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An ex vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture with Special Reference to Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802)

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, - , 01.06.2013

V. Gunasundari T.t. Ajith Kumar Swagat Ghosh S. Kumaresan

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01

Abstract

This study was conducted to assess the role of dietary commercial brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth factors (final weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)), survival rate, haematological parameters and serum metabolic products (glucose and total protein) of the clown fish, Amphiprion percula. Feeding trial was carried out for 90 days to study the effect of brewer’s yeast on the young ones of clown fish, A. percula. Fifty young ones (avg. wt 1.345±0.03 g) were randomly distributed in each treatment and fed with different diets, prepared with six incremental levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% of the feed) of brewer’s yeast except the control. Haematology and serum parameters were studied before pathogen challenge and they were significantly higher (P<0.05) in 2% yeast supplemented group. Survival (%) of the fish, after challenging with Streptococcus sp., was also higher in the yeast fed groups. Results of our shortrange study give an idea about the role of yeast in marine ornamental aquaculture.

Keywords

Clownfish Amphiprion percula Growth performance Fish pathogen Challenging study

References

  • Abdel-Tawwab, M., Khattab, Y.A.E., Ahmad, M.H. and Shalaby, A.M.E. 2008. Compensatory growth, feed utilization, whole-body composition and haematological changes in starved juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 18: 17-36.
  • Ajith Kumar, T.T., Subodh Kant Setu., Murugesan, P. and Balasubramanian T. 2010. Studies on captive breeding and larval rearing of clownfish, Amphiprion sebae (Bleeker, 1853) using estuarine water. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 39(6): 114-119.
  • AOAC. 2011. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical chemists, Washington, USA. http://www.aoac.org/vmeth/newsmtd.htm (accessed December 21, 2011)
  • Benetti, D.D., Sardenberg, B., Welch, A., Hoenig, R., Refik Orhun, M. and Zink, I. 2008. Intensive larval husbandry and fingerling production of cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture, 281: 22-27. doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.030
  • Can, E., 2013. Effects of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Rearing on Growth, Survival, and V-Shaped (Lordotic) Skeletal Deformities in Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 65: 1-7.
  • Can, E., Kurtoğlu, I.Z., Benzer, F., Erişir, M., Kocabas, M., Kizak, V., Kayim, M. and Çelik, H.T., 2012. The Effects of Different Dosage of Kefir on Growth Performances and Antioxidant System in the Blood and Liver Tissues of Çoruh Trout (Salmo coruhensis). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12: 277-283. DOİ: 10.4194/1303-2712-v12_2_12.
  • Cnaani, A., Tinman, S., Avidar, Y., Ron, M. and Hulata G. 200 Comparative study of biochemical parameters in response to stress in Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus and two strains of O. niloticus. Aquaculture Research, 35: 1434-1440. doi: 1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01167.x
  • Dhaneesh, K.V. 2009. Studies on broodstock development, breeding and larval rearing of clownfish, Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802) in captivity. Ph. D., thesis. Sehir Annamalai University, 71 pp.
  • Dytham, C. 1999. Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist’s Guide. Blackwell Science. Ltd., London, UK., 316 pp.
  • Engstad, R.E., Robertsen, B. and Frivold, E. 1992. Yeast glucan induces increase in activity of lysozyme and complement-mediated haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2: 287-2 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S10504648(06)80033-1
  • Fernandez, I., Hontoria, F., Ortiz-Delgado, J.B., Kotzamanis, Y., Estevez, A., Zambonino-Infante, J.L. and Gisbert, E. 2008. Larval performance and skeletal deformities in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed with graded levels of vitamin A enriched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). Aquaculture, 283: 102doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.037
  • Gatesoupe, F.J. 2007. Live yeasts in the gut: Natural occurrence, dietary introduction and their effects on fish health and development. Aquaculture, 267: 20-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.005
  • Jİrgensen, J.B., Lunde, H. and Robertsen B. 1993. Peritoneal and head kidney cell response to intraperitoneally injected yeast glucan in Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Diseases, 16: 313-325. doi: 1111/j.1365-2761.1993.tb00865.x
  • Kesarcodi-Watson, A., Kaspar, H., Lategan, M.J. and Gibson, L. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture, 274 (1): 1doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.019
  • Lara-Flores, M., Olvera-Novoa, M.A., Guzman-Méndez, B.E. and López- Madrid, W. 2003. Use of the bacteria Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as growth promoters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 216: 193-20 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00277-6
  • Li, P. and Gatlin, D.M.I.I.I. 2004. Dietary brewers yeast and the prebiotic Grobiotic AE influence growth performance, immune responses and resistance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops M. saxatilis) to Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquaculture, 231: 4454 doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.021
  • Li, P. and Gatlin, D.M.I.I.I. 2005. Evaluation of the prebiotic GroBiotic-A and brewers yeast as dietary supplements for sub-adult hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops M. saxatilis) challenged in situ with Mycobacterium marinum. Aquaculture, 248: 197-20 doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.005
  • Martins, M.L., Vieira, F.N., Jerônimo, G.T., Mouriño, J.L.P., Dotta, G., Speck, G.M., Jatobá, A.M.B., Pedrotti, F.S., Buglione-Neto, C.C. and Pereira Jr. G. 200 Leukocyte response and phagocytic activity in Nile tilapia experimentally infected with Enterococcus sp. Journal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 35: 219-222. Mohanty, S.N., Swain, S.K. and Tripathi, S.D. 1996. Rearing of catla (Catla catla Ham.) spawn on formulated diets. Journal of Aquaculture Tropical, 11: 253-2
  • Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab., Azza M., Abdel-Rahman, and Ismael, N.E.M.. 2008. Evaluation of commercial live bakers’ yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a growth and immunity promoter for Fry Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) challenged in situ with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 280: 185-189. doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.055
  • Nayar, S., Hegde, S., Rao, P.S. and Sudha, P. 1998. Live organisms as feed in aquaculture. Info fish International, 4: 36-39.
  • Noh, H., Han, K.I., Won ,T.H. and Choi Y.J. 1994. Effect of antibiotics, enzymes, yeast culture and probiotics on the growth performance of Israeli carp. Korean Journal of Animal Science, 36: 480-486.
  • Nonaka, M.N., Yamaguhu, S. and Natsume-Saki Takahashi, M. 1981. The complement system of rainbow trout (Sn/mo gairdneri) I. Identification of the serum lytic system homologous to mammalian complement. Journal of Immunology, 126: 1489-1494. doi: 1007/s00251-006-0142-1
  • Panigrahi, A., Kiron, V., Puangkacw, T., Kobayashi, S. and Sugita, H. 2005. The viability of probiotic bacteria as a factor influencing the immune response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus inykiss. Aquaculture, 243: 2412 doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.032
  • Řehulka, J., Minařík, B. and Řehulková, E. 2004. Red blood cell indices of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 35: 529-5 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01035.x
  • Schaperclaus, W., Kulow, H. and Schreckenbach, K. 1992. Fish Disease. (Ed. Balkema A.A.), Rotterdam, Netherlands. pp. 2456.
  • Simi Rose Andrews, N.P., Sahu, A.K. Pal., Mukherjee, S.C. and Kumar, S. 2011. Yeast extract, brewer’s yeast and spirulina in diets for Labeo rohita fingerlings affect haemato-immunological responses and survival following Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Research in Veterinary Science, 91: 103doi:1016/j.rvsc.2010.08.009
  • Siwicki, A.K., Anderson, D.P. and Rumsey, G.L. 1994. Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 41: 125-139.
  • Suzer, C., Coban, D., Kamaci, O.H., Saka, S., Firat, K., Otgucuoglu, O. and Kucuksari, H. 200 Lactobacillus spp. bacteria as probiotics in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae: Effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 280, 140-145. doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.020
  • Taoka, Y., Maeda, H., Jo, J., Jeon, M.J., Bai, S.C., Lee, W.J., Yuge, K. and Koshio, S. 2006. Growth, stress tolerance and non-specific immune response of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus to probiotics in a closed re circulating system. Fisheries Science, 72: 310-321. doi : 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01152.x
  • Thanardkit, P., Khunrae, P., Suphantharika, M. and Verduyn, C. 2002. Glucan from spent brewer’s yeast: preparation, analysis and use as a potential immunostimulants in shrimp feed. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18: 527-539. doi: 1023/A:1016322227535 ovar-Ramírez, D., Zambonino, J., Cahu, C., Gatesoupe, F.J., Vázquez-Juárez, R. and Lésel R. 2002. Effect of live yeast incorporation in compound diet on digestive enzyme activity in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Aquaculture, 204: 113-1 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00650-0
  • Waché, Y., Auffray, F., Gatesoupe, F.J., Zambonino, J., Gayet, V., Labbé, L. and Quentel, C. 2006. Cross effects of the strain of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rearing conditions on the onset of intestinal microbiota and digestive enzymes in rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss, fry. Aquaculture, 258: 470-478. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.002
  • Wassom, D.L. and Kelly. E.A.B. 1990. The role of the major histo-compatibility complex in resistance to parasite infections. Journal of Critical Review in Immunology, 10: 31-52.
  • Yoshida, T., Kruger, R. and Inglis, V. 1995. Augmentation of nonspecific protection in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants. Journal of Fish Disease, 18(2): 195-198. doi: 10.1111/j.1365271995.tb00278.x

An ex vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture with Special Reference to Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802)

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, - , 01.06.2013

V. Gunasundari T.t. Ajith Kumar Swagat Ghosh S. Kumaresan

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01

Abstract

Keywords

Clownfish Amphiprion percula Growth performance Fish pathogen Challenging study

References

  • Abdel-Tawwab, M., Khattab, Y.A.E., Ahmad, M.H. and Shalaby, A.M.E. 2008. Compensatory growth, feed utilization, whole-body composition and haematological changes in starved juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 18: 17-36.
  • Ajith Kumar, T.T., Subodh Kant Setu., Murugesan, P. and Balasubramanian T. 2010. Studies on captive breeding and larval rearing of clownfish, Amphiprion sebae (Bleeker, 1853) using estuarine water. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 39(6): 114-119.
  • AOAC. 2011. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical chemists, Washington, USA. http://www.aoac.org/vmeth/newsmtd.htm (accessed December 21, 2011)
  • Benetti, D.D., Sardenberg, B., Welch, A., Hoenig, R., Refik Orhun, M. and Zink, I. 2008. Intensive larval husbandry and fingerling production of cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture, 281: 22-27. doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.030
  • Can, E., 2013. Effects of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Rearing on Growth, Survival, and V-Shaped (Lordotic) Skeletal Deformities in Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 65: 1-7.
  • Can, E., Kurtoğlu, I.Z., Benzer, F., Erişir, M., Kocabas, M., Kizak, V., Kayim, M. and Çelik, H.T., 2012. The Effects of Different Dosage of Kefir on Growth Performances and Antioxidant System in the Blood and Liver Tissues of Çoruh Trout (Salmo coruhensis). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12: 277-283. DOİ: 10.4194/1303-2712-v12_2_12.
  • Cnaani, A., Tinman, S., Avidar, Y., Ron, M. and Hulata G. 200 Comparative study of biochemical parameters in response to stress in Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus and two strains of O. niloticus. Aquaculture Research, 35: 1434-1440. doi: 1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01167.x
  • Dhaneesh, K.V. 2009. Studies on broodstock development, breeding and larval rearing of clownfish, Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802) in captivity. Ph. D., thesis. Sehir Annamalai University, 71 pp.
  • Dytham, C. 1999. Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist’s Guide. Blackwell Science. Ltd., London, UK., 316 pp.
  • Engstad, R.E., Robertsen, B. and Frivold, E. 1992. Yeast glucan induces increase in activity of lysozyme and complement-mediated haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2: 287-2 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S10504648(06)80033-1
  • Fernandez, I., Hontoria, F., Ortiz-Delgado, J.B., Kotzamanis, Y., Estevez, A., Zambonino-Infante, J.L. and Gisbert, E. 2008. Larval performance and skeletal deformities in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed with graded levels of vitamin A enriched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). Aquaculture, 283: 102doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.037
  • Gatesoupe, F.J. 2007. Live yeasts in the gut: Natural occurrence, dietary introduction and their effects on fish health and development. Aquaculture, 267: 20-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.005
  • Jİrgensen, J.B., Lunde, H. and Robertsen B. 1993. Peritoneal and head kidney cell response to intraperitoneally injected yeast glucan in Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Diseases, 16: 313-325. doi: 1111/j.1365-2761.1993.tb00865.x
  • Kesarcodi-Watson, A., Kaspar, H., Lategan, M.J. and Gibson, L. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture, 274 (1): 1doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.019
  • Lara-Flores, M., Olvera-Novoa, M.A., Guzman-Méndez, B.E. and López- Madrid, W. 2003. Use of the bacteria Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as growth promoters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 216: 193-20 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00277-6
  • Li, P. and Gatlin, D.M.I.I.I. 2004. Dietary brewers yeast and the prebiotic Grobiotic AE influence growth performance, immune responses and resistance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops M. saxatilis) to Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquaculture, 231: 4454 doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.021
  • Li, P. and Gatlin, D.M.I.I.I. 2005. Evaluation of the prebiotic GroBiotic-A and brewers yeast as dietary supplements for sub-adult hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops M. saxatilis) challenged in situ with Mycobacterium marinum. Aquaculture, 248: 197-20 doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.005
  • Martins, M.L., Vieira, F.N., Jerônimo, G.T., Mouriño, J.L.P., Dotta, G., Speck, G.M., Jatobá, A.M.B., Pedrotti, F.S., Buglione-Neto, C.C. and Pereira Jr. G. 200 Leukocyte response and phagocytic activity in Nile tilapia experimentally infected with Enterococcus sp. Journal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 35: 219-222. Mohanty, S.N., Swain, S.K. and Tripathi, S.D. 1996. Rearing of catla (Catla catla Ham.) spawn on formulated diets. Journal of Aquaculture Tropical, 11: 253-2
  • Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab., Azza M., Abdel-Rahman, and Ismael, N.E.M.. 2008. Evaluation of commercial live bakers’ yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a growth and immunity promoter for Fry Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) challenged in situ with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 280: 185-189. doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.055
  • Nayar, S., Hegde, S., Rao, P.S. and Sudha, P. 1998. Live organisms as feed in aquaculture. Info fish International, 4: 36-39.
  • Noh, H., Han, K.I., Won ,T.H. and Choi Y.J. 1994. Effect of antibiotics, enzymes, yeast culture and probiotics on the growth performance of Israeli carp. Korean Journal of Animal Science, 36: 480-486.
  • Nonaka, M.N., Yamaguhu, S. and Natsume-Saki Takahashi, M. 1981. The complement system of rainbow trout (Sn/mo gairdneri) I. Identification of the serum lytic system homologous to mammalian complement. Journal of Immunology, 126: 1489-1494. doi: 1007/s00251-006-0142-1
  • Panigrahi, A., Kiron, V., Puangkacw, T., Kobayashi, S. and Sugita, H. 2005. The viability of probiotic bacteria as a factor influencing the immune response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus inykiss. Aquaculture, 243: 2412 doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.032
  • Řehulka, J., Minařík, B. and Řehulková, E. 2004. Red blood cell indices of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 35: 529-5 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01035.x
  • Schaperclaus, W., Kulow, H. and Schreckenbach, K. 1992. Fish Disease. (Ed. Balkema A.A.), Rotterdam, Netherlands. pp. 2456.
  • Simi Rose Andrews, N.P., Sahu, A.K. Pal., Mukherjee, S.C. and Kumar, S. 2011. Yeast extract, brewer’s yeast and spirulina in diets for Labeo rohita fingerlings affect haemato-immunological responses and survival following Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Research in Veterinary Science, 91: 103doi:1016/j.rvsc.2010.08.009
  • Siwicki, A.K., Anderson, D.P. and Rumsey, G.L. 1994. Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 41: 125-139.
  • Suzer, C., Coban, D., Kamaci, O.H., Saka, S., Firat, K., Otgucuoglu, O. and Kucuksari, H. 200 Lactobacillus spp. bacteria as probiotics in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae: Effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 280, 140-145. doi:1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.020
  • Taoka, Y., Maeda, H., Jo, J., Jeon, M.J., Bai, S.C., Lee, W.J., Yuge, K. and Koshio, S. 2006. Growth, stress tolerance and non-specific immune response of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus to probiotics in a closed re circulating system. Fisheries Science, 72: 310-321. doi : 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01152.x
  • Thanardkit, P., Khunrae, P., Suphantharika, M. and Verduyn, C. 2002. Glucan from spent brewer’s yeast: preparation, analysis and use as a potential immunostimulants in shrimp feed. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18: 527-539. doi: 1023/A:1016322227535 ovar-Ramírez, D., Zambonino, J., Cahu, C., Gatesoupe, F.J., Vázquez-Juárez, R. and Lésel R. 2002. Effect of live yeast incorporation in compound diet on digestive enzyme activity in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Aquaculture, 204: 113-1 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00650-0
  • Waché, Y., Auffray, F., Gatesoupe, F.J., Zambonino, J., Gayet, V., Labbé, L. and Quentel, C. 2006. Cross effects of the strain of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rearing conditions on the onset of intestinal microbiota and digestive enzymes in rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss, fry. Aquaculture, 258: 470-478. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.002
  • Wassom, D.L. and Kelly. E.A.B. 1990. The role of the major histo-compatibility complex in resistance to parasite infections. Journal of Critical Review in Immunology, 10: 31-52.
  • Yoshida, T., Kruger, R. and Inglis, V. 1995. Augmentation of nonspecific protection in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants. Journal of Fish Disease, 18(2): 195-198. doi: 10.1111/j.1365271995.tb00278.x
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

V. Gunasundari This is me

T.t. Ajith Kumar This is me

Swagat Ghosh This is me

S. Kumaresan This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gunasundari, V., Kumar, T. A., Ghosh, S., Kumaresan, S. (2013). An ex vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture with Special Reference to Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01
AMA Gunasundari V, Kumar TA, Ghosh S, Kumaresan S. An ex vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture with Special Reference to Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. June 2013;13(3). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01
Chicago Gunasundari, V., T.t. Ajith Kumar, Swagat Ghosh, and S. Kumaresan. “An Ex Vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture With Special Reference to Amphiprion Percula (Lacepede, 1802)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, no. 3 (June 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01.
EndNote Gunasundari V, Kumar TA, Ghosh S, Kumaresan S (June 1, 2013) An ex vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture with Special Reference to Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 3
IEEE V. Gunasundari, T. A. Kumar, S. Ghosh, and S. Kumaresan, “An ex vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture with Special Reference to Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802)”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 3, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01.
ISNAD Gunasundari, V. et al. “An Ex Vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture With Special Reference to Amphiprion Percula (Lacepede, 1802)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/3 (June 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01.
JAMA Gunasundari V, Kumar TA, Ghosh S, Kumaresan S. An ex vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture with Special Reference to Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01.
MLA Gunasundari, V. et al. “An Ex Vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture With Special Reference to Amphiprion Percula (Lacepede, 1802)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 3, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_01.
Vancouver Gunasundari V, Kumar TA, Ghosh S, Kumaresan S. An ex vivo Loom to Evaluate the Brewer’s Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Clownfish Aquaculture with Special Reference to Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(3).