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Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, - , 07.07.2014

Jan Mã¡sã­lko Petr Hartvich Michael Rost Martin Urbã¡nek David Hlavã¡69; Petr Dvořã¡k

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16

Abstract

The effect of supplemental feeding with modified cereals (pressed triticale, barley, rye and pressed wheat in combination with rape) on the growth of common carp was studied under semi-intensive pond farming conditions. Nonpressed triticale, barley and rye were used for comparison. Two groups were selected as a control dependent only on natural zooplankton. For the evaluation, we employed five models designated M1 - linear mixed models with a random intercept; M2 - linear mixed models with a random slope; M3 - a linear mixed model with a random intercept and slope; M4 - written as model M3 with a power variance function, where the error variance was modelled and M5 - written as model M4 with a power variance function, with a different model of error variance. Model M5 took heterogeneous errors with respect to differing strata. Common carp that were fed supplements of modified cereals showed a significant lower variability of weight (lower SD and narrower 95% CI) compared to the non-pressed diets and pressed barley and rye that yielded higher production. These results suggest that pressed cereals increase yield in commercial production of common carp under semiintensive conditions.

Keywords

Cyprinus carpio growth models pressed cereals semi-intensive carp farming variability of weight

References

  • Akaike, H. 1974. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transaction on Automatic Kontrol, 19: 716-723. doi: 1109/TAC.1974.1100705
  • Ao, Z. and Jane, J. 2007. Characterization and modeling of the A- and B-granule starches of wheat, triticale, and barely. Carbohydrate Polymers, 67: 46-55. doi: 1016/j.carbpol.2006.04.013
  • Arlinghaus, R. and Hallermann, J. 2007. Effects of air exposure on mortality and growth of undersized pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) at low water temperatures with implications for catch and release. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 14: 155-160. doi: 1111/j.1365-2400.2007.00536.x
  • Bartlett, M.S. 1937. Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 160: 268-282. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1937.0109
  • Bauer, C. and Schlott, K. 2006. Reaction of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to oxygen deficiency in winter as an example for the suitability of radio telemetry monitoring the reaction of fish to stress factors in pond aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 37: 2482 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01426.x
  • Billard, R. 1999. The carp: biology and culture. Springer praxis books / aquaculture and fisheries series, Chichester, 342 pp.
  • Burnham, K.P. and Anderson, D.R. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical informationtheoretic approach. 2 nd . Ed., Springer, New York, 496 pp.
  • Clements, K.D. and Raubenheimer, D. 2006. Feeding and nutrition, In: D.H. Evans (Ed.), The physiology of fishes. CRC Press, Boca Raton: 47-82.
  • Czech Ministry of Agriculture. 2011. Report on situation and prospects – Fish, Prague [in Czech], 44 pp.
  • Dumas, A., France, J. and Bureau, D. 2010. Modelling growth and body composition in fish nutrition: where have we been and where are we going? Aquaculture Research, 41: 161-1 doi: 1111/j.136522009.02323.x
  • FAO. 1997. FAO Fisheries Circular, vol. 886, Rome, 163 pp.
  • Gassner, G., Hohmann, B. and Deutschmann, F. 1989. Mikroskopische Untersuchung pflanzlicher Lebensmittel. 5 Auflage, Wilhelm Röck, Ruhstorf.
  • Hartman, P., Přikryl, I., Štědronskı, E. 2005. Hydrobiology [in Czech], second revised edition, Informatorium Prague, 335 pp.
  • Horn, M.H. 1998. Feeding and digestion. In: D.H. Evans (Ed.), The Physiology of Fishes. CRC Press. Microbial fermentation, Florida: 46-65.
  • Horváth, L., Tamas, G. and Seagrave, CH. 1992. Carp and pond fish culture. Halsted Press an Imprint of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 158 pp.
  • Hůda, J. 2009. Cereals efficiency in market carp farming. [in Czech]. PhD thesis, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech republic.
  • Jackson, A.J., Capper, B.S. and Matty, A.J. 1982. Evaluation of some plant proteins in complete diets for the tilapia Sarotherodon mossambicus, Aquaculture, 27: 97doi: 1016/00448486(82)90129-6
  • Jancarik, A. 1964. Die Verdauung der Hauptnährstoffe beim Karpfen. Z. Fisch. Hilfswiss., B12 (8-10): 603-684.
  • Jirásek, J., Mareš, J. and Zeman, L. 2005. Nutrition requirement and tables of fish feed nutritive value. [in Czech]. Final report MZLU, Brno, 65 pp.
  • Kaushik, S.J. 1995. Nutrient requirements, supply and utilization in the context of carp culture. Aquaculture, 129: 225-241. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00274-R
  • Kim, J.D., Breque, J. and Kaushik, S.J. 1998. Apparent digestibilities of feed components from fish meal or plant protein based diets in common carp as affected by water temperature. Aquatic Living Resources, 11: 269-2 doi: 10.1016/S0990-7440(98)80011-9
  • Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. 1982. Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data. Biometrics, 38: 963-974. doi: 2307/2529876
  • Mason, R.L., Gunst, R.F. and Hess, J.L. 2003. Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments With Applications to Engineering and Science, 2 nd edition, Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 728 pp. doi: 1002/0471458503
  • Miah, M.S., Uddin, M. and Shah, M.S. 1997. Effect of stocking ratios on the growth and production of fishes in mixed polyculture system. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries. 20: 135-138.
  • Moore, L.B. 1985. The role of feeds and feeding in aquatic animals production. GeoJournal, 10: 245-251. doi: 1007/BF00462125
  • Mráz J. and Picková J. 2009. Differences between lipid content and composition of different parts of fillets from crossbred farmed carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 35: 615-623. doi: 1007/s10695-008-9291-5
  • Pigott, G.M. and Tucker, B.W. 2002. Special Feeds. In: J.E., Halver, R.W., Hardy. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition. Academic press, San Diego: 651-671.
  • Pinheiro, J.C. and Bates, D.M. 2000. Mixed-effect Models in S and S-plus. Springer-Verlag, New York. doi: 1007/978-1-4419-0318-1
  • Pinheiro, J.C., Bates, D.M., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. and R Core Team 2008. Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version, 90 pp.
  • Pokornı, J. and Hauser, V. 2002. The restoration of fish ponds in agricultural landscapes. Ecological Engineering, 18: 555-574. doi: 10.1016/S09258574(02)00020-4
  • Przybyl, A. and Mazurkiewicz, J. 2004. Nutritive value of cereals in feeds for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Czech Journal of Animal Science, 49(7): 307-314.
  • R Development Core Team 2008. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R. Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, URL http://www.R-project.org.
  • Reddy, P.V.G.K., Gjerde, S.D., Tripathi, R.K., Jana, K.D., Mahapatra, S.D., Gupta, J.N., Saha, M., Sahoo, S., Lenka, P., Govindassamy, M. Rye. and Gjedrem, T. 200 Growth and survival of six stocks of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) in mono and polyculture production systems. Aquaculture, 203: 239-250. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(01)00540-3
  • Shimeno, S., Shikata, T., Hosokawa, H., Masumoto, T. and Kheyyali, D. 1997. Metabolic response to feeding rates in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 151: 371-377. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01492-5
  • Shimeno, S. and Shikata, T. 1993a. Seasonal changes in carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activity and lipid content of carp reared outdoors. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59: 653-659. doi: 10.2331/suisan.59.653
  • Shimeno, S. and Shikata, T. 1993b. Effects of acclimation temperature and feeding rate on carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme activity and lipid content of common carp. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59: 661-666. doi: 2331/suisan.59.661
  • Schwarz, F.J. 1997. Fischernährung. In: W. Schäperclaus, M. Lukowicz, (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Teichwirtschaft. Paul Parey, Berlin-Hamburg: 105-156.
  • Steffens, W. 1989. Principles of Fish Nutrition. Halsted Press. New York, 384 pp.
  • Stibranyiová, I. and Adámek, Z. 1998. The impact of winter storage of live carp on discharge water quality. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 14: 91-95. doi: 1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00620.x
  • Storebakken, T., Shearer, K.D., Baeverfjord, G., Nielsen, B.G., Ǻsgård, T., Scott, T. and De Laporte. 2000. Digestibility of macronutrients energy and amino acidsm absorption of elements and absence of intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed diets with wheat gluten. Aquaculture, 184: 115-132. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(99)00316-6
  • Strumbauer, C. and Hofer, R. 1986. Compensation for amylase inhibitors in the intestine of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, 52: 31-33. doi: 1016/0044-8486(86)90104-3
  • Tabachek, J-A.L. 1988. The effect of feed particle size on the growth and feed efficiency of Artic charrr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) Aquaculture, 71: 319-330. doi: 1016/0044-8486(88)90201-3
  • Turk, M. 1994. Croatian freshwater fisheries in 1993. Ribarstvo, Zagreb, 52(3): 119-132.
  • Turk, M. 1995. Croatian freshwater fisheries in 1994. Ribarstvo, Zagreb, 53(3): 105-118.
  • Urán, P., Gonçalves, A., Taverne-Thiele, J.J., Schrama, J.W., Verreth, J.A.J. and Rombout, J.H.W.M. 2008. Soybean meal induces intestinal inflammation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 25: 751-760. doi: 1016/j.fsi.2008.02.013
  • Urbánek, M. 2009. Influence of cereals feeding on produce parameters and quality of flesh in market carp farming. [in Czech]. PhD thesis. University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
  • Virk, P. and Saxena, P.K. 2003. Potential of amaranthus seeds in supplementary feed and its impact on growth in some carps. Bioresource Technology, 86: 25-27. doi: 1016/S0960-8524(02)00139-6
  • Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Furuita, H., Shiraishi, M., Javier Sánches-Vázques, F. and Tabata, M. 2001. Influence of decreasing water temperature and shortening of the light phase on macronutrient self-selection by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fisheries Science, 67: 420-429. doi: 1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00260.x
  • Yamamoto, T., Shima T., Furuita, H., Sugita, T. and Suzuki, N. 2007. Effects of feeding time, water temperature, feeding frequency and dietary composition on apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fisheries Science, 73: 161-170. doi: 1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01314.x
  • Zeman, L. 2002. Nutrition and feeding of farm animals [in Czech]. Prague, 360 pp.

Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, - , 07.07.2014

Jan Mã¡sã­lko Petr Hartvich Michael Rost Martin Urbã¡nek David Hlavã¡69; Petr Dvořã¡k

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16

Abstract

The effect of supplemental feeding with modified cereals (pressed triticale, barley, rye and pressed wheat in combination with rape) on the growth of common carp was studied under semi-intensive pond farming conditions. Nonpressed triticale, barley and rye were used for comparison. Two groups were selected as a control dependent only on natural zooplankton. For the evaluation, we employed five models designated M1 - linear mixed models with a random intercept; M2 - linear mixed models with a random slope; M3 - a linear mixed model with a random intercept and slope; M4 - written as model M3 with a power variance function, where the error variance was modelled and M5 - written as model M4 with a power variance function, with a different model of error variance. Model M5 took heterogeneous errors with respect to differing strata. Common carp that were fed supplements of modified cereals showed a significant lower variability of weight (lower SD and narrower 95% CI) compared to the non-pressed diets and pressed barley and rye that yielded higher production. These results suggest that pressed cereals increase yield in commercial production of common carp under semiintensive conditions.

Keywords

Cyprinus carpio growth models pressed cereals semi-intensive carp farming variability of weight

References

  • Akaike, H. 1974. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transaction on Automatic Kontrol, 19: 716-723. doi: 1109/TAC.1974.1100705
  • Ao, Z. and Jane, J. 2007. Characterization and modeling of the A- and B-granule starches of wheat, triticale, and barely. Carbohydrate Polymers, 67: 46-55. doi: 1016/j.carbpol.2006.04.013
  • Arlinghaus, R. and Hallermann, J. 2007. Effects of air exposure on mortality and growth of undersized pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) at low water temperatures with implications for catch and release. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 14: 155-160. doi: 1111/j.1365-2400.2007.00536.x
  • Bartlett, M.S. 1937. Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 160: 268-282. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1937.0109
  • Bauer, C. and Schlott, K. 2006. Reaction of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to oxygen deficiency in winter as an example for the suitability of radio telemetry monitoring the reaction of fish to stress factors in pond aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 37: 2482 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01426.x
  • Billard, R. 1999. The carp: biology and culture. Springer praxis books / aquaculture and fisheries series, Chichester, 342 pp.
  • Burnham, K.P. and Anderson, D.R. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical informationtheoretic approach. 2 nd . Ed., Springer, New York, 496 pp.
  • Clements, K.D. and Raubenheimer, D. 2006. Feeding and nutrition, In: D.H. Evans (Ed.), The physiology of fishes. CRC Press, Boca Raton: 47-82.
  • Czech Ministry of Agriculture. 2011. Report on situation and prospects – Fish, Prague [in Czech], 44 pp.
  • Dumas, A., France, J. and Bureau, D. 2010. Modelling growth and body composition in fish nutrition: where have we been and where are we going? Aquaculture Research, 41: 161-1 doi: 1111/j.136522009.02323.x
  • FAO. 1997. FAO Fisheries Circular, vol. 886, Rome, 163 pp.
  • Gassner, G., Hohmann, B. and Deutschmann, F. 1989. Mikroskopische Untersuchung pflanzlicher Lebensmittel. 5 Auflage, Wilhelm Röck, Ruhstorf.
  • Hartman, P., Přikryl, I., Štědronskı, E. 2005. Hydrobiology [in Czech], second revised edition, Informatorium Prague, 335 pp.
  • Horn, M.H. 1998. Feeding and digestion. In: D.H. Evans (Ed.), The Physiology of Fishes. CRC Press. Microbial fermentation, Florida: 46-65.
  • Horváth, L., Tamas, G. and Seagrave, CH. 1992. Carp and pond fish culture. Halsted Press an Imprint of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 158 pp.
  • Hůda, J. 2009. Cereals efficiency in market carp farming. [in Czech]. PhD thesis, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech republic.
  • Jackson, A.J., Capper, B.S. and Matty, A.J. 1982. Evaluation of some plant proteins in complete diets for the tilapia Sarotherodon mossambicus, Aquaculture, 27: 97doi: 1016/00448486(82)90129-6
  • Jancarik, A. 1964. Die Verdauung der Hauptnährstoffe beim Karpfen. Z. Fisch. Hilfswiss., B12 (8-10): 603-684.
  • Jirásek, J., Mareš, J. and Zeman, L. 2005. Nutrition requirement and tables of fish feed nutritive value. [in Czech]. Final report MZLU, Brno, 65 pp.
  • Kaushik, S.J. 1995. Nutrient requirements, supply and utilization in the context of carp culture. Aquaculture, 129: 225-241. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00274-R
  • Kim, J.D., Breque, J. and Kaushik, S.J. 1998. Apparent digestibilities of feed components from fish meal or plant protein based diets in common carp as affected by water temperature. Aquatic Living Resources, 11: 269-2 doi: 10.1016/S0990-7440(98)80011-9
  • Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. 1982. Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data. Biometrics, 38: 963-974. doi: 2307/2529876
  • Mason, R.L., Gunst, R.F. and Hess, J.L. 2003. Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments With Applications to Engineering and Science, 2 nd edition, Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 728 pp. doi: 1002/0471458503
  • Miah, M.S., Uddin, M. and Shah, M.S. 1997. Effect of stocking ratios on the growth and production of fishes in mixed polyculture system. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries. 20: 135-138.
  • Moore, L.B. 1985. The role of feeds and feeding in aquatic animals production. GeoJournal, 10: 245-251. doi: 1007/BF00462125
  • Mráz J. and Picková J. 2009. Differences between lipid content and composition of different parts of fillets from crossbred farmed carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 35: 615-623. doi: 1007/s10695-008-9291-5
  • Pigott, G.M. and Tucker, B.W. 2002. Special Feeds. In: J.E., Halver, R.W., Hardy. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition. Academic press, San Diego: 651-671.
  • Pinheiro, J.C. and Bates, D.M. 2000. Mixed-effect Models in S and S-plus. Springer-Verlag, New York. doi: 1007/978-1-4419-0318-1
  • Pinheiro, J.C., Bates, D.M., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. and R Core Team 2008. Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version, 90 pp.
  • Pokornı, J. and Hauser, V. 2002. The restoration of fish ponds in agricultural landscapes. Ecological Engineering, 18: 555-574. doi: 10.1016/S09258574(02)00020-4
  • Przybyl, A. and Mazurkiewicz, J. 2004. Nutritive value of cereals in feeds for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Czech Journal of Animal Science, 49(7): 307-314.
  • R Development Core Team 2008. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R. Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, URL http://www.R-project.org.
  • Reddy, P.V.G.K., Gjerde, S.D., Tripathi, R.K., Jana, K.D., Mahapatra, S.D., Gupta, J.N., Saha, M., Sahoo, S., Lenka, P., Govindassamy, M. Rye. and Gjedrem, T. 200 Growth and survival of six stocks of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) in mono and polyculture production systems. Aquaculture, 203: 239-250. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(01)00540-3
  • Shimeno, S., Shikata, T., Hosokawa, H., Masumoto, T. and Kheyyali, D. 1997. Metabolic response to feeding rates in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 151: 371-377. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01492-5
  • Shimeno, S. and Shikata, T. 1993a. Seasonal changes in carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activity and lipid content of carp reared outdoors. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59: 653-659. doi: 10.2331/suisan.59.653
  • Shimeno, S. and Shikata, T. 1993b. Effects of acclimation temperature and feeding rate on carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme activity and lipid content of common carp. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59: 661-666. doi: 2331/suisan.59.661
  • Schwarz, F.J. 1997. Fischernährung. In: W. Schäperclaus, M. Lukowicz, (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Teichwirtschaft. Paul Parey, Berlin-Hamburg: 105-156.
  • Steffens, W. 1989. Principles of Fish Nutrition. Halsted Press. New York, 384 pp.
  • Stibranyiová, I. and Adámek, Z. 1998. The impact of winter storage of live carp on discharge water quality. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 14: 91-95. doi: 1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00620.x
  • Storebakken, T., Shearer, K.D., Baeverfjord, G., Nielsen, B.G., Ǻsgård, T., Scott, T. and De Laporte. 2000. Digestibility of macronutrients energy and amino acidsm absorption of elements and absence of intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed diets with wheat gluten. Aquaculture, 184: 115-132. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(99)00316-6
  • Strumbauer, C. and Hofer, R. 1986. Compensation for amylase inhibitors in the intestine of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, 52: 31-33. doi: 1016/0044-8486(86)90104-3
  • Tabachek, J-A.L. 1988. The effect of feed particle size on the growth and feed efficiency of Artic charrr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) Aquaculture, 71: 319-330. doi: 1016/0044-8486(88)90201-3
  • Turk, M. 1994. Croatian freshwater fisheries in 1993. Ribarstvo, Zagreb, 52(3): 119-132.
  • Turk, M. 1995. Croatian freshwater fisheries in 1994. Ribarstvo, Zagreb, 53(3): 105-118.
  • Urán, P., Gonçalves, A., Taverne-Thiele, J.J., Schrama, J.W., Verreth, J.A.J. and Rombout, J.H.W.M. 2008. Soybean meal induces intestinal inflammation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 25: 751-760. doi: 1016/j.fsi.2008.02.013
  • Urbánek, M. 2009. Influence of cereals feeding on produce parameters and quality of flesh in market carp farming. [in Czech]. PhD thesis. University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
  • Virk, P. and Saxena, P.K. 2003. Potential of amaranthus seeds in supplementary feed and its impact on growth in some carps. Bioresource Technology, 86: 25-27. doi: 1016/S0960-8524(02)00139-6
  • Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Furuita, H., Shiraishi, M., Javier Sánches-Vázques, F. and Tabata, M. 2001. Influence of decreasing water temperature and shortening of the light phase on macronutrient self-selection by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fisheries Science, 67: 420-429. doi: 1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00260.x
  • Yamamoto, T., Shima T., Furuita, H., Sugita, T. and Suzuki, N. 2007. Effects of feeding time, water temperature, feeding frequency and dietary composition on apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fisheries Science, 73: 161-170. doi: 1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01314.x
  • Zeman, L. 2002. Nutrition and feeding of farm animals [in Czech]. Prague, 360 pp.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Jan Mã¡sã­lko This is me

Petr Hartvich This is me

Michael Rost This is me

Martin Urbã¡nek This is me

David Hlavã¡69; This is me

Petr Dvořã¡k This is me

Publication Date July 7, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Mã¡sã­lko, J., Hartvich, P., Rost, M., Urbã¡nek, M., et al. (2014). Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16
AMA Mã¡sã­lko J, Hartvich P, Rost M, Urbã¡nek M, Hlavã¡69; D, Dvořã¡k P. Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. February 2014;14(1). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16
Chicago Mã¡sã­lko, Jan, Petr Hartvich, Michael Rost, Martin Urbã¡nek, David Hlavã¡69;, and Petr Dvořã¡k. “Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 2014). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16.
EndNote Mã¡sã­lko J, Hartvich P, Rost M, Urbã¡nek M, Hlavã¡69; D, Dvořã¡k P (February 1, 2014) Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14 1
IEEE J. Mã¡sã­lko, P. Hartvich, M. Rost, M. Urbã¡nek, D. Hlavã¡69;, and P. Dvořã¡k, “Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16.
ISNAD Mã¡sã­lko, Jan et al. “Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14/1 (February 2014). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16.
JAMA Mã¡sã­lko J, Hartvich P, Rost M, Urbã¡nek M, Hlavã¡69; D, Dvořã¡k P. Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;14. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16.
MLA Mã¡sã­lko, Jan et al. “Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_16.
Vancouver Mã¡sã­lko J, Hartvich P, Rost M, Urbã¡nek M, Hlavã¡69; D, Dvořã¡k P. Potential for Improvement of Common Carp Production Efficiency by Mechanical Processing of Cereal Diet. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;14(1).