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The Effect of Extracted Salt from Urmia Lake on the Growth, βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella sp.

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, - , 01.04.2013

Mojtaba Fathi Saeed Meshkini Roya Nadiri

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05

Abstract

Chlorella is a microalga that has been widely used in medicine, agriculture and environment. At present, there has been a founded equipped cultural pond to mass-produce of this alga all over the world. In this study, the effect of extracted salt from Urmia Lake with concentrations of 10, 30 and 50 g. L-1 on Chlorella sp. Biological parameters were investigated. The results indicated that in all treatments, the highest number of cells was observed on the 20th day while there were no significant differences among various salt concentrations. The highest and the lowest chlorophyll a values were reported in 50 g.L-1 and 30 g.L-1 salinities respectively although, the highest chlorophyll a value was obtained from 50 g.L-1 salinity on the 5th day. This study indicated that 50 g. L-1 salinity produced the highest Beta-carotene on days 10 and 15.

Keywords

Urmia Lake Chlorella salinity βeta-carotene chlorophyll a cell number

References

  • Abdel-Rahman, M.H.M., Ali, R.M. and Said, H.A. 2005. Alleviation of NaCl induced effects on Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorococcum hunmicola by riboflavin application. International journal of Agriculture and Biology, 7: 58-62.
  • Alyabyev, A.J., Loseva, N.L., Gordon, L.K., Andreyeva, I.N., Rachimova, G.G., Tribunskih, V.I., Ponomareva, A.A. and Kempb, R.B. 2007. The effect of changes in salinity on the energy yielding processes of Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella maritima cells. Thermochimica Acta, 458: 65doi: 1016/j.tca.2007.03.003
  • Ax, K., Schubert, H., Briviba, K., Rechkemmer, G. and Tevini, M. 2001. Oil-in water emulsions as carriers of bioavailable carotenoids. In: Proc Partec, 1:1-8.
  • Bagulia, A.M. 2008. Encyclopedia of algae, Publisher Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 1334 pp.
  • Bertram, J.S. and Bortkiewicz, H. 1995. Dietary carotenoids inhibit neoplastic transformation and modulate gene expression in mouse and human cells. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62: 1327-1336.
  • Bilgrami, K.S. and Saha, L.C. 2002. A textbook of algae, CBC publishers and distributors, 263 pp.
  • Borowitzka, M.A., Borowitzka, L.J. and Kessly, D. 1990. Effects of salinity increase on carotenoid accumulation in the green alga Dunaliella salina. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2: 111-119. doi: 1007/BF00023372
  • Borowitzka, M.A. and Siva, C.J. 2007. The taxonomy of the genus Dunaliella (Chlorophyta, Dunaliellales) with emphasis on the marine and halophilic species. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19: 567-590. doi 1007/s10811-007-9171-x
  • Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H. 1995. Carotenoids. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 1: 13-63.
  • Celekli, A. and Dönmez, G. 2006. Effect of pH, light intensity, salt and nitrogen concentrations on growth and β-carotene accumulation by a new isolate of Dunaliella sp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22: 183-189. doi: 10.1007/s11274005-9017-0.
  • Chisti, Y. 2007. Research review paper Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25: 294-306. doi:1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
  • Chmielewská, E. and Medved, J. 2001. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by green algae Cladophora gramerata in a refinery sewage lagoon. Croatica Chemica acta, 74: 135-145. This paper has not doi record.
  • Cho, S-H., JI, S-C., Hur, S., Bae, J., Park, I-S. and Song, YC. 200 Optimum temperature and salinity conditions for growth of green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea and Nannochloris oculata. Fisheries Science, 73: 105010 doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01435.x
  • Chun, W. and Shun-shan, D. 2006. Response of Dunaliella salina to the salinity’s change. Ecologic Science, 25: 135-1
  • Dong, H. and Gui, G.D. 1999. Effect of Salinity on Ultra structure of Chloroplast in Dunaliella salina. Journal of Xuzhou normal university (natural science edition), 17: 54-58.
  • Eijckelhoff, C. and Dekker, J.P. 1997. A routine method to determine the chlorophyll a, pheophytin a and βcarotene contents of isolated Photo system II reaction center complexes. Photosynthesis Research, 52: 69 doi: 10.1023/A:1005834006985
  • Faramarzi, M. Frotane, F.H. and Shakebaye, M. 2010. Micro-algae Biotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Publications, 406 pp.
  • Fazeli, M.R., Tofighi, H., Samadi, N. and Jamalifar, H. 200 Effects of salinity on β-carotene production by Dunaliella tertiolecta DCCBC26 isolated from the Urmia salt lake, north of Iran. Bioresource Technology, 97: 2453-2456. doi: 1016/j.biortech.2005.10.037
  • Gomez, P., Barriga, A., Cifuentes, A.S. and Gonzalez, M.A. 200 Effect of salinity on the quantity and quality of carotenoids accumulated by Dunaliella salina (strain CONC-007) and Dunaliella bardawil (strain ATCC 30861) Chlorophyta. Biological Research, 36: 1851 doi: 10.4067/S0716-97602003000200008
  • Grossa, G.J. and Lockwood, S.F. 2004. Cardioprotection and myocardial salvage by a disodium disuccinate astaxanthin derivative (Cardax™). Life Sciences, 75: 215-2 doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.12.006.
  • Gu, N., Lin, Q., Li, G., Qin, G., Lin, J. and Huang, L. 2012. Effect of Salinity Change on Biomass and Biochemical Composition of Nannochloropsis oculata. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43: 97-106. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00538.x
  • Hiremath, S. and Mathad, P. 2010. Impact of Salinity on the Physiological and Biochemical Traits of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck. Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, 1: 51-59.
  • Horincar, V.B., Parfene, P. and Bahrim, G. 2011. Evaluation of bioactive compounds in extracts obtained from three Romanian marine algae species. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 16: 1-8.
  • Jiménez, C. and Niell, F.X. 1991. Growth of Dunaliella viridis Teodoresco: effect of salinity, temperature and nitrogen concentration. Journal of Applied Phycology, 3: 319-327. doi: 10.1007/BF02180920
  • Kar, D., Sur, P., Mandal, S.K., Saha, T. and Kole, R.K. 200 Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface water. International Journal of Environ Sciences Technology, 5: 119-124. Kaur, G. and Khattar, J.I.S. 2009. Algal Biology and Biotechnology, Microalgae: A Source of natural Colours, I K International Publishing House, 287 pp.
  • Lawal, S.A. and Babakano, A. 2011. Performance Evaluation of Palm Oil as Biodiesel. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, 10:115-122.
  • Lei, F. and Yong-en, G. 2009. Effects of Salinity on the Total Lipids Contents and Fatty Acids Composition of 4 Strains of Marine Green Algae. Journal of Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 4: 22-24-28.
  • Mingjiang, Y., Weixiang, Y., Zhenjun, X., Yusheng, X., Yongyuan, W., Shihua, C., Wenfa, T. and Xiangrong, J. 19 Effects of temperature and salinity on uptake of ~ (60) co and ~ (137) cs by and on growth of chlorella vulgaris. Scientiae Circumstantiae, 3: 1711
  • Moronta, R. Mora, R. and Morales, E. 2006. Response of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana to pH, salinity and temperature in axenic and non axenic conditions. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía (LUZ), 23: 27
  • Narváez-Zapata, J.A., Rojas-Herrera, R., López-Uc, Y. and Sánchez-Estudillo, L. 2011. Different physiological responses influenced by salinity in genetically related Dunaliella salina isolates. Biotechnology Letters, 33: 1021-1026. doi: 10.1007/s10529-011-0523-x
  • Niu, Y.F., Zhang, M.H., Xie, W.H., Li, J.N., Gao, Y.F., Yang, W.D., Liu, J.S. and Li, H.Y. 2011. A new inducible expression system in a transformed green alga, Chlorella vulgaris. Genetics and Molecular Research, 10: 3427-3434. doi: 10.4238/2011.Oct.21.1 Papageorgiou, G.C. and Govindjee, (Eds) 200 Chlorophyll a Fluorescence, a Signature of Photosynthesis. Springer Dordrecht, 19: 737-755.
  • Pasqualetti, M., Bernini, R., Carletti, L., Crisante, F. and Tempesta, S. 2010. Salinity and nitrate concentration on the growth and carotenoids accumulation in a strain of Dunaliella Salina (Chlorophyta) cultivated under laboratory conditions. Transitional Waters Bulletin, 4: 94-104. doi: 10.1285/i1825229Xv4n1p94 Pick, U. 1992. ATPases and ion transport in Dunaliella. In M Avron, A Ben Amotz, Eds, Dunaliella: Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 63-97 pp.
  • Qingtian, Z. and Guikun, H. 2009. Study On Effect of Salinity on the Growth of Micro Algae Isochrysis. Journal of Salt and Chemical Industry, 38: 8-10.
  • Rad, F-A., Aksoz, N. and Hejazi, M-A. 2011. Effect of salinity on cell growth and beta-carotene production in Dunaliella sp. isolates from Urmia Lake in northwest of Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 2282-2289. doi: 10.5897/AJB10.1934
  • Raja, R., Hemaiswarya, S. and Rengasamy, R. 2007. Exploitation of Dunaliella for beta-carotene production. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 74: 517-523. doi: 10.1007/s00253006-0777-8.
  • Rajesh, K.M., Gowda, G., R.Menon, M. and Nazareth, A.P. 200 Distribution of sediment chlorophyll a and phaeopigments in the brackishwater ponds along the Nethravathi estuary, India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 48: 145-149. Ranga Rao, A., Dayananda, C., Sarada, R., Shamala, T.R. and Ravishankar, G.A. 2007. Effect of salinity on growth of green alga Botryococcus braunii and its constituents. Bioresource Technology, 98: 560-564. doi: 1016/j.biortech.2006.02.007
  • Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. and Eichhorn, S.E. 2005. Photosynthesis, Light, and Life. Biology of Plants 7 th .W.H Freeman and Company, New York 7: 119 1
  • Reddy, O.V., Wattal-Dhar, D., Prasanna, R. and Singh, P.K. 200 The influence of sodium stress on selected cyanobacterial isolates. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 8: 332-338. Roohnavaz, S.H. 2008. Effect of NaCl on growth and nutritional value in the production of alga, Chlorella Vulgaris. MSc thesis, Tabriz: University Tabriz. Department of Agriculture. Department of Food
  • Science and Technology. Takaichi, S. 2011. Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions. Marine Drugs, 9: 11011 doi:10.3390/md9061101
  • Vonshak, A.N., Kancharaksa, B.B. and Tanticharoen, M. 19 Role of Right and Photosynthesis on the acclimation process of the cyanobacterial Spirulina platensis to salinity stress. Journal of Applied Phycology, 8: 119-124. doi: 10.1007/BF02186314
  • Wang, P-I. and Yuan, Z-Y. 2009. Effects of Salinity on the Growth and Pigment Accumulation of Alga Dunaliella salina. Fisheries Science, 28: 71-74.

The Effect of Extracted Salt from Urmia Lake on the Growth, βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella sp.

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, - , 01.04.2013

Mojtaba Fathi Saeed Meshkini Roya Nadiri

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05

Abstract

Chlorella is a microalga that has been widely used in medicine, agriculture and environment. At present, there has been a founded equipped cultural pond to mass-produce of this alga all over the world. In this study, the effect of extracted salt from Urmia Lake with concentrations of 10, 30 and 50 g. L-1 on Chlorella sp. Biological parameters were investigated. The results indicated that in all treatments, the highest number of cells was observed on the 20th day while there were no significant differences among various salt concentrations. The highest and the lowest chlorophyll a values were reported in 50 g.L-1 and 30 g.L-1 salinities respectively although, the highest chlorophyll a value was obtained from 50 g.L-1 salinity on the 5th day. This study indicated that 50 g. L-1 salinity produced the highest Beta-carotene on days 10 and 15.

Keywords

Urmia Lake Chlorella salinity βeta-carotene chlorophyll a cell number

References

  • Abdel-Rahman, M.H.M., Ali, R.M. and Said, H.A. 2005. Alleviation of NaCl induced effects on Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorococcum hunmicola by riboflavin application. International journal of Agriculture and Biology, 7: 58-62.
  • Alyabyev, A.J., Loseva, N.L., Gordon, L.K., Andreyeva, I.N., Rachimova, G.G., Tribunskih, V.I., Ponomareva, A.A. and Kempb, R.B. 2007. The effect of changes in salinity on the energy yielding processes of Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella maritima cells. Thermochimica Acta, 458: 65doi: 1016/j.tca.2007.03.003
  • Ax, K., Schubert, H., Briviba, K., Rechkemmer, G. and Tevini, M. 2001. Oil-in water emulsions as carriers of bioavailable carotenoids. In: Proc Partec, 1:1-8.
  • Bagulia, A.M. 2008. Encyclopedia of algae, Publisher Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 1334 pp.
  • Bertram, J.S. and Bortkiewicz, H. 1995. Dietary carotenoids inhibit neoplastic transformation and modulate gene expression in mouse and human cells. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62: 1327-1336.
  • Bilgrami, K.S. and Saha, L.C. 2002. A textbook of algae, CBC publishers and distributors, 263 pp.
  • Borowitzka, M.A., Borowitzka, L.J. and Kessly, D. 1990. Effects of salinity increase on carotenoid accumulation in the green alga Dunaliella salina. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2: 111-119. doi: 1007/BF00023372
  • Borowitzka, M.A. and Siva, C.J. 2007. The taxonomy of the genus Dunaliella (Chlorophyta, Dunaliellales) with emphasis on the marine and halophilic species. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19: 567-590. doi 1007/s10811-007-9171-x
  • Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H. 1995. Carotenoids. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 1: 13-63.
  • Celekli, A. and Dönmez, G. 2006. Effect of pH, light intensity, salt and nitrogen concentrations on growth and β-carotene accumulation by a new isolate of Dunaliella sp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22: 183-189. doi: 10.1007/s11274005-9017-0.
  • Chisti, Y. 2007. Research review paper Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25: 294-306. doi:1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
  • Chmielewská, E. and Medved, J. 2001. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by green algae Cladophora gramerata in a refinery sewage lagoon. Croatica Chemica acta, 74: 135-145. This paper has not doi record.
  • Cho, S-H., JI, S-C., Hur, S., Bae, J., Park, I-S. and Song, YC. 200 Optimum temperature and salinity conditions for growth of green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea and Nannochloris oculata. Fisheries Science, 73: 105010 doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01435.x
  • Chun, W. and Shun-shan, D. 2006. Response of Dunaliella salina to the salinity’s change. Ecologic Science, 25: 135-1
  • Dong, H. and Gui, G.D. 1999. Effect of Salinity on Ultra structure of Chloroplast in Dunaliella salina. Journal of Xuzhou normal university (natural science edition), 17: 54-58.
  • Eijckelhoff, C. and Dekker, J.P. 1997. A routine method to determine the chlorophyll a, pheophytin a and βcarotene contents of isolated Photo system II reaction center complexes. Photosynthesis Research, 52: 69 doi: 10.1023/A:1005834006985
  • Faramarzi, M. Frotane, F.H. and Shakebaye, M. 2010. Micro-algae Biotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Publications, 406 pp.
  • Fazeli, M.R., Tofighi, H., Samadi, N. and Jamalifar, H. 200 Effects of salinity on β-carotene production by Dunaliella tertiolecta DCCBC26 isolated from the Urmia salt lake, north of Iran. Bioresource Technology, 97: 2453-2456. doi: 1016/j.biortech.2005.10.037
  • Gomez, P., Barriga, A., Cifuentes, A.S. and Gonzalez, M.A. 200 Effect of salinity on the quantity and quality of carotenoids accumulated by Dunaliella salina (strain CONC-007) and Dunaliella bardawil (strain ATCC 30861) Chlorophyta. Biological Research, 36: 1851 doi: 10.4067/S0716-97602003000200008
  • Grossa, G.J. and Lockwood, S.F. 2004. Cardioprotection and myocardial salvage by a disodium disuccinate astaxanthin derivative (Cardax™). Life Sciences, 75: 215-2 doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.12.006.
  • Gu, N., Lin, Q., Li, G., Qin, G., Lin, J. and Huang, L. 2012. Effect of Salinity Change on Biomass and Biochemical Composition of Nannochloropsis oculata. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43: 97-106. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00538.x
  • Hiremath, S. and Mathad, P. 2010. Impact of Salinity on the Physiological and Biochemical Traits of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck. Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, 1: 51-59.
  • Horincar, V.B., Parfene, P. and Bahrim, G. 2011. Evaluation of bioactive compounds in extracts obtained from three Romanian marine algae species. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 16: 1-8.
  • Jiménez, C. and Niell, F.X. 1991. Growth of Dunaliella viridis Teodoresco: effect of salinity, temperature and nitrogen concentration. Journal of Applied Phycology, 3: 319-327. doi: 10.1007/BF02180920
  • Kar, D., Sur, P., Mandal, S.K., Saha, T. and Kole, R.K. 200 Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface water. International Journal of Environ Sciences Technology, 5: 119-124. Kaur, G. and Khattar, J.I.S. 2009. Algal Biology and Biotechnology, Microalgae: A Source of natural Colours, I K International Publishing House, 287 pp.
  • Lawal, S.A. and Babakano, A. 2011. Performance Evaluation of Palm Oil as Biodiesel. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, 10:115-122.
  • Lei, F. and Yong-en, G. 2009. Effects of Salinity on the Total Lipids Contents and Fatty Acids Composition of 4 Strains of Marine Green Algae. Journal of Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 4: 22-24-28.
  • Mingjiang, Y., Weixiang, Y., Zhenjun, X., Yusheng, X., Yongyuan, W., Shihua, C., Wenfa, T. and Xiangrong, J. 19 Effects of temperature and salinity on uptake of ~ (60) co and ~ (137) cs by and on growth of chlorella vulgaris. Scientiae Circumstantiae, 3: 1711
  • Moronta, R. Mora, R. and Morales, E. 2006. Response of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana to pH, salinity and temperature in axenic and non axenic conditions. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía (LUZ), 23: 27
  • Narváez-Zapata, J.A., Rojas-Herrera, R., López-Uc, Y. and Sánchez-Estudillo, L. 2011. Different physiological responses influenced by salinity in genetically related Dunaliella salina isolates. Biotechnology Letters, 33: 1021-1026. doi: 10.1007/s10529-011-0523-x
  • Niu, Y.F., Zhang, M.H., Xie, W.H., Li, J.N., Gao, Y.F., Yang, W.D., Liu, J.S. and Li, H.Y. 2011. A new inducible expression system in a transformed green alga, Chlorella vulgaris. Genetics and Molecular Research, 10: 3427-3434. doi: 10.4238/2011.Oct.21.1 Papageorgiou, G.C. and Govindjee, (Eds) 200 Chlorophyll a Fluorescence, a Signature of Photosynthesis. Springer Dordrecht, 19: 737-755.
  • Pasqualetti, M., Bernini, R., Carletti, L., Crisante, F. and Tempesta, S. 2010. Salinity and nitrate concentration on the growth and carotenoids accumulation in a strain of Dunaliella Salina (Chlorophyta) cultivated under laboratory conditions. Transitional Waters Bulletin, 4: 94-104. doi: 10.1285/i1825229Xv4n1p94 Pick, U. 1992. ATPases and ion transport in Dunaliella. In M Avron, A Ben Amotz, Eds, Dunaliella: Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 63-97 pp.
  • Qingtian, Z. and Guikun, H. 2009. Study On Effect of Salinity on the Growth of Micro Algae Isochrysis. Journal of Salt and Chemical Industry, 38: 8-10.
  • Rad, F-A., Aksoz, N. and Hejazi, M-A. 2011. Effect of salinity on cell growth and beta-carotene production in Dunaliella sp. isolates from Urmia Lake in northwest of Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 2282-2289. doi: 10.5897/AJB10.1934
  • Raja, R., Hemaiswarya, S. and Rengasamy, R. 2007. Exploitation of Dunaliella for beta-carotene production. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 74: 517-523. doi: 10.1007/s00253006-0777-8.
  • Rajesh, K.M., Gowda, G., R.Menon, M. and Nazareth, A.P. 200 Distribution of sediment chlorophyll a and phaeopigments in the brackishwater ponds along the Nethravathi estuary, India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 48: 145-149. Ranga Rao, A., Dayananda, C., Sarada, R., Shamala, T.R. and Ravishankar, G.A. 2007. Effect of salinity on growth of green alga Botryococcus braunii and its constituents. Bioresource Technology, 98: 560-564. doi: 1016/j.biortech.2006.02.007
  • Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. and Eichhorn, S.E. 2005. Photosynthesis, Light, and Life. Biology of Plants 7 th .W.H Freeman and Company, New York 7: 119 1
  • Reddy, O.V., Wattal-Dhar, D., Prasanna, R. and Singh, P.K. 200 The influence of sodium stress on selected cyanobacterial isolates. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 8: 332-338. Roohnavaz, S.H. 2008. Effect of NaCl on growth and nutritional value in the production of alga, Chlorella Vulgaris. MSc thesis, Tabriz: University Tabriz. Department of Agriculture. Department of Food
  • Science and Technology. Takaichi, S. 2011. Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions. Marine Drugs, 9: 11011 doi:10.3390/md9061101
  • Vonshak, A.N., Kancharaksa, B.B. and Tanticharoen, M. 19 Role of Right and Photosynthesis on the acclimation process of the cyanobacterial Spirulina platensis to salinity stress. Journal of Applied Phycology, 8: 119-124. doi: 10.1007/BF02186314
  • Wang, P-I. and Yuan, Z-Y. 2009. Effects of Salinity on the Growth and Pigment Accumulation of Alga Dunaliella salina. Fisheries Science, 28: 71-74.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mojtaba Fathi This is me

Saeed Meshkini This is me

Roya Nadiri This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Fathi, M., Meshkini, S., & Nadiri, R. (2013). The Effect of Extracted Salt from Urmia Lake on the Growth, βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella sp. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05
AMA Fathi M, Meshkini S, Nadiri R. The Effect of Extracted Salt from Urmia Lake on the Growth, βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella sp. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. April 2013;13(2). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05
Chicago Fathi, Mojtaba, Saeed Meshkini, and Roya Nadiri. “ βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella Sp”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, no. 2 (April 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05.
EndNote Fathi M, Meshkini S, Nadiri R (April 1, 2013) The Effect of Extracted Salt from Urmia Lake on the Growth, βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella sp. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 2
IEEE M. Fathi, S. Meshkini, and R. Nadiri, “ βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella sp”., Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05.
ISNAD Fathi, Mojtaba et al. “ βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella Sp”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/2 (April 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05.
JAMA Fathi M, Meshkini S, Nadiri R. The Effect of Extracted Salt from Urmia Lake on the Growth, βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella sp. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05.
MLA Fathi, Mojtaba et al. “ βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella Sp”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_05.
Vancouver Fathi M, Meshkini S, Nadiri R. The Effect of Extracted Salt from Urmia Lake on the Growth, βeta- Carotene and Chlorophyll a Content of Halophilic Alga Chlorella sp. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(2).