Characterization and Nutritional Quality of Formic Acid Silage Developed from Marine Fishery Waste and their Potential Utilization as Feed Stuff for Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Fingerlings

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, - , 01.04.2013

Ramasamy Ramasubburayan Palanisamy Iyapparaj Kanaharaja Joselin Subhashini Manohar Navin Chandran Arunachalam Palavesam Grasian Immanuel

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_2_10

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to bring out a cost effective feed from fish silage for promoting growth in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. For this, acid silages were prepared using fishery wastes supplemented with three different concentrations (2, 2.5 and 3%) of formic acid and fermented for 30 days. During fermentation, the physicochemical parameters and aerobic plate count of silage products were estimated for 30 days at an interval of 10 days. Results indicated that pH, dry matter, ash, protein contents and aerobic plate count showed a declining trend during ensilaging day's interval. However, lipid and mineral contents were gradually increased up to 30th day. After 30 days of fermentation, the amino acids and vitamins were quantitatively as well as qualitatively ascertained in all silages. Further, the individual silage products were used as one of the major ingredients to prepare formulated diets (E1: 2%; E2: 2.5% and E3: 3%). The prepared diets were fed to C. carpio fingerlings for 45 days and the growth promoting efficacy of the diets was tested. From the results it was understood that, 2% acid silage diet had higher weight gain (2.38g), SGR (1.49%) and significant increase in biochemical constituents than other diets fed fish

Keywords

Fish waste; formic acid; silage; C

References

• AOAC, 1990. Association of Official Agriculture Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th Ed. Published by AOAC Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington, DC.
• Arason, S. 1994. Production of fish silage. In: A.M.Martin (Ed.), Fishery Processing, Biotechnological Applications. Chapman and Hall, London, 245–271.
• Dapkevicius, M.L.E., Batista, I., Robert Nout, M.J., Rombouts, M.F. and Houben, H.J. 1998. Lipid and Protein changes during the ensilage of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou Risso) by acid and biological methods. Food Chemistry, 63: 97–102. doi:1016/S0308-8146(97)00156-8.
• Delgado, H.S., Avila, E. and Sotelo, A. 2008. Preparation of silage from Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) and its evaluation in broiler diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141: 129–140. doi:1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.023.
• Fagbenro, O.A. and Jauncey, K. 1998. Physical and nutritional properties of moist fermented fish silage pellets as a protein supplement for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 71: 11– doi:1016/S03778401(97)00123-5.
• FAO, 1994. Animal Feed Resources Information System. http://www.fao.org. (accessed March 20, 2007).
• Fox, C.J., Blow, P., Brown, J.H. and Watson, I. 1994. The effect of various processing methods on the physical and biochemical properties of shrimp head meals and their utilization by juvenile Peneaus monodon (Fab). Aquaculture, 122: 209–226. doi:1016/00448486(94)90511-8.
• Gallagher, M.L. 1993. Preliminary evaluation of fish silage as a weaning diet for hybrid striped bass. Bulletin of Aquaculture Association of Canada, 93: 55 – 58.
• Geron, L.J.V., Zeoula, L.M., Vidotti, R.M., Matsushita, M., Kazama, R., Neto, S.F.C. and Fereli, F. 2007. Chemical characterization, dry matter and crude protein ruminal degradability and in vitro intestinal digestion of acid and fermented silage from tilapia filleting residue. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 136: 226–239. doi:101016/j.anifeedsci.2006.09.006.
• Hammoumi, A., Fiad, M., El Yachioui, M. and Amarouch, H. 1998. Characterization of fermented fish waste used in feeding trials with broilers. Process Biochemistry, 33: 423–427. doi:10.1016/S00329592(97)00092-7.
• Hanafy, M.A. and Ibrahim, S.M. 2004. Storage stability of yogurt fermented fish silage. Journal of Egyptian Academic Social and Environmental Development, 5: 23–
• Hasan, B. 2003. Fermentation of fish silage using Lactobacillus pentosus. Journal Nature Indonesia, 6: 11–
• Immanuel, G., Uma, R.P., Iyapparaj, P., Citarasu, T., Punitha Peter, S.M., Michael Babu, M. and Palavesam, A. 2009. Dietary medicinal plants improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Journal of Fish Biology, 74: 1462–1475. doi:1111/j.1095862009.02212.x.
• Johnson, R.J., Brown, N., Eason, P. and Sumner, J. 1985. The nutritional quality of two types of fish silage for broiler chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 36: 912. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740361105.
• Martin, A. and Benzerra, A. 2004. Recovery of fish biomass by a Low – energy ensiling operation. World Renewable energy congress VIII (WERC, 2004). Published by Elsevier Ltd. AAM Sayigh, 1 – 5.
• Nwanna, L.C., Balogun, A.M., Ajenifuja, Y.F. and Enujiugha, V.N. 2004. Replacement of fish meal with cd c b a d c b a d c b a ac ab a a 10 Control diet (C) 2% (E1) 5% (E2) 3% (E3) Experimental diets Prot ein (%) DM
• Carbohydrat e (%) DM Lipid (%) DM Ash (%) DM Figure 2. Biochemical composition of fish C. carpio fingerlings fed on control and experimental diets. Each value is the mean ± SD of three replicates samples; In each biochemical constituents bars with different alphabets are statistically different from each other (One way ANOVA test p <0.05 and subsequent post hoc multiple comparison with SNK test).