: /10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00699-8
  • Carvalho, A.P., Escaffre, A.M., Teles, A.O. and Bergot, P. 19 First feeding of common carp larvae on diets with high levels of protein hydrolysates. Aquaculture International, 5: 361-367. doi:1023/A:1018368208323
  • Chakrabarti, R., Rathore, R.M., Mittal, P., and Kumar, S., 200 Functional changes in digestive enzymes and characterization of proteases of silver carp (♂) and bighead carp (♀) hybrid, during early ontogeny. Aquaculture, 253: 694–702. doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2005.08.018
  • Chong, A.S.C., Hashim, R., Chow-Yang, L. and Ali, A.B., 2002a. Partial characterization and activities of proteases from the digestive tract of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata). Aquaculture, 203: 321– 3 doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00630-5
  • Chong, A., Hashim, R., Lee, L., and Ali, A., 2002b. Characterization of protease activity in developing discus Symphysodon aequifasciata larva. Aquaculture 33: 663–672. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00702.x
  • Dhert, P., Lim, L.C., Candreva, P., van Dujel, H. and Sorgeloos, P. 1997. Possible applications of modern fish larviculture technology to ornamental fish production. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 1: 119-1
  • Eun Han, J., Shin, S.P., Kim, J.H., Choresca, C.H., Jun, J.W., Gomez ,D.K. and Park, S.C. 2010. Mortality of cultured Koi Cyprinus carpio in Korea caused by Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4: 543-546.
  • García, V., Celada, J.D., Carral, J.M., González, R., González, Á. and Sáez-Royuela, M. 2011. A comparative study of different preparations of decapsulated Artemia cysts as food for tench (Tinca tinca L.) larvae. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 170: 72– doi:1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.08.005
  • Ghosh, A.K., Biswas, S., Sarder, L., Sabbir, W. and Rahaman, S.M.B. , 2012. Induced breeding, embryonic and larval development of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Khulna, Bangladesh. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci., 27 (1): 1–14.
  • Gutowska, M.A., Drazen, J.C. and Robison, B.H. 2004. Digestive chitinolytic activity in marine fishes of Monterey Bay, California. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 139: 351-358. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.020
  • Hackman, R.H. and Goldberg, M. 1964. New substrates for use with chitinases. Analytical Biochem., 8: 397–410.
  • Haniffa, M.A., Benziger, P.S.A., Arockiaraj, A.J., Nagarajan, M. and Siby, P. 2007. Breeding behaviour and embryonic development of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), Taiwania, 52: 93-99.
  • Hickling, S., Martin, M.T. and Brewster, B. 2007. The Essential Book of Koi: A Complete Guide to Keeping and Care. TFH Publications Inc., New Jersey, 256 pp. Jha, P. and Barat, S. 2005. Management Induced Changes In Food Selection,Growth and Survıval of Koi Carp, Cypinus carpio var. Koi L., In Tropical Ponds. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 57: 115124
  • Kaiser, H., Endemann, F. and Paulet, T.G. 2003. A comparison of artificial and natural foods and their combinations in the rearing of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.). Aquaculture Research, 34: 943-950. doi: 1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00948
  • Kaushik, S.J. 1995. Nutrient requirements, supply and utilization in the context of carp culture. Aquaculture, 129: 225-241.
  • Kolkovski, S. 2001. Digestive enzymes in fish larvae and juveniles-implications and application to formulated diets. Aquaculture, 200: 181–201. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(01)00700-1
  • Leger, P., Bengtson, D.A., Sorgeloos, P., Simpson, K.L. and Beck, A.D. 1987. The nutrianal value of Artemia; a review. pp 357-372. In: P. Sorgeloos, D.A. Bengtson, W. Decleir and E. Jaspers (Eds.), Artemia Research and its applications. Ecology, culturing, use in aquaculture. Universa Pres, Wetteren, Belgium, 556 pp.
  • Liang, Y., Bai, D., Yang, G., Wei, D., Guo, M., Yan, S., Wu, X. and Ning, B. 2012. Effect of astacin on growth and color formation of juvenile Red-White ornamental carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi L). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh: 6. 64:748754
  • Lim, C.L., Soh, A. Dhert, P. and Sorgeloos, P. 2011. Production and application of on-grown Artemia in freshwater ornamental fish farm. Aquaculture Economics and Management, 5: 211-2 doi:1080/13657300109380288
  • Ma, H., Cahu, C., Zambonino Infante, J.L., Yu, H., Duan, Q., Le Gall, M-M. and Mai, K. 2005. Activities of selected digestive enzymes during larval development of large yellow croacker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Aquaculture, 245: 239–248.
  • Mckellar, R.C. and Cholette, H.1986. Determination of the extracellular lipases of Pseudomonas fluorescens spp. in skim milk with the beta–naphthyl caprylate assay. J. Dairy Res., 53: 301.
  • Métais, P. and Bieth, J.1968. Détermination de l’α-amylase par une microtechnique. Ann. Biol. Clin., 26: 133– 1
  • Mohanta, K.N. and Subramanian, S. ,2002. Effect of diets with protein from different sources on the growth of goldfish, Carassius auratus. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh 54: 134-140.
  • Péres, A., Cahu, C.L., Zambonino Infante, J.L., Legall M.M. and Quazuguel, P.1996. Amylase and trypsin responses to intake of dietary carbohydrate and protein depend on the developmental stage in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 15: 237-242.
  • Suzer, C., Fırat, K. and Saka, Ş. 2006a. Ontogenic development of the digestive enzymes in common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus, L. larvae. Aquacult. Res., 37: 1565–1571.
  • Suzer, C., Aktülün, S., Çoban, D., Kamacı, H.O., Saka, Ş., Fırat, K., Alpbaz, A., 2007a. Digestive enzyme activities in sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) larvae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 148A: 470–477.
  • Suzer, C., Kamacı, H.O., Çoban, D., Saka, Ş., Fırat, K., Ozkara, B., Ozkara, A., 2007b. Digestive enzyme activity of the red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, L.) during larval development under culture conditions. Aquacult. Res., 38: 1178–1785.
  • Ueberschär, B., 1995. The use of tryptic enzyme activity measurement as a nutritional condition index: laboratory calibration data and field application. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp., 201: 119–129.
  • Vanhaecke,P., Lavens, P. and Sorgeloos, P.,1983. International study on Artemia(1). XVII. Energy consumption in cysts and early larval stages of various geographical strains of Artemia. Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg., 113: 155-164.
  • Versaw, W.K., Cuppett, S.L., Winters, D.D. and Williams L.E.,1989. An improved colorimetric assay for bacterial lipase in nonfat dry milk. J. Food Sci., 54: 1557–1558.
  • Walter, H.E. ,1984. Proteinases: methods with hemoglobin, casein and azocoll as substrates. In: Bergmeyer, H.U. (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, vol. V. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim:270– 277.
  • Zambonino Infante J.L. and Cahu C.L., 2001. Ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract of marine fish larvae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 130C: 477–487. doi:1016/S1532-0456(01)00274-5
  • Zambonino Infante, J.L., Gisbert, E., Sarasquete, C., Navarro, I., Gutiérrez, J., Cahu, C.L., 2008. Ontogeny and physiology of the digestive system of marine fish larvae, in: Cyrino, J.E.O, Bureau, D., Kapoor, B.G. (Eds.), Feeding and Digestive Functions of Fish, Science Publishers, Inc, Enfield, USA: 277–344.

Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts

Year 2014, , - , 07.07.2014
https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Artemia nauplii (AN) ve dekapsüle Artemia kist (ADC) ile beslenen Koi (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) larvalarının sindirim enzimlerindeki değişimleri ve larval gelişimleri ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda, 27 gün süren ve 3 tekrarlı yapılan çalışmada gruplar arasındaki ağırlık ve boy gelişimi, spesifik büyüme ile hayatta kalma oranları ve sindirim enzimlerinden total proteaz, lipaz, amilaz ve kitinaz aktiviteleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada AN ile beslenen grupta total boy, canlı ağırlık ve SGR değerleri sırası ile 20,56±3,23 mm, 0,9±0,05 g ve 2,03% d−1 tespit edilmiş olup, ADC ile beslenen grupta ise bu değerler 28,16±4,81 mm, 0,28±0,16 g ve 6,02 d−1 olarak saptanmıştır (P<0,05). Bununla birlikte, gruplar arasında yaşama oranı bakımından farklılık tespit edilmemiş olup, ADC ile beslenen grupta %98,88, AN ile beslenen grupta ise %97,77 yaşama oranı tespit edilmiştir P>0,05). Ayrıca her iki grubun enzim aktiviteleri incelendiğinde total proteaz, lipaz, amilaz ve kitinaz spesifik aktiviteleri farklı bulunmuştur (P<0,05). Sonuç olarak elde edilen bulgular dekapsüle edilmiş Artemia kisti ile beslenen koi larvalarının, Artemia nauplii ile beslenen Koi larvalarından daha iyi gelişim gösterdiğini ve yetiştiricilikte bu kistlerin etkin biçimde kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • Bengston, D.A., Leger, P. and Sorgeloos, P. 1991. Use of Artemia as a Food Source for Aquaculture. Artemia Biology:, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL: 256-258.
  • Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem., 72: 248-254.
  • Cahu, C.L. and Zambonino Infante, J.L. 2001. Substitution of live food by formulated diets in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 200: 161–180. doi: /10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00699-8
  • Carvalho, A.P., Escaffre, A.M., Teles, A.O. and Bergot, P. 19 First feeding of common carp larvae on diets with high levels of protein hydrolysates. Aquaculture International, 5: 361-367. doi:1023/A:1018368208323
  • Chakrabarti, R., Rathore, R.M., Mittal, P., and Kumar, S., 200 Functional changes in digestive enzymes and characterization of proteases of silver carp (♂) and bighead carp (♀) hybrid, during early ontogeny. Aquaculture, 253: 694–702. doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2005.08.018
  • Chong, A.S.C., Hashim, R., Chow-Yang, L. and Ali, A.B., 2002a. Partial characterization and activities of proteases from the digestive tract of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata). Aquaculture, 203: 321– 3 doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00630-5
  • Chong, A., Hashim, R., Lee, L., and Ali, A., 2002b. Characterization of protease activity in developing discus Symphysodon aequifasciata larva. Aquaculture 33: 663–672. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00702.x
  • Dhert, P., Lim, L.C., Candreva, P., van Dujel, H. and Sorgeloos, P. 1997. Possible applications of modern fish larviculture technology to ornamental fish production. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 1: 119-1
  • Eun Han, J., Shin, S.P., Kim, J.H., Choresca, C.H., Jun, J.W., Gomez ,D.K. and Park, S.C. 2010. Mortality of cultured Koi Cyprinus carpio in Korea caused by Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4: 543-546.
  • García, V., Celada, J.D., Carral, J.M., González, R., González, Á. and Sáez-Royuela, M. 2011. A comparative study of different preparations of decapsulated Artemia cysts as food for tench (Tinca tinca L.) larvae. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 170: 72– doi:1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.08.005
  • Ghosh, A.K., Biswas, S., Sarder, L., Sabbir, W. and Rahaman, S.M.B. , 2012. Induced breeding, embryonic and larval development of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Khulna, Bangladesh. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci., 27 (1): 1–14.
  • Gutowska, M.A., Drazen, J.C. and Robison, B.H. 2004. Digestive chitinolytic activity in marine fishes of Monterey Bay, California. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 139: 351-358. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.020
  • Hackman, R.H. and Goldberg, M. 1964. New substrates for use with chitinases. Analytical Biochem., 8: 397–410.
  • Haniffa, M.A., Benziger, P.S.A., Arockiaraj, A.J., Nagarajan, M. and Siby, P. 2007. Breeding behaviour and embryonic development of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), Taiwania, 52: 93-99.
  • Hickling, S., Martin, M.T. and Brewster, B. 2007. The Essential Book of Koi: A Complete Guide to Keeping and Care. TFH Publications Inc., New Jersey, 256 pp. Jha, P. and Barat, S. 2005. Management Induced Changes In Food Selection,Growth and Survıval of Koi Carp, Cypinus carpio var. Koi L., In Tropical Ponds. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 57: 115124
  • Kaiser, H., Endemann, F. and Paulet, T.G. 2003. A comparison of artificial and natural foods and their combinations in the rearing of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.). Aquaculture Research, 34: 943-950. doi: 1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00948
  • Kaushik, S.J. 1995. Nutrient requirements, supply and utilization in the context of carp culture. Aquaculture, 129: 225-241.
  • Kolkovski, S. 2001. Digestive enzymes in fish larvae and juveniles-implications and application to formulated diets. Aquaculture, 200: 181–201. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(01)00700-1
  • Leger, P., Bengtson, D.A., Sorgeloos, P., Simpson, K.L. and Beck, A.D. 1987. The nutrianal value of Artemia; a review. pp 357-372. In: P. Sorgeloos, D.A. Bengtson, W. Decleir and E. Jaspers (Eds.), Artemia Research and its applications. Ecology, culturing, use in aquaculture. Universa Pres, Wetteren, Belgium, 556 pp.
  • Liang, Y., Bai, D., Yang, G., Wei, D., Guo, M., Yan, S., Wu, X. and Ning, B. 2012. Effect of astacin on growth and color formation of juvenile Red-White ornamental carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi L). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh: 6. 64:748754
  • Lim, C.L., Soh, A. Dhert, P. and Sorgeloos, P. 2011. Production and application of on-grown Artemia in freshwater ornamental fish farm. Aquaculture Economics and Management, 5: 211-2 doi:1080/13657300109380288
  • Ma, H., Cahu, C., Zambonino Infante, J.L., Yu, H., Duan, Q., Le Gall, M-M. and Mai, K. 2005. Activities of selected digestive enzymes during larval development of large yellow croacker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Aquaculture, 245: 239–248.
  • Mckellar, R.C. and Cholette, H.1986. Determination of the extracellular lipases of Pseudomonas fluorescens spp. in skim milk with the beta–naphthyl caprylate assay. J. Dairy Res., 53: 301.
  • Métais, P. and Bieth, J.1968. Détermination de l’α-amylase par une microtechnique. Ann. Biol. Clin., 26: 133– 1
  • Mohanta, K.N. and Subramanian, S. ,2002. Effect of diets with protein from different sources on the growth of goldfish, Carassius auratus. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh 54: 134-140.
  • Péres, A., Cahu, C.L., Zambonino Infante, J.L., Legall M.M. and Quazuguel, P.1996. Amylase and trypsin responses to intake of dietary carbohydrate and protein depend on the developmental stage in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 15: 237-242.
  • Suzer, C., Fırat, K. and Saka, Ş. 2006a. Ontogenic development of the digestive enzymes in common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus, L. larvae. Aquacult. Res., 37: 1565–1571.
  • Suzer, C., Aktülün, S., Çoban, D., Kamacı, H.O., Saka, Ş., Fırat, K., Alpbaz, A., 2007a. Digestive enzyme activities in sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) larvae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 148A: 470–477.
  • Suzer, C., Kamacı, H.O., Çoban, D., Saka, Ş., Fırat, K., Ozkara, B., Ozkara, A., 2007b. Digestive enzyme activity of the red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, L.) during larval development under culture conditions. Aquacult. Res., 38: 1178–1785.
  • Ueberschär, B., 1995. The use of tryptic enzyme activity measurement as a nutritional condition index: laboratory calibration data and field application. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp., 201: 119–129.
  • Vanhaecke,P., Lavens, P. and Sorgeloos, P.,1983. International study on Artemia(1). XVII. Energy consumption in cysts and early larval stages of various geographical strains of Artemia. Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg., 113: 155-164.
  • Versaw, W.K., Cuppett, S.L., Winters, D.D. and Williams L.E.,1989. An improved colorimetric assay for bacterial lipase in nonfat dry milk. J. Food Sci., 54: 1557–1558.
  • Walter, H.E. ,1984. Proteinases: methods with hemoglobin, casein and azocoll as substrates. In: Bergmeyer, H.U. (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, vol. V. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim:270– 277.
  • Zambonino Infante J.L. and Cahu C.L., 2001. Ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract of marine fish larvae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 130C: 477–487. doi:1016/S1532-0456(01)00274-5
  • Zambonino Infante, J.L., Gisbert, E., Sarasquete, C., Navarro, I., Gutiérrez, J., Cahu, C.L., 2008. Ontogeny and physiology of the digestive system of marine fish larvae, in: Cyrino, J.E.O, Bureau, D., Kapoor, B.G. (Eds.), Feeding and Digestive Functions of Fish, Science Publishers, Inc, Enfield, USA: 277–344.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Müge Aliye Hekimoğlu This is me

Cüneyt Suzer This is me

Şahin Saka This is me

Kürşat Fırat This is me

Publication Date July 7, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014

Cite

APA Hekimoğlu, M. A., Suzer, C., Saka, Ş., Fırat, K. (2014). Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14
AMA Hekimoğlu MA, Suzer C, Saka Ş, Fırat K. Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. February 2014;14(1). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14
Chicago Hekimoğlu, Müge Aliye, Cüneyt Suzer, Şahin Saka, and Kürşat Fırat. “Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus Carpio Var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 2014). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14.
EndNote Hekimoğlu MA, Suzer C, Saka Ş, Fırat K (February 1, 2014) Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14 1
IEEE M. A. Hekimoğlu, C. Suzer, Ş. Saka, and K. Fırat, “Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14.
ISNAD Hekimoğlu, Müge Aliye et al. “Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus Carpio Var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14/1 (February 2014). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14.
JAMA Hekimoğlu MA, Suzer C, Saka Ş, Fırat K. Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;14. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14.
MLA Hekimoğlu, Müge Aliye et al. “Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus Carpio Var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_14.
Vancouver Hekimoğlu MA, Suzer C, Saka Ş, Fırat K. Enzymatic Characteristics and Growth Parameters of Ornamental Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) Larvae Fed by Artemia Nauplii and Cysts. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;14(1).