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Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, - , 01.06.2013
https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess the values of haematological parameters using an automatic method and to evaluate the blood profile in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) reared in different aquaculture systems (offshore cage and onshore tanks). For this reason, 100 fish (5 replicates for each aquaculture system) reared in two Sicilian farms with different management: offshore cages (Farm 1) and onshore open concrete tanks (Farm 2), were used. In both aquaculture farms, physical and chemical characteristics of water were detected. After collection, blood samples were immediately analysed with both manual and automatic methods. Our results showed that sea bream with similar biometric data (in mean 292 g in weight and 27.2 cm in total length for Farm 1; 232 g in weight and 24.6 cm in total length for Farm 2), but rearing in different conditions, have different baseline haematological values and this underline that water quality could influence haematological parameters of fish. In particular, it was seen that Farm 2 showed a lower value of RBC, Hct and WBC and higher value of Hgb, TC, MCV, MCH and MCHC than Farm 1. In particular, mean values of 3.28 and 2.89 in RBC; 7.38 and 45.19 in Hct, 8.31 and 10.66 in Hgb, 62.55 and 53.80 in WBC, 67.92 and 88.66 in TC, 146.3 and 157.5 in MCV, 25.55 and 37.13 in MCH and 17.6 and 23.62 in MCHC were recorded respectively for Farm 1 and Farm 2. The variations in haematological parameters due to different location of farm allow us to claim that changes in blood characteristics are important indices in monitoring the effect of habitat changes and management on the fish physiology.

References

  • Ahamed, N.A., El-Serafy, S.S., El-Shaey, A.A.M. and Abdel-Haimide, N.H. 1992. Effect of ammonia on some haematological parameters of Orcheomis niloticus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society A R Egypt, 23: 155-160.
  • Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Kapetsky, J.M. and Soto, D. 2008. The potential of spatial planning tools to support the ecosystem approach to aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings, 17. FAO, Rome, 176 pp.
  • Ayoola, S.O., Kuton, M.P., Idowu, A.A. and Adelekun, A.B. 2011. Acute toxicity of Nile Tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) juveniles exposed to aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ipomoea aquatica Natural Science, 9: 91
  • Bowden, T.J., Thompson, K.D., Morgan, A.L., Gratacap, R.M.L. and Nikoskelainen, S. 2007. Seasonal variation and the immune response: a fish perspective. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 22: 695–706. doi: 1016/j.fsi.2006.08.016
  • Caruso, G., Genovese, L., Maricchiolo, G. and Modica, A. 200 Haemotological, biochemical and immunological parameters as stress indicators in Dicentrarchus labrax and Sparus aurata farmed in offshore cages. Aquaculture International, 13: 67-73. doi: 1007/s10499-004-9031-5
  • Elahee, K.B. and Bhagwant, S. 2007. Hematological and gill histopathological parameters of three tropical fish species from a polluted lagoon on the west coast of Mauritius. Ecotoxicology and Environment Safety, 68: 361-371. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.06.003
  • Faggio, C., Casella, S., Arfuso, F., Marafioti, S., Piccione, G. and Fazio, F. 2012. Effect of storage time on haematological parameters in mullet, Mugil cephalus. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 31(5): 412-416. doi 1002/cbf.2915.
  • FAO 2011. Cultured Aquaculture Species Information Programme. www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/search/en.
  • Fazio, F., Filiciotto, F., Marafioti, S., Di Stefano, V., Assenza, A., Placenti, F., Buscaino, G., Piccione, G. and Mazzola, S. 2012a. Automatic analysis to assess hematological parameters in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata Linneaus,1785). Marine Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 45: 63-73. doi: 1080/10236244.2012.677559
  • Fazio, F., Faggio, C., Marafioti, S., Torre, A., Sanfilippo, M. and Piccione, G. 2012b. Comparative study of hematological profile on Gobius niger in two different habitat sites: Faro Lake and Tyrrhenian Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 53: 213-219.
  • Fazio, F., Marafioti, S., Torre, A., Sanfilippo, M., Panzera, M. and Faggio, C. 2013. Haematological and serum protein profiles of Mugil cephalus: effect of two different habitats. Ichthyological Research, 60: 36-42. doi: 1007/s10228-012-0303-1
  • Gabriel, U.U., Ezeri, G.N.O. and Opabunmi, O.O. 2004. Manual RBC counts were error proved and suggested that Influence of sex, source, health status and HCT and Hb may be better parameters for the assessment acclimation on the hematology of Clarias gariepinus of anemia in fish. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3: 463-467.
  • Gbadamosi Oluyemi, K., Adeparusi, E.A. and Olanrewaju, J. 2008. Basic haematogical parameters in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) FED ascorbic acid supplemented diets. Research Journal of Animal Science, 2: 17-21.
  • Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K. and Ehrhardt, M. 1999. Methods of seawater analysis, 3 rd edition, Weinheim, Wiley-VHC. doi: 10.1002/9783527613984
  • Handy, R.D. and Depledge, M.H. 1999. Physiological responses: their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicology, 8: 329-349. doi: 1023/A:1008930404461
  • Holmer, M. 2010. Environmental issues of fish farming in offshore waters: perspectives, concerns and research needs. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 1: 57– doi: 10.3354/aei00007
  • Ibarz, A., Padrós, F., Gallardo, A.M., Fernádez-Borraàs, J., Blasco, J. and Tort, L. 2010. Low-temperature challenges to gilthead sea bream culture: review of cold-induced alterations and ‘Winter Syndrome’. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20: 539-556. doi: 1007/s11160-010-9159-5
  • Ishikawa, N.M., Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T., Lombardi, J.V. and Ferreira, C.M. 2007. Hematological parameters in Nile Tilápia, Oreochromis niloticus exposed to subletal concentrations of mercury. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 50: 619-626. doi: 1590/S1516-89132007000400007
  • Kori-Siakpere, O., Ake, J.E.G. and Idoge, E. 2005. Haematological characteristics of the African snakehead, Parachacnna obscura. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4: 527-530.
  • Kumari, J., Sahoo, P.K., Swain, T., Sahoo, S.K., Sahu, A.K. and Mohanty, B.R. 2006. Seasonal variation in the innate immune parameters of the Asian catfish Clarias batrachus. Aquaculture, 252: 121–127. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.025
  • Morgan, A.L., Thompson, K.D., Porter, M.J.R., Burrells, C. and Bromage, N.R. 2003. Effect of seasonality on the immune response of rainbow trout. European Association of Fish Pathologists Conference, Malta.
  • O’Neal, C.C. and Weirich, C.R. 2001. Effects of low level salinity on production and haematological parameters of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus reared in multicrop ponds. In: Book of abstract. Aquaculture 200 Int. Triennal Conf of World Aquaculture Soc Jan 21-25. Disney Colorado Springs Resort Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 484 pp.
  • Pavlidis, M., Futter, W.C., Katharios, P. and Divanach, P. 200 Blood cell profile of six Mediterranean mariculture fish species. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23: 70– doi: 1111/j.1439042006.00771.x
  • Pelegri, J.L., Marrero-Diaz, A. and Ratsimandresy, A.W. 200 Nutrient irrigation of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 70: 366–406. doi: 1016/j.pocean.2006.03.018
  • Percin, F. and Konyalioglu, S. 2008. Serum biochemical profiles of captive and wild northern bluefin tuna, (Thunnus thynnus L. 1758) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Aquaculture Research, 39: 945-953. doi: 1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01954.x
  • Percin, F., Konyalioglu, S., Firat, K. and Saka, S. 2010. Serum electrolytes of wild and captive bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) in Turkish Seas. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 16(9): 2207-2213.
  • Pillay, T.V.R. and Kutty, M.N. 2005. Aquaculture, Principles and Practices. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK, 624 pp.
  • Sanni, S. and Forsberg, O.I. 1996. Modelling pH and carbon dioxide in single-pass seawater aquaculture systems. Aquaculture Engineering, 15: 91–110. doi: 1016/0144-8609(95)00003-8
  • Shah, S.L. 2010. Hematological changes in Tinca tinca after exposure to lethal and sublethal doses of Mercury, Cadmium and Lead. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 9: 434-443.
  • Shah, S.L. and Altindag, A. 2005. Alteration in the immunological parameters of tench (Tinca tinca L.) after acute and choric exposure to lethal and sublethal treatments with mercury, cadmium and leal. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 29: 116311
  • Shahi, J. and Singh, A. 2011. Effect of bioactive compounds extracted from euphorbious plants on hematological and biochemical parameters of Channa punctatus. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 53: 259-263.
  • Tavares-Dias, M., Moraes, F.R. and Imoto, M.E. 2008. Haematological parameters in two neotropical freshwater teleost, Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae) and Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae). Bioscience Journal, 24: 96-101. Timmons, M.B., Ebeling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summerfelt, S.T. and Vinci, B.J. 2002. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. Cayuga Aqua Ventures, Ithaca. Ueda, I.K., Egami, M.I., Sasso, W.S. and Matushima, E.R. 19 Estudos hematologicos em Oreochromis (Tilapia) niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cichlidae, Teleostei) – part I. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 34: 270–275.

Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, - , 01.06.2013
https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess the values of haematological parameters using an automatic method and to evaluate the blood profile in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) reared in different aquaculture systems (offshore cage and onshore tanks). For this reason, 100 fish (5 replicates for each aquaculture system) reared in two Sicilian farms with different management: offshore cages (Farm 1) and onshore open concrete tanks (Farm 2), were used. In both aquaculture farms, physical and chemical characteristics of water were detected. After collection, blood samples were immediately analysed with both manual and automatic methods. Our results showed that sea bream with similar biometric data (in mean 292 g in weight and 27.2 cm in total length for Farm 1; 232 g in weight and 24.6 cm in total length for Farm 2), but rearing in different conditions, have different baseline haematological values and this underline that water quality could influence haematological parameters of fish. In particular, it was seen that Farm 2 showed a lower value of RBC, Hct and WBC and higher value of Hgb, TC, MCV, MCH and MCHC than Farm 1. In particular, mean values of 3.28 and 2.89 in RBC; 7.38 and 45.19 in Hct, 8.31 and 10.66 in Hgb, 62.55 and 53.80 in WBC, 67.92 and 88.66 in TC, 146.3 and 157.5 in MCV, 25.55 and 37.13 in MCH and 17.6 and 23.62 in MCHC were recorded respectively for Farm 1 and Farm 2. The variations in haematological parameters due to different location of farm allow us to claim that changes in blood characteristics are important indices in monitoring the effect of habitat changes and management on the fish physiology.

References

  • Ahamed, N.A., El-Serafy, S.S., El-Shaey, A.A.M. and Abdel-Haimide, N.H. 1992. Effect of ammonia on some haematological parameters of Orcheomis niloticus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society A R Egypt, 23: 155-160.
  • Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Kapetsky, J.M. and Soto, D. 2008. The potential of spatial planning tools to support the ecosystem approach to aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings, 17. FAO, Rome, 176 pp.
  • Ayoola, S.O., Kuton, M.P., Idowu, A.A. and Adelekun, A.B. 2011. Acute toxicity of Nile Tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) juveniles exposed to aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ipomoea aquatica Natural Science, 9: 91
  • Bowden, T.J., Thompson, K.D., Morgan, A.L., Gratacap, R.M.L. and Nikoskelainen, S. 2007. Seasonal variation and the immune response: a fish perspective. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 22: 695–706. doi: 1016/j.fsi.2006.08.016
  • Caruso, G., Genovese, L., Maricchiolo, G. and Modica, A. 200 Haemotological, biochemical and immunological parameters as stress indicators in Dicentrarchus labrax and Sparus aurata farmed in offshore cages. Aquaculture International, 13: 67-73. doi: 1007/s10499-004-9031-5
  • Elahee, K.B. and Bhagwant, S. 2007. Hematological and gill histopathological parameters of three tropical fish species from a polluted lagoon on the west coast of Mauritius. Ecotoxicology and Environment Safety, 68: 361-371. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.06.003
  • Faggio, C., Casella, S., Arfuso, F., Marafioti, S., Piccione, G. and Fazio, F. 2012. Effect of storage time on haematological parameters in mullet, Mugil cephalus. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 31(5): 412-416. doi 1002/cbf.2915.
  • FAO 2011. Cultured Aquaculture Species Information Programme. www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/search/en.
  • Fazio, F., Filiciotto, F., Marafioti, S., Di Stefano, V., Assenza, A., Placenti, F., Buscaino, G., Piccione, G. and Mazzola, S. 2012a. Automatic analysis to assess hematological parameters in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata Linneaus,1785). Marine Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 45: 63-73. doi: 1080/10236244.2012.677559
  • Fazio, F., Faggio, C., Marafioti, S., Torre, A., Sanfilippo, M. and Piccione, G. 2012b. Comparative study of hematological profile on Gobius niger in two different habitat sites: Faro Lake and Tyrrhenian Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 53: 213-219.
  • Fazio, F., Marafioti, S., Torre, A., Sanfilippo, M., Panzera, M. and Faggio, C. 2013. Haematological and serum protein profiles of Mugil cephalus: effect of two different habitats. Ichthyological Research, 60: 36-42. doi: 1007/s10228-012-0303-1
  • Gabriel, U.U., Ezeri, G.N.O. and Opabunmi, O.O. 2004. Manual RBC counts were error proved and suggested that Influence of sex, source, health status and HCT and Hb may be better parameters for the assessment acclimation on the hematology of Clarias gariepinus of anemia in fish. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3: 463-467.
  • Gbadamosi Oluyemi, K., Adeparusi, E.A. and Olanrewaju, J. 2008. Basic haematogical parameters in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) FED ascorbic acid supplemented diets. Research Journal of Animal Science, 2: 17-21.
  • Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K. and Ehrhardt, M. 1999. Methods of seawater analysis, 3 rd edition, Weinheim, Wiley-VHC. doi: 10.1002/9783527613984
  • Handy, R.D. and Depledge, M.H. 1999. Physiological responses: their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicology, 8: 329-349. doi: 1023/A:1008930404461
  • Holmer, M. 2010. Environmental issues of fish farming in offshore waters: perspectives, concerns and research needs. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 1: 57– doi: 10.3354/aei00007
  • Ibarz, A., Padrós, F., Gallardo, A.M., Fernádez-Borraàs, J., Blasco, J. and Tort, L. 2010. Low-temperature challenges to gilthead sea bream culture: review of cold-induced alterations and ‘Winter Syndrome’. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20: 539-556. doi: 1007/s11160-010-9159-5
  • Ishikawa, N.M., Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T., Lombardi, J.V. and Ferreira, C.M. 2007. Hematological parameters in Nile Tilápia, Oreochromis niloticus exposed to subletal concentrations of mercury. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 50: 619-626. doi: 1590/S1516-89132007000400007
  • Kori-Siakpere, O., Ake, J.E.G. and Idoge, E. 2005. Haematological characteristics of the African snakehead, Parachacnna obscura. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4: 527-530.
  • Kumari, J., Sahoo, P.K., Swain, T., Sahoo, S.K., Sahu, A.K. and Mohanty, B.R. 2006. Seasonal variation in the innate immune parameters of the Asian catfish Clarias batrachus. Aquaculture, 252: 121–127. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.025
  • Morgan, A.L., Thompson, K.D., Porter, M.J.R., Burrells, C. and Bromage, N.R. 2003. Effect of seasonality on the immune response of rainbow trout. European Association of Fish Pathologists Conference, Malta.
  • O’Neal, C.C. and Weirich, C.R. 2001. Effects of low level salinity on production and haematological parameters of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus reared in multicrop ponds. In: Book of abstract. Aquaculture 200 Int. Triennal Conf of World Aquaculture Soc Jan 21-25. Disney Colorado Springs Resort Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 484 pp.
  • Pavlidis, M., Futter, W.C., Katharios, P. and Divanach, P. 200 Blood cell profile of six Mediterranean mariculture fish species. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23: 70– doi: 1111/j.1439042006.00771.x
  • Pelegri, J.L., Marrero-Diaz, A. and Ratsimandresy, A.W. 200 Nutrient irrigation of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 70: 366–406. doi: 1016/j.pocean.2006.03.018
  • Percin, F. and Konyalioglu, S. 2008. Serum biochemical profiles of captive and wild northern bluefin tuna, (Thunnus thynnus L. 1758) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Aquaculture Research, 39: 945-953. doi: 1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01954.x
  • Percin, F., Konyalioglu, S., Firat, K. and Saka, S. 2010. Serum electrolytes of wild and captive bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) in Turkish Seas. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 16(9): 2207-2213.
  • Pillay, T.V.R. and Kutty, M.N. 2005. Aquaculture, Principles and Practices. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK, 624 pp.
  • Sanni, S. and Forsberg, O.I. 1996. Modelling pH and carbon dioxide in single-pass seawater aquaculture systems. Aquaculture Engineering, 15: 91–110. doi: 1016/0144-8609(95)00003-8
  • Shah, S.L. 2010. Hematological changes in Tinca tinca after exposure to lethal and sublethal doses of Mercury, Cadmium and Lead. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 9: 434-443.
  • Shah, S.L. and Altindag, A. 2005. Alteration in the immunological parameters of tench (Tinca tinca L.) after acute and choric exposure to lethal and sublethal treatments with mercury, cadmium and leal. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 29: 116311
  • Shahi, J. and Singh, A. 2011. Effect of bioactive compounds extracted from euphorbious plants on hematological and biochemical parameters of Channa punctatus. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 53: 259-263.
  • Tavares-Dias, M., Moraes, F.R. and Imoto, M.E. 2008. Haematological parameters in two neotropical freshwater teleost, Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae) and Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae). Bioscience Journal, 24: 96-101. Timmons, M.B., Ebeling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summerfelt, S.T. and Vinci, B.J. 2002. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. Cayuga Aqua Ventures, Ithaca. Ueda, I.K., Egami, M.I., Sasso, W.S. and Matushima, E.R. 19 Estudos hematologicos em Oreochromis (Tilapia) niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cichlidae, Teleostei) – part I. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 34: 270–275.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Francesco Fazio This is me

Simona Marafioti This is me

Francesco Filiciotto This is me

* Giuseppa Buscaino This is me

Michele Panzera This is me

Caterina Faggio This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Fazio, F., Marafioti, S., Filiciotto, F., Buscaino, *. G., et al. (2013). Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04
AMA Fazio F, Marafioti S, Filiciotto F, Buscaino *G, Panzera M, Faggio C. Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. June 2013;13(3). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04
Chicago Fazio, Francesco, Simona Marafioti, Francesco Filiciotto, * Giuseppa Buscaino, Michele Panzera, and Caterina Faggio. “Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus Aurata) from Sicily, Italy”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, no. 3 (June 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04.
EndNote Fazio F, Marafioti S, Filiciotto F, Buscaino *G, Panzera M, Faggio C (June 1, 2013) Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 3
IEEE F. Fazio, S. Marafioti, F. Filiciotto, *. G. Buscaino, M. Panzera, and C. Faggio, “Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 3, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04.
ISNAD Fazio, Francesco et al. “Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus Aurata) from Sicily, Italy”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/3 (June 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04.
JAMA Fazio F, Marafioti S, Filiciotto F, Buscaino *G, Panzera M, Faggio C. Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04.
MLA Fazio, Francesco et al. “Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus Aurata) from Sicily, Italy”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 3, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_04.
Vancouver Fazio F, Marafioti S, Filiciotto F, Buscaino *G, Panzera M, Faggio C. Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(3).