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Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, - , 07.07.2014

Aimin Wang Guangming Han Fu Lv Wenping Yang Jintian Huang Xiaoling Yin

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01

Abstract

In this study, the effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, apparent digestibility, and blood biochemical indices of juveniles crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) were evaluated. Triplicate groups of fish (average weight 2.05±0.02 g) were fed four isonitrogenous experimental diets formulated with increasing levels (13.6, 61.3, 115, and 259.8 g kg-1) of lipid. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) was highest in fish fed 115 g kg-1 of lipid, the WG and SGR of 259.8 g kg-1 lipid group was significantly lower than these of other groups. Second-order regression analysis of WG on levels of dietary lipid indicated that the optimal dietary lipid level for maximum WG was 99.3 g kg-1. The apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein, lipid, and dry matter tended to increase with increasing level of dietary lipid (P<0.05). With the increased level of dietary lipid, blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase showed a increased trend, the same as total protein and albumin, while globulin showed a decreased trend. The results indicated that the best growth performance of crucian carp juveniles would occur in fish fed a 99.3 g kg-1 lipid diet and that high dietary lipid levels could promote digestion of crude protein, lipid, and dry matter in the nutrient, but may result in liver damage to some degree.

Keywords

Dietary lipid levels weight gain (WG) nutrients digestibility; blood biochemical indicators; crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

References

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  • Akiyama, D.M., Coelho, S.R., Lawrence, A.L. and Robison, F.H. 1989. apparent digetibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 55: 91-98.
  • AOAC. 1996. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA. Beamish, F.W.H. and Medland, T.E. 1986. Protein sparing effects in large rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Aquaculture, 55: 35-42.
  • Borlongan, I.G. 1992. Lipid and fatty acid composition of milkfish (Chanos chanos) grown in fresh water and seawater. Aquaculture, 140: 79-89.
  • Chatzifotis, S., Panagiotidou, M., Papaioannou, N., Pavlidis, M., Nengas, I. and Mylonas, C.C. 2010. Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, body composition and serum metabolites of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles. Aquaculture, 307: 65Chen, X.P. 2008. Effects of starvation on some hematological indices of Sparus macroephalus. Fisheries Science and Technology, 4: 19-25. (In Chinese, with English abstract).
  • Chen, X.Y. 2000. Fish blood. Journal of Chongqing Teachers College, 19. (In Chinese, with English abstract).
  • Du, Z.Y., Liu, Y.J., Tian, L.X., Wang, J.T., Wang, Y. and Liang, G.Y. 2005. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed utilization and body composition by juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture Nutrition, 11: 139–146.
  • Ellis, S.C. and Reich, R.C. 1991. Effects of dietary lipid and carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile red drum (Scienops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 97: 383-394.
  • Gan, H., Li, J.M., Feng, G.P., Gong, Z.L., Huang, K. and Li, J.L. 2009. Effects of different lipid levels on growth and haematological biochemistry in juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus). Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 18: 36- (In Chinese, with English abstract).
  • Grisdale-Helland, B., Shearer, K.D., Gatlin III, D.M. and Helland, S.J. 2008. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, protein digestibility, feed utilization and body composition of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquaculture, 283: 156-162.
  • Gui, D., Liu, W.B., Shao, X.P. and Xu, W.N. 2010. Effects of different dietary levels of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate on growth, digestibility, body composition and serum biochemical indices in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 156: 112-120.
  • Gui, J.F. 1996. A unique study system: gynogenetic fish Carassius auratus gibelio. Sci. Found. China, 4: 44
  • Hamre, K., Christiansen, R., Waagbİ, R., Maage, A., Torstensen, B.E., Lygren, B., Lie Ø Wathne, E. and Albrektsen, S. 2004. Antioxidant vitamins, minerals and lipid levels in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.): effects on growth performance and fillet quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10: 113-123.
  • Han, G. M., Wang, A.M., Xu, P., Lv F., Feng, G.N., YU, Y.B. and Yang, W.P. (2011) Effects of dietary lipid levels on fat deposition and fatty acid profiles of GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 18: 338-349. (In Chinese with English abstract)
  • He, Z.Q. 2000. Human nutrition (second edition). Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 95-123. (In Chinese, with English abstract).
  • Hemre, G.I., Hjertnes, B., Aksnes, A. and Waagbİ, R. 1996. Effect of gelatinized wheat and maize in diets for large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on glycogen retention, plasma glucose, and fish health. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2: 33-39.
  • Hemre, G.I. and Sandnes, K. 1999. Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Aquaculture Nutrition, 5, 9-16.
  • Hillestad, M. and Johnsen, F. 1994. High-energy/lowprotein diets for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, nutrient retention and slaughter quality. Aquaculture, 124: 109-116.
  • Hu, M.H., Wang, Y.J., Wang, Q., Zhao, M., Xiong, B.X., Qian, X.Q., Zhao, Y.J. and Luo, Z. 2008. Replacement of fish meal by rendered animal protein ingredients with lysine and methionine supplementation to practical diets for gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture, 275: 2602
  • Hung, S.S.O., Storebakken, T., Cui, Y., Tian, L. and Einen, O. 1997. High-energy diets for white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Richardson. Aquaculture Nutrition, 3: 281-2 doi: 1046/j.1365201997.00047.x
  • Jany, K.D. 1976. Studies on the digestive enzymes of the stomachless bonefish Carassius auratus gibelio (bloch): Endopeptidases. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B: Comp. Biochem., 53: 31-38.
  • John, R., Douglas, R.J. and Gordon, B. 2002. Fish Nutrition. Copyright: Elsevier Science, USA, 1812
  • Kotaro, K., Takeshi, F., Nakahiro, I., Kazue, O. and Tamo, N. 2009. Effect of dietary lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization, body composition and blood characteristics of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. Aquaculture, 298: 111-117. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2009.10.026
  • López, L.M, Durazo, E., Viana, M.T., Drawbridge, M. and Bureau, D.P. 2009. Effect of dietary lipid levels on performance, body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis. Aquaculture, 289: 101doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.003
  • Martino, R.C., Cyrino, J.E.P., Portz, L. and Trugo, L.C. 200 Effect of dietary lipid level on nutritional performance of the surubim, Pseudoplatystoma coruscans. Aquaculture, 209: 209-218. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(01)00738-4
  • Merican, Z.O. and Shim, K.F. 1995. Apparent digestibility of lipid and fatty acids in residual lipids of meals by adult Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 133: 275-286. doi: 1016/0044-8486(95)00019-X
  • Molna´r, T., Szabo´, A., Szabo´, G., Szabo´, C. and Hancz, C. 200 Effect of different dietary fat content and fat type on the growth and body composition of intensively reared pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 12: 173-1 doi: 1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00398.x
  • Morais, S., Caballero, M.J., Conceição, L.E.C., Izquierdo, M.S. and Dinis, M.T. 2006. Dietary neutral lipid level and source in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae: Effect on growth, lipid metabolism and digestive capacity. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 144: 57-69. doi: 1016/j.cbpb.2006.01.015
  • Nortvedt, R. and Tuene, S. 1998. Body composition and sensory assessment of three weight groups of Atlantic halibut (Hipoglossus hippoglossus) fed three pellet sizes and three dietary fat levels. Aquaculture, 161: 295-3 doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00277-9
  • Panserat, S., Capilla, E., Gutierrez, J., Frappart, P.O., Vachot, C., Plagnes-Juan, E., Aguirre, P., Br`eque, J. and Kaushik, S. 2001. Glucokinase is highly induced and glucose-6-phosphatase poorly repressed in liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by a single meal with glucose. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B, 128: 275-2 doi: 10.1016/S1096-4959(00)00322-5
  • Pavlidis, M., Greenwood, L., Paalavuo, M., Mölsä, H., and Laitinen, J.T. 1999. The Effect of Photoperiod on Diel rhythms in serum melatonin, cortisol, glucose, and electrolytes in the Common Dentex, Dentex dentex. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 113: 2402 doi: 10.1006/gcen.1998.7190
  • Pei,Z., Xie, S., Lei, W., Zhu, X., and Yang, Y. 2004. Comparative study on the effect of dietary level on growth and feed utilization for gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris
  • Günther). Aquaculture 10 Nutrition, 10: 209-2 doi: 1111/j.1365202004.00291.x Peres, H. and Oliva-Teles, A. 1999. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance and feed utilization by European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 179: 325-334. doi: 10.1016/S00448486(99)00168-4 Pottinger, T.G. 1998. Changes in blood cortisol, glucose and lactate in carp retained in anglers' keepnets. Journal of Fish Biology, 53: 728-742. Quinlan, G.J., Martin, G.S. and Evans, T.W. 2005.Albumin: biochemical properties and therapeutic potential. Hepatology, 41:1211-1219. doi: 10.1002/hep.20720 Rosenlund, G., Karlsen, Ø., Tveit, K., Mangor-Jensen, A. and Hemre, G.I. 2004. Effect of feed composition and feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization and nutrient retention in juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10: 371-378. doi: 1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00312.x Rotllant, J., Pavlidis, M., Kentouri, M., Adad, M.E. and Tort, L. 1997. Non-specific immune responses in the red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, after crowding stress. Aquaculture, 156: 279-290. doi: 10.1016/S00448486(97)00075-6 Rotllant, J. and Tort, L. 1997. Cortisol and glucose responses after acute stress by net handling in the sparid red porgy previously subjected to crowding stress. Journal of Fish Biology, 51: 21-28. doi: 1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb02510.x Shao, X.P., Liu, W.B., Xu, W.N., Lu, K.L., Xia, W. and Jiang, Y.Y. 2010. Effects of dietary copper sources and levels on performance, copper status, plasma antioxidant activities and relative copper bioavailability in Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture, 308: 60-65. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.021 Shimizu, D. 1982. The principle and application of enzymeanalysis. Shanghai Science and Technology Press, Shanghai: 113-114. Takeuchi, T., Yokoyama, M., Watanabe, T. and Ogino, C. 19 Optimum ratio of dietary energy to protein for rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 44: 729-732. doi: 2331/suisan.44.729 Torrissen, O.J., Hardy, R.W., Shearer, K.D., Scott, T.M. and Stone, F.E. 1990. Effects of dietary canthaxanthin level and lipid level on apparent digestibility coefficients for canthaxanthin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 88: 351-362. doi: 1016/0044-8486(90)90160-O Tocher, D.R. 2003. Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teseost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11: 107-184. doi: 10.1080/713610925 Wang, A.M., Han, G.M., Fenng, G.N., Yang, W.P., Guo, J.H., Wang, T. and Xu, P. 2011. Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical indices of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 35(1): 80-87 (In Chinese, with English abstract). doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1035.2011.00080
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Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, - , 07.07.2014

Aimin Wang Guangming Han Fu Lv Wenping Yang Jintian Huang Xiaoling Yin

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01

Abstract

In this study, the effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, apparent digestibility, and blood biochemical indices of juveniles crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) were evaluated. Triplicate groups of fish (average weight 2.05±0.02 g) were fed four isonitrogenous experimental diets formulated with increasing levels (13.6, 61.3, 115, and 259.8 g kg-1) of lipid. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) was highest in fish fed 115 g kg-1 of lipid, the WG and SGR of 259.8 g kg-1 lipid group was significantly lower than these of other groups. Second-order regression analysis of WG on levels of dietary lipid indicated that the optimal dietary lipid level for maximum WG was 99.3 g kg-1. The apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein, lipid, and dry matter tended to increase with increasing level of dietary lipid (P<0.05). With the increased level of dietary lipid, blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase showed a increased trend, the same as total protein and albumin, while globulin showed a decreased trend. The results indicated that the best growth performance of crucian carp juveniles would occur in fish fed a 99.3 g kg-1 lipid diet and that high dietary lipid levels could promote digestion of crude protein, lipid, and dry matter in the nutrient, but may result in liver damage to some degree.

Keywords

Dietary lipid levels weight gain (WG) nutrients digestibility; blood biochemical indicators; crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

References

  • Ai, Q.H., Zhao, J.Z., Mai, K.S., Xu, W., Tan, B.P., Ma, H.M. and Liufu, Z.G. 2008. Optimal dietary lipid levels for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaema crocea) larvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14: 515-522.
  • Akiyama, D.M., Coelho, S.R., Lawrence, A.L. and Robison, F.H. 1989. apparent digetibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 55: 91-98.
  • AOAC. 1996. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA. Beamish, F.W.H. and Medland, T.E. 1986. Protein sparing effects in large rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Aquaculture, 55: 35-42.
  • Borlongan, I.G. 1992. Lipid and fatty acid composition of milkfish (Chanos chanos) grown in fresh water and seawater. Aquaculture, 140: 79-89.
  • Chatzifotis, S., Panagiotidou, M., Papaioannou, N., Pavlidis, M., Nengas, I. and Mylonas, C.C. 2010. Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, body composition and serum metabolites of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles. Aquaculture, 307: 65Chen, X.P. 2008. Effects of starvation on some hematological indices of Sparus macroephalus. Fisheries Science and Technology, 4: 19-25. (In Chinese, with English abstract).
  • Chen, X.Y. 2000. Fish blood. Journal of Chongqing Teachers College, 19. (In Chinese, with English abstract).
  • Du, Z.Y., Liu, Y.J., Tian, L.X., Wang, J.T., Wang, Y. and Liang, G.Y. 2005. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed utilization and body composition by juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture Nutrition, 11: 139–146.
  • Ellis, S.C. and Reich, R.C. 1991. Effects of dietary lipid and carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile red drum (Scienops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 97: 383-394.
  • Gan, H., Li, J.M., Feng, G.P., Gong, Z.L., Huang, K. and Li, J.L. 2009. Effects of different lipid levels on growth and haematological biochemistry in juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus). Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 18: 36- (In Chinese, with English abstract).
  • Grisdale-Helland, B., Shearer, K.D., Gatlin III, D.M. and Helland, S.J. 2008. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, protein digestibility, feed utilization and body composition of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquaculture, 283: 156-162.
  • Gui, D., Liu, W.B., Shao, X.P. and Xu, W.N. 2010. Effects of different dietary levels of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate on growth, digestibility, body composition and serum biochemical indices in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 156: 112-120.
  • Gui, J.F. 1996. A unique study system: gynogenetic fish Carassius auratus gibelio. Sci. Found. China, 4: 44
  • Hamre, K., Christiansen, R., Waagbİ, R., Maage, A., Torstensen, B.E., Lygren, B., Lie Ø Wathne, E. and Albrektsen, S. 2004. Antioxidant vitamins, minerals and lipid levels in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.): effects on growth performance and fillet quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10: 113-123.
  • Han, G. M., Wang, A.M., Xu, P., Lv F., Feng, G.N., YU, Y.B. and Yang, W.P. (2011) Effects of dietary lipid levels on fat deposition and fatty acid profiles of GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 18: 338-349. (In Chinese with English abstract)
  • He, Z.Q. 2000. Human nutrition (second edition). Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 95-123. (In Chinese, with English abstract).
  • Hemre, G.I., Hjertnes, B., Aksnes, A. and Waagbİ, R. 1996. Effect of gelatinized wheat and maize in diets for large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on glycogen retention, plasma glucose, and fish health. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2: 33-39.
  • Hemre, G.I. and Sandnes, K. 1999. Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Aquaculture Nutrition, 5, 9-16.
  • Hillestad, M. and Johnsen, F. 1994. High-energy/lowprotein diets for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, nutrient retention and slaughter quality. Aquaculture, 124: 109-116.
  • Hu, M.H., Wang, Y.J., Wang, Q., Zhao, M., Xiong, B.X., Qian, X.Q., Zhao, Y.J. and Luo, Z. 2008. Replacement of fish meal by rendered animal protein ingredients with lysine and methionine supplementation to practical diets for gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture, 275: 2602
  • Hung, S.S.O., Storebakken, T., Cui, Y., Tian, L. and Einen, O. 1997. High-energy diets for white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Richardson. Aquaculture Nutrition, 3: 281-2 doi: 1046/j.1365201997.00047.x
  • Jany, K.D. 1976. Studies on the digestive enzymes of the stomachless bonefish Carassius auratus gibelio (bloch): Endopeptidases. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B: Comp. Biochem., 53: 31-38.
  • John, R., Douglas, R.J. and Gordon, B. 2002. Fish Nutrition. Copyright: Elsevier Science, USA, 1812
  • Kotaro, K., Takeshi, F., Nakahiro, I., Kazue, O. and Tamo, N. 2009. Effect of dietary lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization, body composition and blood characteristics of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. Aquaculture, 298: 111-117. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2009.10.026
  • López, L.M, Durazo, E., Viana, M.T., Drawbridge, M. and Bureau, D.P. 2009. Effect of dietary lipid levels on performance, body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis. Aquaculture, 289: 101doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.003
  • Martino, R.C., Cyrino, J.E.P., Portz, L. and Trugo, L.C. 200 Effect of dietary lipid level on nutritional performance of the surubim, Pseudoplatystoma coruscans. Aquaculture, 209: 209-218. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(01)00738-4
  • Merican, Z.O. and Shim, K.F. 1995. Apparent digestibility of lipid and fatty acids in residual lipids of meals by adult Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 133: 275-286. doi: 1016/0044-8486(95)00019-X
  • Molna´r, T., Szabo´, A., Szabo´, G., Szabo´, C. and Hancz, C. 200 Effect of different dietary fat content and fat type on the growth and body composition of intensively reared pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 12: 173-1 doi: 1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00398.x
  • Morais, S., Caballero, M.J., Conceição, L.E.C., Izquierdo, M.S. and Dinis, M.T. 2006. Dietary neutral lipid level and source in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae: Effect on growth, lipid metabolism and digestive capacity. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 144: 57-69. doi: 1016/j.cbpb.2006.01.015
  • Nortvedt, R. and Tuene, S. 1998. Body composition and sensory assessment of three weight groups of Atlantic halibut (Hipoglossus hippoglossus) fed three pellet sizes and three dietary fat levels. Aquaculture, 161: 295-3 doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00277-9
  • Panserat, S., Capilla, E., Gutierrez, J., Frappart, P.O., Vachot, C., Plagnes-Juan, E., Aguirre, P., Br`eque, J. and Kaushik, S. 2001. Glucokinase is highly induced and glucose-6-phosphatase poorly repressed in liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by a single meal with glucose. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B, 128: 275-2 doi: 10.1016/S1096-4959(00)00322-5
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  • Pei,Z., Xie, S., Lei, W., Zhu, X., and Yang, Y. 2004. Comparative study on the effect of dietary level on growth and feed utilization for gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris
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There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aimin Wang This is me

Guangming Han This is me

Fu Lv This is me

Wenping Yang This is me

Jintian Huang This is me

Xiaoling Yin This is me

Publication Date July 7, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Wang, A., Han, G., Lv, F., Yang, W., et al. (2014). Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01
AMA Wang A, Han G, Lv F, Yang W, Huang J, Yin X. Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. February 2014;14(1). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01
Chicago Wang, Aimin, Guangming Han, Fu Lv, Wenping Yang, Jintian Huang, and Xiaoling Yin. “Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius Auratus Gibelio)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 2014). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01.
EndNote Wang A, Han G, Lv F, Yang W, Huang J, Yin X (February 1, 2014) Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14 1
IEEE A. Wang, G. Han, F. Lv, W. Yang, J. Huang, and X. Yin, “Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01.
ISNAD Wang, Aimin et al. “Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius Auratus Gibelio)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14/1 (February 2014). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01.
JAMA Wang A, Han G, Lv F, Yang W, Huang J, Yin X. Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;14. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01.
MLA Wang, Aimin et al. “Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius Auratus Gibelio)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_01.
Vancouver Wang A, Han G, Lv F, Yang W, Huang J, Yin X. Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients, and Blood Characteristics of Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;14(1).