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The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) as Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS)

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, - , 01.02.2013

Katia Naneva Velichkova İvaylo Nikolaev Sirakov

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13

Abstract

Conventional water treatment in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) is a limited technology to answer the challenges of so called "sustainable aquaculture". This is why new and innovative technologies need to be invented and introduced in RAS. The aim of the conducted study was to determine the possible advantages of using two macrophytic plants - Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza and their quality as biological filter in a RAS for the cultivation of fingerlings from common carp. The temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity were measured daily with a portable combined meter and with a probe appropriate for the parameters in the newly constructed control and experimental RAS (with floating macrophytes as a biological filter). Ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen and phosphorus were measured spectrophotometrically. At the end of the trial the fish were weighed and individual weight gain, specific growth rate and FCR (feed conversion ratio) were calculated. The utilization of two macrophytes (Lemna and Wolffia) in their quality as a biofilter in RAS increased dissolved oxygen in the water, significantly decreased the quantity of total dissolved solids, ammonia, nitrite, orthophosphate as well as total phosphorus in water, and significantly increased the growth of the cultivated carp's fingerlings.

Keywords

Lemna Wolffia biofilter RAS water quality carp's fingerlings

References

  • Azeez, N. and Sabbar, A. 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 167(4): 163-172.
  • Bath, R.N. and Eddy, F.B. 1980. Transport of nitrite across fish gills. Journal Experimental Zoology, 214: 119– 1 doi:10.1002/jez.1402140115.
  • Berka, R., Kujal, B. and Lavicky, J. 1981. In: Recirculating systems in Eastern European Proceeding World Symposium on Aquaculture in Heated Effluents and Recirculation Systems, Stavanger, 28–30 May 1980. Berlin.
  • Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Auburn University. Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station. Pres., 482 pp.
  • Boyd, C.E. and Queiroz, J. 1997. Aquaculure pond effluent management. Aquaculture Asia, 4(6): 43-46.
  • Burrows, R. 1964. Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery-reared salmonids. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Res. Rep, 66: 1-12.
  • Cameron, J.N. 1971. Methemoglobin in erythrocytes of rainbow trout. Com. Biochem. Physiol., 40: 743-749.
  • Crab, R., Avinimelech, Y., Defoirdt, T., Bossier, P. and Verstraete, W. 2007. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for the sustainable production. Aquaculture, 270: 1-14.
  • El-Kheir W.A., Ismail, G., El-Nour, A., Tawfik, T. and Hammad, D. 2007. Assessment of the efficiency of duckweed (Lemna gibba) in wastewater treatment. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 5: 681-6
  • Ferdoushi, Z., Haque, F., Khan, S. and Haque, M. 2008. The Effects of two Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna and Azolla) as Biofilters of Nitrogen and Phosphate in Fish Ponds. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8: 253-258.
  • Gaigher, I.G., Porath D. and Granoth, G. 1984. Evaluation of duckweed (Lemna gibba) as feed for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus cross Oreochromis aureus) in a recirculating unit. Aquaculture, 41: 235-244. doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(84)90286-2
  • Gisbert, E., Rodríguez, A., Cardona, L., Huertas, M., Gallardo, MA., Sarasquete, C., Sala-Rabanal, M., Ibarz, A., Sánchez, J. and Castelló-Orvay, F. 2004. Recovery of Siberian sturgeon yearlings after an acute exposure to environmental nitrite: changes in the plasmatic ionic balance, Na + -K + ATPase activity, and gill histology. Aquaculture, 239: 141-154
  • Gutierrez-Wing, M. and Malone, R. 2006. Biological filters in aquaculture: trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications. Aquaculture Engineering, 34: 163-171. doi:1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.003
  • Hasan, M. and Chakrabarti, R. 2009. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
  • Technical Paper No.531. FAO, Rome, 135 pp. Hassan, M. and Edwards, P. 1992. Evaluation of duckweed (Lemna perpusilla and Spirodela polyrhiza) as feed for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 104: 315-326.
  • Hepher, B. and Pruginin, Y. 1979. Guide to fish culture in Israel. 4. Fertilisation, maturing and feeding. Foreign Training Dept., Israel, 61 pp.
  • Huet, M. 1970. Textbook of fish culture: breeding and cultivation of fish. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 436 pp.
  • Hyrayama, K., 1966. Influences of nitrate accumulated in culturing water on Octopus vulgaris. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish, 32: 105–111.
  • Isla Molleda, M. 2008. Water quality in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) culture. http://www.oceandocs.org
  • Jo, J.Y., Ma, J.S. and Kim, I.B. 2002. Comparisons of four commonly used aquatic plants for removing nitrogen nutrients in the intensive bioproduction Korean (IBK) recirculating aquaculture system. 20-23 Jul 2000, Proceedings of the 3 rd
  • International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke VA. Jordanov, D., Kitanov, B. and Valev, S. 1963. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Bulgaricae, Sofia, Acad. Press., 422 pp. (Bg).
  • Kamstra, A., van der Heul, J.W. and Nijhof, M. 1998. Performance and optimisation of trickling filters on eel farms. Aquac. Eng. 17:175–192.
  • Kroupová, H., Máchová, J., Svobodová, Z., Piačková, V. and Smutná, M. 2006. The ability of recovery in common carp after nitrite poisoning. Vet Med-Czech, 51: 423-431. doi:10.2754/avb200877030455.
  • Landolt, E. 1986. Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study, Volume 1., Veroff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Zurich: 638 pp.
  • Landolt, E. and Kandeler, R. 1987. The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study:phytochemistry, physiology, application and bibliography, Zurich, Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanisches Institut der Edg. Tech. Hochschule, Stiftung Ruebel. 638 pp.
  • Leitritz, E. and Lewis, R. 1976. Trout and salmon culture: hatchery methods. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, 164, 197 pp.
  • Leslie, A.J.Jr., Nall L.E. and Van Dyke, J.M. 1983. Effects of vegetation control by grass carp on selected water quality variables in four Florida lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 112: 777-87.
  • Margiocco C., Arillo, A., Mensi P. and Shenone, G. 1983. Nitrite bioaccumulation in Salmo gairdneri Rich. and haematological consequences. Aquatic Toxicology, 3: 261–270.
  • Meade, J.W. 1985. Allowable ammonia for fish culture. Prog. Fish-Cult., 47: 135 –145.
  • Muir, P.R., Sutton, D.C. and Owens, L. 1991. Nitrate toxicity to Penaeus monodon protozoea. Mar. Biol., 108: 67–71. doi:10.1007/BF01313472.
  • Pernial, M., Runa, R. and Martinez, B. 1998. Nutrient removal from a stormwater detention pond using duckweed. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 14(6): 605-60
  • Piedrahita, R. 2003. Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture, 226: 35Pompa, T. and Masser, M. 1999. Tilapia Life History and Biology. SRAC Publication No. 283.
  • Sengupta, S., Medda C. and Dewanji, A. 2010. The impact of duckweed growth on water quality in sub-tropical ponds. Environmentalist, 30: 353–360. doi:1007/s10669-010-9293-6.
  • Sipaşba-Tavares, L., Fávero E. and Braga, F. 2002. Utilization of macrophyte biofilter in effluent from aquaculture: I. Floating plant. Braz. J. Biol., 62(4a): 713-7
  • Timmons, M.B., Ebeling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summerfelt S.T. and Vinci, B.J. 2002. Recirculating aquaculture systems, 2 nd edition. Cayuga Aqua Ventures, Ithaca, NY, USA, 800 pp.
  • Steward, K.K. 1970. Nutritional removal potentials of various aquatic plants. Hyacinth Contr. J., 9: 34-35.
  • Robinette, H.R., Brunson, M.W. and Day, E.J. 1980. Use of duckweed in diets of channel catfish. Proceedings. 13 th
  • Annual Conference. SE Association. Fish Wildlife Age, 108-114. Van Dyke, J.M. and Sutton, D.L. 1977. Digestion of duckweed (Lemna spp.) by the grass carp (Ctenopharyngolon idella). Journal of Fish Biology, 11: 273-278. doi: 1111/j.1095-8649.1977.tb04120.x
  • Voslářová E, Pištěková, V., Svobodová Z. and Bedáňová, I. 200 Nitrite toxicity to Danio rerio: Effects of subchronic exposure to fish growth. Acta. Vet. Brno, 77: 455-460. doi:10.2754/avb200877030455
  • Zajkov, A. 2006. Aquaculture – principles and technologies. Libra, Sofia, 376 pp. (Bg).

The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) as Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS)

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, - , 01.02.2013

Katia Naneva Velichkova İvaylo Nikolaev Sirakov

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13

Abstract

Conventional water treatment in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) is a limited technology to answer the challenges of so called "sustainable aquaculture". This is why new and innovative technologies need to be invented and introduced in RAS. The aim of the conducted study was to determine the possible advantages of using two macrophytic plants - Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza and their quality as biological filter in a RAS for the cultivation of fingerlings from common carp. The temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity were measured daily with a portable combined meter and with a probe appropriate for the parameters in the newly constructed control and experimental RAS (with floating macrophytes as a biological filter). Ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen and phosphorus were measured spectrophotometrically. At the end of the trial the fish were weighed and individual weight gain, specific growth rate and FCR (feed conversion ratio) were calculated. The utilization of two macrophytes (Lemna and Wolffia) in their quality as a biofilter in RAS increased dissolved oxygen in the water, significantly decreased the quantity of total dissolved solids, ammonia, nitrite, orthophosphate as well as total phosphorus in water, and significantly increased the growth of the cultivated carp's fingerlings.

Keywords

Lemna Wolffia biofilter RAS water quality carp's fingerlings

References

  • Azeez, N. and Sabbar, A. 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 167(4): 163-172.
  • Bath, R.N. and Eddy, F.B. 1980. Transport of nitrite across fish gills. Journal Experimental Zoology, 214: 119– 1 doi:10.1002/jez.1402140115.
  • Berka, R., Kujal, B. and Lavicky, J. 1981. In: Recirculating systems in Eastern European Proceeding World Symposium on Aquaculture in Heated Effluents and Recirculation Systems, Stavanger, 28–30 May 1980. Berlin.
  • Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Auburn University. Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station. Pres., 482 pp.
  • Boyd, C.E. and Queiroz, J. 1997. Aquaculure pond effluent management. Aquaculture Asia, 4(6): 43-46.
  • Burrows, R. 1964. Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery-reared salmonids. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Res. Rep, 66: 1-12.
  • Cameron, J.N. 1971. Methemoglobin in erythrocytes of rainbow trout. Com. Biochem. Physiol., 40: 743-749.
  • Crab, R., Avinimelech, Y., Defoirdt, T., Bossier, P. and Verstraete, W. 2007. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for the sustainable production. Aquaculture, 270: 1-14.
  • El-Kheir W.A., Ismail, G., El-Nour, A., Tawfik, T. and Hammad, D. 2007. Assessment of the efficiency of duckweed (Lemna gibba) in wastewater treatment. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 5: 681-6
  • Ferdoushi, Z., Haque, F., Khan, S. and Haque, M. 2008. The Effects of two Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna and Azolla) as Biofilters of Nitrogen and Phosphate in Fish Ponds. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8: 253-258.
  • Gaigher, I.G., Porath D. and Granoth, G. 1984. Evaluation of duckweed (Lemna gibba) as feed for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus cross Oreochromis aureus) in a recirculating unit. Aquaculture, 41: 235-244. doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(84)90286-2
  • Gisbert, E., Rodríguez, A., Cardona, L., Huertas, M., Gallardo, MA., Sarasquete, C., Sala-Rabanal, M., Ibarz, A., Sánchez, J. and Castelló-Orvay, F. 2004. Recovery of Siberian sturgeon yearlings after an acute exposure to environmental nitrite: changes in the plasmatic ionic balance, Na + -K + ATPase activity, and gill histology. Aquaculture, 239: 141-154
  • Gutierrez-Wing, M. and Malone, R. 2006. Biological filters in aquaculture: trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications. Aquaculture Engineering, 34: 163-171. doi:1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.003
  • Hasan, M. and Chakrabarti, R. 2009. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
  • Technical Paper No.531. FAO, Rome, 135 pp. Hassan, M. and Edwards, P. 1992. Evaluation of duckweed (Lemna perpusilla and Spirodela polyrhiza) as feed for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 104: 315-326.
  • Hepher, B. and Pruginin, Y. 1979. Guide to fish culture in Israel. 4. Fertilisation, maturing and feeding. Foreign Training Dept., Israel, 61 pp.
  • Huet, M. 1970. Textbook of fish culture: breeding and cultivation of fish. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 436 pp.
  • Hyrayama, K., 1966. Influences of nitrate accumulated in culturing water on Octopus vulgaris. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish, 32: 105–111.
  • Isla Molleda, M. 2008. Water quality in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) culture. http://www.oceandocs.org
  • Jo, J.Y., Ma, J.S. and Kim, I.B. 2002. Comparisons of four commonly used aquatic plants for removing nitrogen nutrients in the intensive bioproduction Korean (IBK) recirculating aquaculture system. 20-23 Jul 2000, Proceedings of the 3 rd
  • International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke VA. Jordanov, D., Kitanov, B. and Valev, S. 1963. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Bulgaricae, Sofia, Acad. Press., 422 pp. (Bg).
  • Kamstra, A., van der Heul, J.W. and Nijhof, M. 1998. Performance and optimisation of trickling filters on eel farms. Aquac. Eng. 17:175–192.
  • Kroupová, H., Máchová, J., Svobodová, Z., Piačková, V. and Smutná, M. 2006. The ability of recovery in common carp after nitrite poisoning. Vet Med-Czech, 51: 423-431. doi:10.2754/avb200877030455.
  • Landolt, E. 1986. Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study, Volume 1., Veroff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Zurich: 638 pp.
  • Landolt, E. and Kandeler, R. 1987. The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study:phytochemistry, physiology, application and bibliography, Zurich, Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanisches Institut der Edg. Tech. Hochschule, Stiftung Ruebel. 638 pp.
  • Leitritz, E. and Lewis, R. 1976. Trout and salmon culture: hatchery methods. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, 164, 197 pp.
  • Leslie, A.J.Jr., Nall L.E. and Van Dyke, J.M. 1983. Effects of vegetation control by grass carp on selected water quality variables in four Florida lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 112: 777-87.
  • Margiocco C., Arillo, A., Mensi P. and Shenone, G. 1983. Nitrite bioaccumulation in Salmo gairdneri Rich. and haematological consequences. Aquatic Toxicology, 3: 261–270.
  • Meade, J.W. 1985. Allowable ammonia for fish culture. Prog. Fish-Cult., 47: 135 –145.
  • Muir, P.R., Sutton, D.C. and Owens, L. 1991. Nitrate toxicity to Penaeus monodon protozoea. Mar. Biol., 108: 67–71. doi:10.1007/BF01313472.
  • Pernial, M., Runa, R. and Martinez, B. 1998. Nutrient removal from a stormwater detention pond using duckweed. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 14(6): 605-60
  • Piedrahita, R. 2003. Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture, 226: 35Pompa, T. and Masser, M. 1999. Tilapia Life History and Biology. SRAC Publication No. 283.
  • Sengupta, S., Medda C. and Dewanji, A. 2010. The impact of duckweed growth on water quality in sub-tropical ponds. Environmentalist, 30: 353–360. doi:1007/s10669-010-9293-6.
  • Sipaşba-Tavares, L., Fávero E. and Braga, F. 2002. Utilization of macrophyte biofilter in effluent from aquaculture: I. Floating plant. Braz. J. Biol., 62(4a): 713-7
  • Timmons, M.B., Ebeling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summerfelt S.T. and Vinci, B.J. 2002. Recirculating aquaculture systems, 2 nd edition. Cayuga Aqua Ventures, Ithaca, NY, USA, 800 pp.
  • Steward, K.K. 1970. Nutritional removal potentials of various aquatic plants. Hyacinth Contr. J., 9: 34-35.
  • Robinette, H.R., Brunson, M.W. and Day, E.J. 1980. Use of duckweed in diets of channel catfish. Proceedings. 13 th
  • Annual Conference. SE Association. Fish Wildlife Age, 108-114. Van Dyke, J.M. and Sutton, D.L. 1977. Digestion of duckweed (Lemna spp.) by the grass carp (Ctenopharyngolon idella). Journal of Fish Biology, 11: 273-278. doi: 1111/j.1095-8649.1977.tb04120.x
  • Voslářová E, Pištěková, V., Svobodová Z. and Bedáňová, I. 200 Nitrite toxicity to Danio rerio: Effects of subchronic exposure to fish growth. Acta. Vet. Brno, 77: 455-460. doi:10.2754/avb200877030455
  • Zajkov, A. 2006. Aquaculture – principles and technologies. Libra, Sofia, 376 pp. (Bg).
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Katia Naneva Velichkova This is me

İvaylo Nikolaev Sirakov This is me

Publication Date February 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Velichkova, K. N., & Sirakov, İ. N. (2013). The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) as Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13
AMA Velichkova KN, Sirakov İN. The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) as Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. February 2013;13(1). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13
Chicago Velichkova, Katia Naneva, and İvaylo Nikolaev Sirakov. “The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) As Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13.
EndNote Velichkova KN, Sirakov İN (February 1, 2013) The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) as Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 1
IEEE K. N. Velichkova and İ. N. Sirakov, “The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) as Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS)”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13.
ISNAD Velichkova, Katia Naneva - Sirakov, İvaylo Nikolaev. “The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) As Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/1 (February 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13.
JAMA Velichkova KN, Sirakov İN. The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) as Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13.
MLA Velichkova, Katia Naneva and İvaylo Nikolaev Sirakov. “The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) As Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS)”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_13.
Vancouver Velichkova KN, Sirakov İN. The Usage of Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna And Wolffia) as Biofilter in Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(1).