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Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, - , 01.08.2013

Sabry S. El-serafy Mohamed E. Zowail Nassr-Allah H. Abdel-hameid Mohamed H. Awwad Ebtesam H. Omar

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04

Abstract

The dietborne Cu in minute concentrations are essential for vital functions in fish, whereas Cd is not essential for any vital activities. Fish diets may probably contaminated with some items as metals. Therefore, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is used to assess the toxic effects of contaminated diets with Cu, Cd or their mixture. It was recorded that, the condition factor (K), the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) exhibited marked reduction for fish fed dietborne Cu, Cd, Cu+Cd. The total sarcoplasmic protein showed a mild reduction after 10 days of exposure to dietborne metals. It was increased markedly after 20, 30 days. Similarly, the total sarcoplasmic nitrogen content of O. niloticus was increased. The total plasma protein, albumin and globulin contents were increased due to high dietary Cu or Cd or Cu+Cd intake. Fish fed on Cu contaminated diet for 10 days, exhibited disappearance of last four sarcoplasmic protein fractions (sensitive proteins). Also, Cd contaminated diet for 10 days induced disappearance of sarcoplasmic protein 9th fractions. Feeding on Cu+Cd contaminated diet for 10 days, caused disappearance of the last sarcoplasmic protein fraction, bands number 7 and 8 were faintly appeared. In conclusion, the fish diet contaminated with Cu, Cd or their mixture induced deleterious effects of fish body indices as well as sarcoplasmic protein pattern. Thus, it could be mention that high dietborne intake of tested metals induced toxic effects of O. niloticus

Keywords

Dietary Cu Cd mixture metals tilapia toxicity

References

  • Abdel-Hameid, N.A.H. 1994. Effect of some pollutants on biological aspects of Oreochromis niloticus. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Benha Branch, pp.,198.
  • Abdel-Hameid, N.A. H. 2011. Effect of starving and feeding on some haematological and physiological responses of the Nile catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to copper at extreme seasons. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 37 (4): 875-884.
  • ATSDR 1999. Toxicologic Profile for Cadmium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta, GA.
  • ATSDR. 2003. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta, GA.
  • Authman, M.M.N., Abbas, W. T., Gaafar, A.Y. 2012. Metals concentrations in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from illegal fish farm in Al-Minufiya Province, Egypt, and their effects on some tissues structures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84: 163-172.
  • Badaway, E.A., El-Serafy, S.S. 1998. Comparative biochemical genetic studies on Clarias gariepinus from different polluted localities. Menofiya Journal of Agricultural Research ,23 (6): 1705-1715.
  • Baldisserotto, B., Chowdhury, M.J., Wood, C.M. 2005. Effects of dietary calcium and cadmium on cadmium accumulation, calcium and cadmium uptake from water, and their interactions in juvenile rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology, 72: 99–117.
  • Balirwa, J.S. 1992. The evolution of the fishery of Oreochromis niloticus (pisces: Cichlidae) in lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia, 232: 85-89.
  • Barriga-Sosa, I.D.L.A., Jim´enez-Badillo, M.D.L., Ibáǹez, A.L., Arredondo-Figueroa, J.L. 2004. Variability of tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) introduced in Mexico: morphometric, meristic and genetic characters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20: 7– 14.
  • Berntssen, M. H. G., Aspholm, O. Ø., Hylland, K., Bonga, S.E., Lundebye, A.-K. 2001. Tissue metallothionein, apoptosis and cell proliferation responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr fed elevated dietary cadmium. Comparative biochemistry and physiology part C, 128: 299-310.
  • Bryan, M.D., Atchison, G.J., Sandheinrich, M.B. 1995. Effects of cadmium on the foraging behavior and growth of juwenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52: 1630–1638.
  • Cao, L., Huang, W., Shan, X., Ye, Z., Dou, S. 2012. Tissuespecific accumulation of cadmium and its effects on antioxidative responses in Japanese flounder juveniles. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 33(1): 16-25.
  • Carragher, J.F., Sumpter, J.P. 1990. The effect of cortisol on the secretion of sex steroids from cultured ovarian follicles of rainbow trout. General and Comparative Endocrinology,77: 403–407.
  • Clearwater, S.J., Farag, A.M., Meyer, J.S. 2002. Bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 132C: 269–313.
  • Getachew, T. 1988. Digestive efficiency and nutrient composition gradient in the gut of Oreochromis niloticus L. in lake Awasa, Ethiopia. Journal of Fish Biology, 33: 501–509.
  • Handy, R.D. 1996. Dietary exposure to toxic metals in fish. In: Taylor, E.W. (Ed.), Toxicology of Aquatic Pollution: Physiological, Cellular and Molecular Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 29–60.
  • Kalman, J., Riba, I., DelValls, T. A., Blasco, J. 2010. Comparative toxicity of cadmium in the commercial fish species Sparus aurata and Solea senegalensis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73: 3063
  • Kamunde, C., MacPhail, R. 2011. Metal–metal interactions of dietary cadmium, copper and zinc in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74: 658-667.
  • Khallaf, E.A., Galal, M., Authman, M. 2003. The biology of Oreochromis niloticus in a polluted canal. Ecotoxicology, 12: 405–416.
  • Kurbanova, L.K., Isuev, A.R., Gabibov, M.M. 2004. The effect of oil pollution of water on some parameters of protein metabolism in black sea Roach Juveniles Rutilus Frisii Kutum (Cyprinidae). Journal of Ichthyology, 44 (8): 655-663.
  • Linde,r M.C. 1991. Biochemistry of Copper. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bactriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-685.
  • McGeer, J.C., Szebedinszky, C., McDonald, D.G., Wood, C.M. 2000. Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 1: Ionoregulatory disturbance and metabolic costs. Aquatic Toxicology, 50: 231–243.
  • Page, A.L., El-Amamy, M.M., Chang, A.C. 1986. Cadmium in the environment and its entry into terrestrial food chain crops. In: Friberg, L., Elinder, C.G. (Eds.), Cadmium Handbook Exp Pharlacol. Springer Verlag, New York: 33–74.
  • Pham, T.N.D., Marion, M., Denizeau, F., Jumarie, C. 2006.
  • Cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes does not necessarily involve caspase-dependent pathways. Toxicology in Vitro, 20: 1331–1342.
  • Pipkin F B. 1984. Medical statics made easy. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh London Melbourne and New York. pp., 137.
  • Rashed, M.N. 2001a. Cadmium and lead levels in fish (Tilapia nilotica) tissues as biological indicator for lake water pollution. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 68: 75-89.
  • Rashed, M.N. 2001b. Monitoring of environmental heavy metals in fish from Nasser Lake Environment International, 27 (1): 27-33.
  • Ribeiro, C.A.O., Vollaire, Y., Sanchez-Chardi, A., Roche, H. 2005. Bioaccumulation and the effects of organochlorine pesticides, PAH and heavy metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature Reserve, France. Aquatic Toxicology, 74: 53–69.
  • Burtis, C. A, Ashwood, E. R. 1999. Text book of clinical chemistry. Edition W.B. Saunders Co, 523pp.
  • Roméo, M., Bennani, N., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Lafaurie, M., Girard, J.P. 2000. Cadmium and copper display different responses towards oxidative stress in the kidney of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquatic Toxicology, 48: 185–194.
  • Shaw, B. J., Handy, R. D. 2006. Dietary copper exposure and recovery in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquatic Toxicology, 76: 111–121.
  • Shao, X., Liu, W., Lu, K., Xu, W., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Zhu, J. 2012. Effects of tribasic copper chloride on growth, copper status, antioxidant activities, immune responses and intestinal microflora of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fed practical diets. Aquaculture, 338-341: 154-159.
  • Shiau, S.Y., Ning, Y.C., 2003. Estimation of dietary copper requirements of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. Animal Science, 77: 287–292. Sharaf-EIdeen, K., Abdel-Hameid, N.H. 2002. Sublethal effects of copper sulfate, malathion and paraquat on protein pattern of Oreochromis niloticus. Egyptian journal of Auqatic Biology and Fisheries, 6(2): 1671
  • Szczerbik, P., Mikołajczyk, T., Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk, M., Socha, M., Chyb, J., Epler, P. 2006. Influence of long-term exposure to dietary cadmium maturation and reproduction of goldfish (subspecies: Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio B.). Aquatic Toxicology, 77: 126–135.
  • Tilton, S.C., Foran, C.M., Benson, W.H. 2003. Effects of cadmium on the reproductive axis of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology part C, pharmacology, toxicology and endocrinology, 136: 265–276.
  • Watanabe, T., Kiron, V., Satoh, S. 1997. Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture, 151: 185–207.
  • Watson, D. 1965. IN Advances in clinical chemistry Vol. 8, Ed by Sobotka H, Stewart CP. Academic press.
  • Wood, C.M. 2001. Toxic responses of the gill. In: Schlenk, D., Benson, W.H. (Eds.), Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts, Vol. 1. Taylor and Francis, London: 1–89.

Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, - , 01.08.2013

Sabry S. El-serafy Mohamed E. Zowail Nassr-Allah H. Abdel-hameid Mohamed H. Awwad Ebtesam H. Omar

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04

Abstract

The dietborne Cu in minute concentrations are essential for vital functions in fish, whereas Cd is not essential for any vital activities. Fish diets may probably contaminated with some items as metals. Therefore, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is used to assess the toxic effects of contaminated diets with Cu, Cd or their mixture. It was recorded that, the condition factor (K), the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) exhibited marked reduction for fish fed dietborne Cu, Cd, Cu+Cd. The total sarcoplasmic protein showed a mild reduction after 10 days of exposure to dietborne metals. It was increased markedly after 20, 30 days. Similarly, the total sarcoplasmic nitrogen content of O. niloticus was increased. The total plasma protein, albumin and globulin contents were increased due to high dietary Cu or Cd or Cu+Cd intake. Fish fed on Cu contaminated diet for 10 days, exhibited disappearance of last four sarcoplasmic protein fractions (sensitive proteins). Also, Cd contaminated diet for 10 days induced disappearance of sarcoplasmic protein 9th fractions. Feeding on Cu+Cd contaminated diet for 10 days, caused disappearance of the last sarcoplasmic protein fraction, bands number 7 and 8 were faintly appeared. In conclusion, the fish diet contaminated with Cu, Cd or their mixture induced deleterious effects of fish body indices as well as sarcoplasmic protein pattern. Thus, it could be mention that high dietborne intake of tested metals induced toxic effects of O. niloticus

Keywords

Dietary Cu Cd mixture metals tilapia toxicity

References

  • Abdel-Hameid, N.A.H. 1994. Effect of some pollutants on biological aspects of Oreochromis niloticus. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Benha Branch, pp.,198.
  • Abdel-Hameid, N.A. H. 2011. Effect of starving and feeding on some haematological and physiological responses of the Nile catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to copper at extreme seasons. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 37 (4): 875-884.
  • ATSDR 1999. Toxicologic Profile for Cadmium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta, GA.
  • ATSDR. 2003. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta, GA.
  • Authman, M.M.N., Abbas, W. T., Gaafar, A.Y. 2012. Metals concentrations in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from illegal fish farm in Al-Minufiya Province, Egypt, and their effects on some tissues structures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84: 163-172.
  • Badaway, E.A., El-Serafy, S.S. 1998. Comparative biochemical genetic studies on Clarias gariepinus from different polluted localities. Menofiya Journal of Agricultural Research ,23 (6): 1705-1715.
  • Baldisserotto, B., Chowdhury, M.J., Wood, C.M. 2005. Effects of dietary calcium and cadmium on cadmium accumulation, calcium and cadmium uptake from water, and their interactions in juvenile rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology, 72: 99–117.
  • Balirwa, J.S. 1992. The evolution of the fishery of Oreochromis niloticus (pisces: Cichlidae) in lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia, 232: 85-89.
  • Barriga-Sosa, I.D.L.A., Jim´enez-Badillo, M.D.L., Ibáǹez, A.L., Arredondo-Figueroa, J.L. 2004. Variability of tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) introduced in Mexico: morphometric, meristic and genetic characters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20: 7– 14.
  • Berntssen, M. H. G., Aspholm, O. Ø., Hylland, K., Bonga, S.E., Lundebye, A.-K. 2001. Tissue metallothionein, apoptosis and cell proliferation responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr fed elevated dietary cadmium. Comparative biochemistry and physiology part C, 128: 299-310.
  • Bryan, M.D., Atchison, G.J., Sandheinrich, M.B. 1995. Effects of cadmium on the foraging behavior and growth of juwenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52: 1630–1638.
  • Cao, L., Huang, W., Shan, X., Ye, Z., Dou, S. 2012. Tissuespecific accumulation of cadmium and its effects on antioxidative responses in Japanese flounder juveniles. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 33(1): 16-25.
  • Carragher, J.F., Sumpter, J.P. 1990. The effect of cortisol on the secretion of sex steroids from cultured ovarian follicles of rainbow trout. General and Comparative Endocrinology,77: 403–407.
  • Clearwater, S.J., Farag, A.M., Meyer, J.S. 2002. Bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 132C: 269–313.
  • Getachew, T. 1988. Digestive efficiency and nutrient composition gradient in the gut of Oreochromis niloticus L. in lake Awasa, Ethiopia. Journal of Fish Biology, 33: 501–509.
  • Handy, R.D. 1996. Dietary exposure to toxic metals in fish. In: Taylor, E.W. (Ed.), Toxicology of Aquatic Pollution: Physiological, Cellular and Molecular Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 29–60.
  • Kalman, J., Riba, I., DelValls, T. A., Blasco, J. 2010. Comparative toxicity of cadmium in the commercial fish species Sparus aurata and Solea senegalensis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73: 3063
  • Kamunde, C., MacPhail, R. 2011. Metal–metal interactions of dietary cadmium, copper and zinc in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74: 658-667.
  • Khallaf, E.A., Galal, M., Authman, M. 2003. The biology of Oreochromis niloticus in a polluted canal. Ecotoxicology, 12: 405–416.
  • Kurbanova, L.K., Isuev, A.R., Gabibov, M.M. 2004. The effect of oil pollution of water on some parameters of protein metabolism in black sea Roach Juveniles Rutilus Frisii Kutum (Cyprinidae). Journal of Ichthyology, 44 (8): 655-663.
  • Linde,r M.C. 1991. Biochemistry of Copper. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bactriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-685.
  • McGeer, J.C., Szebedinszky, C., McDonald, D.G., Wood, C.M. 2000. Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 1: Ionoregulatory disturbance and metabolic costs. Aquatic Toxicology, 50: 231–243.
  • Page, A.L., El-Amamy, M.M., Chang, A.C. 1986. Cadmium in the environment and its entry into terrestrial food chain crops. In: Friberg, L., Elinder, C.G. (Eds.), Cadmium Handbook Exp Pharlacol. Springer Verlag, New York: 33–74.
  • Pham, T.N.D., Marion, M., Denizeau, F., Jumarie, C. 2006.
  • Cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes does not necessarily involve caspase-dependent pathways. Toxicology in Vitro, 20: 1331–1342.
  • Pipkin F B. 1984. Medical statics made easy. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh London Melbourne and New York. pp., 137.
  • Rashed, M.N. 2001a. Cadmium and lead levels in fish (Tilapia nilotica) tissues as biological indicator for lake water pollution. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 68: 75-89.
  • Rashed, M.N. 2001b. Monitoring of environmental heavy metals in fish from Nasser Lake Environment International, 27 (1): 27-33.
  • Ribeiro, C.A.O., Vollaire, Y., Sanchez-Chardi, A., Roche, H. 2005. Bioaccumulation and the effects of organochlorine pesticides, PAH and heavy metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature Reserve, France. Aquatic Toxicology, 74: 53–69.
  • Burtis, C. A, Ashwood, E. R. 1999. Text book of clinical chemistry. Edition W.B. Saunders Co, 523pp.
  • Roméo, M., Bennani, N., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Lafaurie, M., Girard, J.P. 2000. Cadmium and copper display different responses towards oxidative stress in the kidney of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquatic Toxicology, 48: 185–194.
  • Shaw, B. J., Handy, R. D. 2006. Dietary copper exposure and recovery in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquatic Toxicology, 76: 111–121.
  • Shao, X., Liu, W., Lu, K., Xu, W., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Zhu, J. 2012. Effects of tribasic copper chloride on growth, copper status, antioxidant activities, immune responses and intestinal microflora of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fed practical diets. Aquaculture, 338-341: 154-159.
  • Shiau, S.Y., Ning, Y.C., 2003. Estimation of dietary copper requirements of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. Animal Science, 77: 287–292. Sharaf-EIdeen, K., Abdel-Hameid, N.H. 2002. Sublethal effects of copper sulfate, malathion and paraquat on protein pattern of Oreochromis niloticus. Egyptian journal of Auqatic Biology and Fisheries, 6(2): 1671
  • Szczerbik, P., Mikołajczyk, T., Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk, M., Socha, M., Chyb, J., Epler, P. 2006. Influence of long-term exposure to dietary cadmium maturation and reproduction of goldfish (subspecies: Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio B.). Aquatic Toxicology, 77: 126–135.
  • Tilton, S.C., Foran, C.M., Benson, W.H. 2003. Effects of cadmium on the reproductive axis of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology part C, pharmacology, toxicology and endocrinology, 136: 265–276.
  • Watanabe, T., Kiron, V., Satoh, S. 1997. Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture, 151: 185–207.
  • Watson, D. 1965. IN Advances in clinical chemistry Vol. 8, Ed by Sobotka H, Stewart CP. Academic press.
  • Wood, C.M. 2001. Toxic responses of the gill. In: Schlenk, D., Benson, W.H. (Eds.), Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts, Vol. 1. Taylor and Francis, London: 1–89.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sabry S. El-serafy This is me

Mohamed E. Zowail This is me

Nassr-Allah H. Abdel-hameid This is me

Mohamed H. Awwad This is me

Ebtesam H. Omar This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA El-serafy, S. S., Zowail, M. E., Abdel-hameid, N.-A. H., Awwad, M. H., et al. (2013). Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04
AMA El-serafy SS, Zowail ME, Abdel-hameid NAH, Awwad MH, Omar EH. Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. August 2013;13(4). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04
Chicago El-serafy, Sabry S., Mohamed E. Zowail, Nassr-Allah H. Abdel-hameid, Mohamed H. Awwad, and Ebtesam H. Omar. “Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) With Emphasis on Protein Pattern”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, no. 4 (August 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04.
EndNote El-serafy SS, Zowail ME, Abdel-hameid N-AH, Awwad MH, Omar EH (August 1, 2013) Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 4
IEEE S. S. El-serafy, M. E. Zowail, N.-A. H. Abdel-hameid, M. H. Awwad, and E. H. Omar, “Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04.
ISNAD El-serafy, Sabry S. et al. “Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) With Emphasis on Protein Pattern”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/4 (August 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04.
JAMA El-serafy SS, Zowail ME, Abdel-hameid N-AH, Awwad MH, Omar EH. Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04.
MLA El-serafy, Sabry S. et al. “Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) With Emphasis on Protein Pattern”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04.
Vancouver El-serafy SS, Zowail ME, Abdel-hameid N-AH, Awwad MH, Omar EH. Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(4).