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Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario, L)

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, - , 01.08.2013
https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the histopathological and biochemical effects of humic acid on cadmium stress in liver and kidney tissues of Salmo trutta fario, L. The fish were treated in four groups as follows and were exposed to chemicals for 7 days: control (C), cadmium (2 ppm) (Cd), humic acid (5 ppm) (HA) and humic acid + cadmium (Cd + HA). At the end of the experimental period, liver and kidney samples were taken from all fish for histopathological examination and determination of antioxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Activity of GPx and SOD in the tissues of fish exposed to the stress of Cd was significantly lower than the control groups (P<0.05). MDA level increased (P<0.05) in cadmium exposed groups, whereas fish receiving cadmium with humic acid returned to normal MDA levels in the liver. The cadmium-induced histopathological alterations were also decreased with humic acid. These results suggest that humic acid may mediate cadmium toxicity.

References

  • Alak, G., Atamanalp, M., Topal, A., Arslan, H., Kocaman, E.M. and Oruç, E. 2013. Effect of sub-lethal lead toxicity on the histopathological and antioxidant enzyme activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22: 7337 "
  • Andersson, C., Abrahamson, A., Brunström, B. and Örberg, J. 2010. Impact of humic substances on EROD activity in gill and liver of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Chemosphere, 81: 156–160. doi: 1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.073
  • Ates, B., Orun, I., Talas, Z.S., Durmaz, G. and Yilmaz, I. 200 Effects of sodium selenite on some biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) exposed to Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34: 53– doi: 10.1007/s10695-007-9146-5
  • ATSDR, 1999. Toxicol. Profile of Cadmium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Drug Registrar, Atlanta, GA. US Deptt. Of Health and Human Services.
  • Bartowiak, A., Grzelinska, E., Varga, I.S. and Leyko, W. 19 Studies on superoxide dismutase from cod (Gadus morhua) liver. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 13: 1039–1042. doi:1016/0020-711X(81)90011-2
  • Basha, P.S. and Rani, A.U. 2003. Cadmium-induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56(2): 218doi:1016/S0147-6513(03)00028-9
  • Besirovic, H., Alic, A., Prasovic, S. and Drommer, W. 20 Histopathological effects of chronic exposure to cadmium and zinc on kidneys and gills of brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10: 255-2 doi: 4194/trjfas.2010.0214
  • Bradford, M.M. 1976. Rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248–254. doi: 1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  • Dabas, A., Nagpure, N. S., Kumar, R., Kushwaha, B., Kumar, P. and Lakra, W.S. 2012. Assessment of tissue-specific effect of cadmium on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38: 469-82. doi: 10.1007/s10695-0119527-7
  • Dangre, A.J., Manning, S. and Brouwer. M. 2010. Effects of cadmium on hypoxia-induced expression of hemoglobin and erythropoietin in larval sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegates. Aquatic Toxicology, 99: 168-175. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.015
  • Draper, H.H., Squires, E.J., Mahmooch, H., Wu, J., Agarwal, S. and Handley, M. 1993. A comparative evaluation of thiobarbituric acid methods for the determination of malondialdehyde in biological materials. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 15: 353–363. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90035-S
  • Gülçin, İ., Beydemir, Ş., Hisar, O., Köksal, E. and Reiter, R.J. 2009. Melatonin administration increases antioxidant enzymes activities and reduces lipid peroxidation in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) erythrocytes. Turkish Journal of Veterinari Animal and Sciences, 33: 241-245. doi:3906/vet-0803-1
  • Halliwell, B., Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J. and Aruoma, O.I. 19 The characterization of antioxidants. Food and Chemichcal Toxicology, 33: 601–617. doi:1016/0278-6915(95)00024-V
  • Jones, M. N. and Bryan, N.D. 1998. Colloidal properties of humic substances, Adv. Colloid and Interface Science, 78: 1-48. doi: 10.1016/S0001-8686(98)00058-X
  • Islam, K.M.S., Schuhmacher, A. and Gropp, J.M. 2005.
  • Humic Acid Substances in Animal Agriculture. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4: 126-134. doi: 3923/pjn.2005.126.134
  • Kamunde, C. and MacPhail, R. 2011. Effect of humic acid during concurrent chronic waterborne exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium and zinc. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74: 259–269. D doi: 1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.007
  • Karadeniz, A., Cemek, M. and Simsek, N. 2009. The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72: 2312 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.021
  • Kayhan, F.E. 2006. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of cadmium in the water products. Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Science, 23: 215-220.
  • Kumar, P., Prasad, Y., Patra, A.K., Ranjan, R., Patra, R.C., Swarup, D. and Singh, S.P. 2009. Ascorbic acid, garlic extract and taurine alleviate cadmium-induced oxidative stress in freshwater catfish (Clarias batrachus). The Science Total Environment, 407: 5024-5030. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.030
  • Kumar, P. and Singh, A. 2010. Cadmium toxicity in fish: An overview. GERF Bulletin of Biosciences December 1(1): 41-47. doi: 1016/j.aquatox.2003.11.010
  • Lacroix, A. and Hontela, A. 2004. A comparative assessment of the adrenotoxic effects of cadmium in two teleost species, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens. Aquatic Toxicology, 67: 13–21. doi: 1016/j.aquatox.2003.11.010
  • Li, ZH., Zlabek, V., Velisek, J., Grabic, R., Machova, J., Kolarova, J., Li, P. and Randak, T. 2011. Acute toxicity of carbamazepine to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on antioxidant responses, hematological parameters and hepatic EROD. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74: 319–327. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.09.008
  • Livingstone, D.R. 2003. Oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to pollution and aquaculture. Revue Medecine Veterinarie, 154: 427–430.
  • Lu, J.J., Li, Y., Yan, X.M., Shi, B.Y., Wang, D.S. and Tang, H. X. 2009. Sorption of atrazine onto humic acids (HAs) coated nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 347: 90– doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.12.032
  • Ognjanovic, B.I., Markovic, S.D., Pavlovic, S.Z., Zikic, R.V., Stajn, A.S. and Saicic, Z.S. 2008. Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxidant defense system in some tissues of rats: protective effect of selenium. Physiological Research, 57: 403–411.
  • Oruc, E. O. and Uner, N. 2000. Combined effects of 2,4-D and azinphosmethyl on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver of Oreochromis niloticus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 127: 291– 2 doi: 10.1016/S0742-8413(00)00159-6
  • Pruski, A.M. and Dixon, D.R. 2002. Effects of cadmium on nuclear integrity and DNA repair efficiency in the gill cells of Mytilus edulis L. Aquatic Toxicology, 57: 127–137. doi: 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00192-8
  • Randi, A.S., Monserrat, J.M., Rodriquez, E.M. and Romano, L.A. 1996. Histopathological effects of cadmium on the gills of the freshwater fish, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann 1915 (Pisces, Atherinidae). Journal of Fish Diseases, 19: 311–322. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.1996.d01-82.x
  • Regoli, F., Frenzilli, G., Bochetti, R., Annarumma, F., Scarcelli, V., Fattorini, D. and Nigro, N. 2004. Timecourse variations of oxyradical metabolism, DNA integrity and lysosomal stability in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, during a filed translocation experiment. Aquatic Toxicology, 68: 167–178. doi: 1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.011
  • Remyla, S.R., Ramesh, M., Sajwan, K.S. and Kumar, K.S. 200 Influence of zinc on cadmium induced haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater teleost fish Catla catla. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34: 169–174. doi: 10.1007/s10695007-9157-2
  • Sayeed, I., Parvez, S., Pandey, S., Bin-Hafeez B., Haque, R. and Raisuddin, S. 2003. Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56: 295–301. doi: 1016/S0147-6513(03)00009-5
  • Sinha, M., Manna, P.C. and Sil, P.C. 2007. Attenuation of cadmium chloride induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes by a protein isolated from the leaves of the herb Cajanus indicus L. Archives of Toxicology, 81: 397–406. doi: 10.1007/s00204-007-0176-7
  • Stajn, A., Zikic, R.V., Ognjanovic, B., Saicic, Z.S., Pavlovic, S.Z., Kostic, M.M. and Petrovic, V.M. 19 Effect of cadmium and selenium on the antioxidant defense system in rat kidneys. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology, 117: 167–172. doi: 10.1016/S0742-8413(97)00063-7
  • Talas, Z.S., Orun, I., Ozdemir, I., Erdogan, K., Alkan, A. and Yılmaz, I. 2008. Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd +2 , Cr +3 ) on liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34: 217–222. doi: 10.1007/s10695-007-9179-9 Thophon, S., Kruatrachue, M., Upatham, E.S., Pokethitiyook, P., Sahaphong, S. and Jaritkhuan, S. 200 Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcalifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure. Environmental Pollution, 121: 307–320.
  • Wiegand, C., Krause, E., Steinberg, C., Pflugmacher, S. 200 Toxicokinetics of atrazine in embryos of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 49: 199–205. doi: 1006/eesa.2001.2073 Wilhelm, D. 19 Fish antioxidant defenses—a comparative approach. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 29: 1735–1742.

Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario, L)

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, - , 01.08.2013
https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07

Abstract

Bu çalışma kahverengi alabalığın karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında, kadmiyum stresi üzerine humik asitin histopatolojik ve biyokimyasal etkilerini tespit etmek amacıyla yapıldı. Balıklar aşağıdaki gibi dört gruba ayrıldı ve yedi gün kimyasallara maruz bırakıldı: kontrol (C), kadmiyum (2 ppm) (Cd), humik asit (5 ppm) (HA) ve humik asit + kadmiyum (Cd+HA). Deneysel periyodun sonunda, bütün balıklardan histopatolojik inceleme ve antioksidan enzim tespiti (glutatyon peroksidaz, süperoksit dismutaz) ve malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyleri için karaciğer ve böbrek örnekleri alındı. Kadmiyum stresine maruz kalan balıkların dokularında GPx ve SOD aktiviteleri kontrol grubundan daha düşüktü (P<0.05). Kadmiyuma maruz kalan gruplarda MDA düzeyleri arttı fakat humik asitle kadmiyum alan balıkların karaciğerinde MDA düzeyleri normale döndü (P<0.05). Ayrıca kadmiyum ile indüklenmiş histopatolojik değişiklikler humik asitle azaldı. Bu sonuçlar, humik asitin kadmiyum toksisitesini önleyebileceğini destekliyor.

References

  • Alak, G., Atamanalp, M., Topal, A., Arslan, H., Kocaman, E.M. and Oruç, E. 2013. Effect of sub-lethal lead toxicity on the histopathological and antioxidant enzyme activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22: 7337 "
  • Andersson, C., Abrahamson, A., Brunström, B. and Örberg, J. 2010. Impact of humic substances on EROD activity in gill and liver of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Chemosphere, 81: 156–160. doi: 1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.073
  • Ates, B., Orun, I., Talas, Z.S., Durmaz, G. and Yilmaz, I. 200 Effects of sodium selenite on some biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) exposed to Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34: 53– doi: 10.1007/s10695-007-9146-5
  • ATSDR, 1999. Toxicol. Profile of Cadmium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Drug Registrar, Atlanta, GA. US Deptt. Of Health and Human Services.
  • Bartowiak, A., Grzelinska, E., Varga, I.S. and Leyko, W. 19 Studies on superoxide dismutase from cod (Gadus morhua) liver. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 13: 1039–1042. doi:1016/0020-711X(81)90011-2
  • Basha, P.S. and Rani, A.U. 2003. Cadmium-induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56(2): 218doi:1016/S0147-6513(03)00028-9
  • Besirovic, H., Alic, A., Prasovic, S. and Drommer, W. 20 Histopathological effects of chronic exposure to cadmium and zinc on kidneys and gills of brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10: 255-2 doi: 4194/trjfas.2010.0214
  • Bradford, M.M. 1976. Rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248–254. doi: 1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  • Dabas, A., Nagpure, N. S., Kumar, R., Kushwaha, B., Kumar, P. and Lakra, W.S. 2012. Assessment of tissue-specific effect of cadmium on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38: 469-82. doi: 10.1007/s10695-0119527-7
  • Dangre, A.J., Manning, S. and Brouwer. M. 2010. Effects of cadmium on hypoxia-induced expression of hemoglobin and erythropoietin in larval sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegates. Aquatic Toxicology, 99: 168-175. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.015
  • Draper, H.H., Squires, E.J., Mahmooch, H., Wu, J., Agarwal, S. and Handley, M. 1993. A comparative evaluation of thiobarbituric acid methods for the determination of malondialdehyde in biological materials. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 15: 353–363. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90035-S
  • Gülçin, İ., Beydemir, Ş., Hisar, O., Köksal, E. and Reiter, R.J. 2009. Melatonin administration increases antioxidant enzymes activities and reduces lipid peroxidation in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) erythrocytes. Turkish Journal of Veterinari Animal and Sciences, 33: 241-245. doi:3906/vet-0803-1
  • Halliwell, B., Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J. and Aruoma, O.I. 19 The characterization of antioxidants. Food and Chemichcal Toxicology, 33: 601–617. doi:1016/0278-6915(95)00024-V
  • Jones, M. N. and Bryan, N.D. 1998. Colloidal properties of humic substances, Adv. Colloid and Interface Science, 78: 1-48. doi: 10.1016/S0001-8686(98)00058-X
  • Islam, K.M.S., Schuhmacher, A. and Gropp, J.M. 2005.
  • Humic Acid Substances in Animal Agriculture. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4: 126-134. doi: 3923/pjn.2005.126.134
  • Kamunde, C. and MacPhail, R. 2011. Effect of humic acid during concurrent chronic waterborne exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium and zinc. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74: 259–269. D doi: 1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.007
  • Karadeniz, A., Cemek, M. and Simsek, N. 2009. The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72: 2312 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.021
  • Kayhan, F.E. 2006. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of cadmium in the water products. Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Science, 23: 215-220.
  • Kumar, P., Prasad, Y., Patra, A.K., Ranjan, R., Patra, R.C., Swarup, D. and Singh, S.P. 2009. Ascorbic acid, garlic extract and taurine alleviate cadmium-induced oxidative stress in freshwater catfish (Clarias batrachus). The Science Total Environment, 407: 5024-5030. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.030
  • Kumar, P. and Singh, A. 2010. Cadmium toxicity in fish: An overview. GERF Bulletin of Biosciences December 1(1): 41-47. doi: 1016/j.aquatox.2003.11.010
  • Lacroix, A. and Hontela, A. 2004. A comparative assessment of the adrenotoxic effects of cadmium in two teleost species, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens. Aquatic Toxicology, 67: 13–21. doi: 1016/j.aquatox.2003.11.010
  • Li, ZH., Zlabek, V., Velisek, J., Grabic, R., Machova, J., Kolarova, J., Li, P. and Randak, T. 2011. Acute toxicity of carbamazepine to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on antioxidant responses, hematological parameters and hepatic EROD. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74: 319–327. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.09.008
  • Livingstone, D.R. 2003. Oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to pollution and aquaculture. Revue Medecine Veterinarie, 154: 427–430.
  • Lu, J.J., Li, Y., Yan, X.M., Shi, B.Y., Wang, D.S. and Tang, H. X. 2009. Sorption of atrazine onto humic acids (HAs) coated nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 347: 90– doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.12.032
  • Ognjanovic, B.I., Markovic, S.D., Pavlovic, S.Z., Zikic, R.V., Stajn, A.S. and Saicic, Z.S. 2008. Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxidant defense system in some tissues of rats: protective effect of selenium. Physiological Research, 57: 403–411.
  • Oruc, E. O. and Uner, N. 2000. Combined effects of 2,4-D and azinphosmethyl on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver of Oreochromis niloticus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 127: 291– 2 doi: 10.1016/S0742-8413(00)00159-6
  • Pruski, A.M. and Dixon, D.R. 2002. Effects of cadmium on nuclear integrity and DNA repair efficiency in the gill cells of Mytilus edulis L. Aquatic Toxicology, 57: 127–137. doi: 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00192-8
  • Randi, A.S., Monserrat, J.M., Rodriquez, E.M. and Romano, L.A. 1996. Histopathological effects of cadmium on the gills of the freshwater fish, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann 1915 (Pisces, Atherinidae). Journal of Fish Diseases, 19: 311–322. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.1996.d01-82.x
  • Regoli, F., Frenzilli, G., Bochetti, R., Annarumma, F., Scarcelli, V., Fattorini, D. and Nigro, N. 2004. Timecourse variations of oxyradical metabolism, DNA integrity and lysosomal stability in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, during a filed translocation experiment. Aquatic Toxicology, 68: 167–178. doi: 1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.011
  • Remyla, S.R., Ramesh, M., Sajwan, K.S. and Kumar, K.S. 200 Influence of zinc on cadmium induced haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater teleost fish Catla catla. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34: 169–174. doi: 10.1007/s10695007-9157-2
  • Sayeed, I., Parvez, S., Pandey, S., Bin-Hafeez B., Haque, R. and Raisuddin, S. 2003. Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56: 295–301. doi: 1016/S0147-6513(03)00009-5
  • Sinha, M., Manna, P.C. and Sil, P.C. 2007. Attenuation of cadmium chloride induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes by a protein isolated from the leaves of the herb Cajanus indicus L. Archives of Toxicology, 81: 397–406. doi: 10.1007/s00204-007-0176-7
  • Stajn, A., Zikic, R.V., Ognjanovic, B., Saicic, Z.S., Pavlovic, S.Z., Kostic, M.M. and Petrovic, V.M. 19 Effect of cadmium and selenium on the antioxidant defense system in rat kidneys. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology, 117: 167–172. doi: 10.1016/S0742-8413(97)00063-7
  • Talas, Z.S., Orun, I., Ozdemir, I., Erdogan, K., Alkan, A. and Yılmaz, I. 2008. Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd +2 , Cr +3 ) on liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34: 217–222. doi: 10.1007/s10695-007-9179-9 Thophon, S., Kruatrachue, M., Upatham, E.S., Pokethitiyook, P., Sahaphong, S. and Jaritkhuan, S. 200 Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcalifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure. Environmental Pollution, 121: 307–320.
  • Wiegand, C., Krause, E., Steinberg, C., Pflugmacher, S. 200 Toxicokinetics of atrazine in embryos of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 49: 199–205. doi: 1006/eesa.2001.2073 Wilhelm, D. 19 Fish antioxidant defenses—a comparative approach. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 29: 1735–1742.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Topal This is me

Gonca Alak This is me

Muhammed Atamanalp This is me

Ertan Oruç This is me

Saltuk Buğrahan Ceyhun This is me

Arzu Uçar This is me

Harun Arslan This is me

Fikret Çelebi This is me

Yavuz Selim Sağlam This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Topal, A., Alak, G., Atamanalp, M., Oruç, E., et al. (2013). Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario, L). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07
AMA Topal A, Alak G, Atamanalp M, Oruç E, Ceyhun SB, Uçar A, Arslan H, Çelebi F, Sağlam YS. Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario, L). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. August 2013;13(4). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07
Chicago Topal, Ahmet, Gonca Alak, Muhammed Atamanalp, Ertan Oruç, Saltuk Buğrahan Ceyhun, Arzu Uçar, Harun Arslan, Fikret Çelebi, and Yavuz Selim Sağlam. “Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta Fario, L)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, no. 4 (August 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07.
EndNote Topal A, Alak G, Atamanalp M, Oruç E, Ceyhun SB, Uçar A, Arslan H, Çelebi F, Sağlam YS (August 1, 2013) Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario, L). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 4
IEEE A. Topal, G. Alak, M. Atamanalp, E. Oruç, S. B. Ceyhun, A. Uçar, H. Arslan, F. Çelebi, and Y. S. Sağlam, “Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario, L)”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07.
ISNAD Topal, Ahmet et al. “Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta Fario, L)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/4 (August 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07.
JAMA Topal A, Alak G, Atamanalp M, Oruç E, Ceyhun SB, Uçar A, Arslan H, Çelebi F, Sağlam YS. Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario, L). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07.
MLA Topal, Ahmet et al. “Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta Fario, L)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_07.
Vancouver Topal A, Alak G, Atamanalp M, Oruç E, Ceyhun SB, Uçar A, Arslan H, Çelebi F, Sağlam YS. Effects of Humic Acid on Liver and Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario, L). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(4).