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Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella thailandensis culture

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, - , 01.02.2013

Watchariya Purivirojkul

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22

Abstract

The use of probiotic bacteria for controlling black disease in fairy shrimp, Branchinella thailandensis, was studied. The bacterial antagonistic activities were tested with Aeromonas hydrophila WS1 which is pathogenic to fairy shrimp. The crossstreak method showed that after 48 hours, Bacillus W120 was the strongest inhibitor of A. hydrophila WS1. Bacillus W120 was characterized and confirmed as B. vallismortis by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Competition, by using nutrient for growth, between B. vallismortis and A. hydrophila WS1 in vitro was studied. The amount of A. hydrophila WS1 co-cultured in nutrient broth with B. vallismortis W120 decreased by 84.14% after 48 hours. The toxicity of B. vallismortis W120 was tested by immersion challenge of fairy shrimp in bacteria suspension at concentrations of 1 ×104, 1 ×105 and 1 ×106 CFU/ml for 72 hours but no mortality was found in any treatment. Fairy shrimp were fed with feed containing B. vallismortis W120 at concentrations of 1 × 103, 1 × 104 and 1 × 105 CFU/ml for 7 days, and then challenged with A. hydrophila WS1. Fairy shrimp fed with B. vallismortis W120 at every concentration had a significantly higher survival rate than the control group, and the cumulative mortality rates among each B. vallismortis W120-treated group were not significantly different in every experiment period . These results suggest that B. vallismortis W120 can be applied as an effective probiotic in fairy shrimp culture to control the pathogenic bacteria, A. hydrophila WS1, by feeding shrimp this probiotic bacteria daily at a concentration of 1 × 103 CFU/ml .

Keywords

Black disease fairy shrimp probiotic Bacillus vallismortis

References

  • Ahn, I.P., Park, K.S. and Kim, C.H. 2002. Rhizobacteria induced resistance perturbs viral disease progress and triggers defense-related gene expression. Molecular Cell., 13: 302-308.
  • Austin, B. and Austin, D.A. 2007. Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish. Springer Praxis Books, New York.
  • Bernet, M.F., Brassart, D., Neeser, J.R. and Servin, A.L. 19 Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cellattachment and cell-invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut., 35: 483–489. Bizani, D., Dominguez, A.P.M. and Brandelli, A. 2005. Purification and partial chemical characterization of the antimicrobial peptide cerein 8A. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 41: 269-273.
  • Boonmak, P., Saengphan, N. and Sanoamuang, L. 2007. Biology and fecundity of two fairy shrimps, Streptocephalus sirindhornae Sanoamuang, Murugan, Weekers and Dumont and Branchinella thailandensis Sanoamuang, Saengphan and Murugan. KKU Res. J., 12: 125-131.
  • Brosius, J., Dull, T.J., Sleeter D.D. and Noller, H.F. 1981. Gene organization and primary structure of a ribosomal RNA operon from Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol., 148: 107-127.
  • Collins, J.K., Thornton, G. and Sullivan, G.O. 1998. Selection of probiotic strains for human application. International Dairy Journal, 8: 487–490.
  • Daniels, C.L., Merrifield, D.L., Boothroyd, D.P., Davies, S.J., Factor, J.R. and Arnold,K.E. 2010. Effect of dietary Bacillus spp. and mannan oligosaccharides
  • (MOS) on European lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) larvae growth performance,gut morphology and gut Microbiota. Aquaculture, 304 (1-4): 49-57. Dierckens, K.R., Vandenberghe, J., Beladjal, L., Huys, G., Mertens, J. and Swings, J. 1998. Aeromonas hydrophila causes ‘black diseases’ in fairy shrimps (Anostraca: Crustacea). Journal of Fish Diseases, 21: 113-119.
  • Fukami, K., Nishijima, T. and Hata, Y. 1992. Availability of deep seawater and effects of bacteria isolated from deep seawater on the mass culture of food microalga Chaetoceros ceratosporum. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58 (5): 931–936.
  • Gatesoupe, F.J. 1991. The effect of three strains of lactic bacteria on the production rate of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, and their dietary value for larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Aquaculture, 96: 335–342.
  • Gibson, L.F.,Woodworth, J. and George, A.M. 1998. Probiotic activity of Aeromonas media on the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, when challenged with Vibrio tubiashii. Aquaculture, 169: 111–120.
  • Gomez-Gil, B., Roque, A., Turnbull, J.F. 2000. The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larval aquatic organisms. Aquaculture, 191: 259-2
  • Gray, E.J., Lee, K.D., Souleimanov, A.M., Di Falco, M.R., Zhou, X., Ly, A., Charles, T.C., Driscoll, B.T. and Smith, D.L. 2006. A novel bacteriocin, thuricin 17, produced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strain Bacillus thuringiensis NEB17: isolation and classification. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 545-554.
  • Hagiwara, A., Hamada, K., Hori, S. and Hirayama, K. 1994. Increased sexual reproduction in Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera) with the addition of bacteria and rotifer extracts. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 181: 1–8.
  • Hjelm, M., Bergh, O., Riaza, A., Nielsen, J., Melchiorsen, J., Jensen, S., Duncan, H., Ahrens, P., Birkbeck, H. and Gram, L. 2004. Selection and Identification of Autochthonous Potential Probiotic Bacteria from Turbot Larvae (Scophthalmus maximus) Rearing Units. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27: 360–371.
  • Holt, J.G. Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Staley, J.T. and Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.
  • Hong, H.A., Duc, L.H. and Cutting, S.M. 2005. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29: 813–835.
  • Kesarcodi-Watson, A., Kaspar, H., Lategan, M.J. and Gibson, L. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture, 274: 1–14.
  • Krovacek, K., Faris, A., Ahne, W. and Mansson, I. 1987. Adhesion of Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio anguillarum to fish cells and to mucuscoated glass slides. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 42: 85–89.
  • Lemos, M.L., Toranzo, A.E. and Barja, J.L. 1985. Antibiotic activity of epiphytic bacteria isolated from intertidal seaweeds. Microbial Ecology, 11: 149-163.
  • Liu, K.F., Chiu, C.H., Shiu, Y.L., Cheng, W. and Liu, C.H. 20 Effects of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, on the survival, development, stress tolerance, and immune status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei larvae. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 28: 837-8 Martirani, L., Varcamonti, M., Naclerio, G. and de Felice, M. 2002. Purification and partial characterization of bacillocin 490, a novel bacteriocin produced by a thermophilic strain of Bacillus licheniformis. Microbial Cell Factories, 20: 21-25.
  • Meunpol, O., Lopinyosiri, K. and Menasveta, P. 2003. The effects of ozone and probiotics on the survival of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Aquaculture, 220: 437–448.
  • Montes, A.J. and Pugh, D.G. 1993. The use of probiotics in food-animal practice. Vet. Med., 88: 282-288.
  • Moriarty, D.J.W. 1998. Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture, 164: 3513
  • Muangsan, N., Niamsanit, S. and Siripornadulsil, S. 2006. Black disease of fairy shrimps and associated bacteria. KKU Research Journal, 11(1): 39-45.
  • Munuswamy, N., 2005. Fairy shrimps as live food in aquaculture. Aqua feeds: formulation & beyond, 2(1): 10Musa, N., Wei, L.S., Shaharom, F. and Wee, W., 2008. Surveillance of Bacteria Species in Diseased Freshwater Ornamental Fish from Aquarium Shop. World Applied Sciences Journal, 3(6): 903-905.
  • Park, K., Diby, P., Kim, Y.K., Nam, K.W., Lee, Y.K., Choi, H.W. and Lee, S.Y. 2007. Induced systemic resistance by Bacillus vallismortis EXTN-1 suppressed bacterial wilt in tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The Plant Pathology Journal, 23: 22-25.
  • Purivirojkul, W. and Khidprasert, S. 2009. Diseases and parasites on cultured fairy shrimps, Branchinella thailandensis and Streptocephalus sirindhornae. In: Proceeding of Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 3-6, 2009: 444.
  • Reid, G., Bruce, A.W., McGroarty, J.A., Cheng, K.J. and Costerton, J.W. 1990. Is there a role of lactobacilli in prevention of urogenital and intestinal infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 3: 335–344.
  • Rengpipat, S., Phianphak., W., Piyatirativarakul, S. and Menasveta, P. 1998. Effects of a probiotic bacterium on black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon survival and growth. Aquaculture, 167: 301-313.
  • Roberts, M.S., Nakamura, L.K. and Cohan, F.M. 1996. Bacillus vallismortis sp. nov., a close relative of Bacillus subtilis, isolated from soil in Death Valley, California. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46: 470-475.
  • Rombaut, G., Dhert, P., Vandenberghe, J., Verschuere, L., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. 1999. Selection of bacteria enhancing the growth rate of axenically hatched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). Aquaculture, 176: 195–207.
  • Rooney, A.P., Price, N.P.J, Ehrhardt, C., Swezey, J.L. and Bannan, J.D. 2009. Phylogeny and molecular taxonomy of the Bacillus subtilis species complex and description of Bacillus subtilis subsp. inaquosorum subsp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59: 2429–2436.
  • Sugita, H., Hirose, Y., Matsuo, N. and Deguchi, Y. 1998. Production of the antibacterial Substance by Bacillus sp. Strain NM12, an intestinal bacterium of Japanese coastal fish. Aquaculture, 165: 269-280.
  • Thanh, D.T., Tarn, L.T.T., Hanh, N.T., Tuyen, N.H., Bharathkumar, S., Lee, S.Y. and Park, K.S. 2009. Biological Control of Soilborne Diseases on Tomato, Potato and Black Pepper by Selected PGPR in the Greenhouse and Field in Vietnam. The Plant Pathology Journal, 25(3): 263-269.
  • Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. 2000a. Probiotic Bacteria as Biological Control Agents in Aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64(4): 655-671.
  • Verschuere, L., Heang, H., Criel, G., Dafnis, S., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. 2000b. Protection of Artemia against the pathogenic effects of Vibrio proteolyticus CW8T2 by selected bacterial strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: 1139–1146.
  • Villamil, L., Figueras, A., Planas, M., Novoa, B. 2003. Control of Vibrio alginolyticus in Artemia culture by treatment with bacterial probiotics. Aquaculture, 219: 43–
  • Wang, L.T., Lee, F.L., Tai, C.J. and Kasai, H. 2007. Comparison of gyrB gene sequences, 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization in the Bacillus subtilis group. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 57: 184618

Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella thailandensis culture

Year 2013, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, - , 01.02.2013

Watchariya Purivirojkul

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22

Abstract

The use of probiotic bacteria for controlling black disease in fairy shrimp, Branchinella thailandensis, was studied. The bacterial antagonistic activities were tested with Aeromonas hydrophila WS1 which is pathogenic to fairy shrimp. The crossstreak method showed that after 48 hours, Bacillus W120 was the strongest inhibitor of A. hydrophila WS1. Bacillus W120 was characterized and confirmed as B. vallismortis by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Competition, by using nutrient for growth, between B. vallismortis and A. hydrophila WS1 in vitro was studied. The amount of A. hydrophila WS1 co-cultured in nutrient broth with B. vallismortis W120 decreased by 84.14% after 48 hours. The toxicity of B. vallismortis W120 was tested by immersion challenge of fairy shrimp in bacteria suspension at concentrations of 1 ×104, 1 ×105 and 1 ×106 CFU/ml for 72 hours but no mortality was found in any treatment. Fairy shrimp were fed with feed containing B. vallismortis W120 at concentrations of 1 × 103, 1 × 104 and 1 × 105 CFU/ml for 7 days, and then challenged with A. hydrophila WS1. Fairy shrimp fed with B. vallismortis W120 at every concentration had a significantly higher survival rate than the control group, and the cumulative mortality rates among each B. vallismortis W120-treated group were not significantly different in every experiment period . These results suggest that B. vallismortis W120 can be applied as an effective probiotic in fairy shrimp culture to control the pathogenic bacteria, A. hydrophila WS1, by feeding shrimp this probiotic bacteria daily at a concentration of 1 × 103 CFU/ml .

Keywords

Black disease fairy shrimp probiotic Bacillus vallismortis

References

  • Ahn, I.P., Park, K.S. and Kim, C.H. 2002. Rhizobacteria induced resistance perturbs viral disease progress and triggers defense-related gene expression. Molecular Cell., 13: 302-308.
  • Austin, B. and Austin, D.A. 2007. Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish. Springer Praxis Books, New York.
  • Bernet, M.F., Brassart, D., Neeser, J.R. and Servin, A.L. 19 Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cellattachment and cell-invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut., 35: 483–489. Bizani, D., Dominguez, A.P.M. and Brandelli, A. 2005. Purification and partial chemical characterization of the antimicrobial peptide cerein 8A. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 41: 269-273.
  • Boonmak, P., Saengphan, N. and Sanoamuang, L. 2007. Biology and fecundity of two fairy shrimps, Streptocephalus sirindhornae Sanoamuang, Murugan, Weekers and Dumont and Branchinella thailandensis Sanoamuang, Saengphan and Murugan. KKU Res. J., 12: 125-131.
  • Brosius, J., Dull, T.J., Sleeter D.D. and Noller, H.F. 1981. Gene organization and primary structure of a ribosomal RNA operon from Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol., 148: 107-127.
  • Collins, J.K., Thornton, G. and Sullivan, G.O. 1998. Selection of probiotic strains for human application. International Dairy Journal, 8: 487–490.
  • Daniels, C.L., Merrifield, D.L., Boothroyd, D.P., Davies, S.J., Factor, J.R. and Arnold,K.E. 2010. Effect of dietary Bacillus spp. and mannan oligosaccharides
  • (MOS) on European lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) larvae growth performance,gut morphology and gut Microbiota. Aquaculture, 304 (1-4): 49-57. Dierckens, K.R., Vandenberghe, J., Beladjal, L., Huys, G., Mertens, J. and Swings, J. 1998. Aeromonas hydrophila causes ‘black diseases’ in fairy shrimps (Anostraca: Crustacea). Journal of Fish Diseases, 21: 113-119.
  • Fukami, K., Nishijima, T. and Hata, Y. 1992. Availability of deep seawater and effects of bacteria isolated from deep seawater on the mass culture of food microalga Chaetoceros ceratosporum. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58 (5): 931–936.
  • Gatesoupe, F.J. 1991. The effect of three strains of lactic bacteria on the production rate of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, and their dietary value for larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Aquaculture, 96: 335–342.
  • Gibson, L.F.,Woodworth, J. and George, A.M. 1998. Probiotic activity of Aeromonas media on the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, when challenged with Vibrio tubiashii. Aquaculture, 169: 111–120.
  • Gomez-Gil, B., Roque, A., Turnbull, J.F. 2000. The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larval aquatic organisms. Aquaculture, 191: 259-2
  • Gray, E.J., Lee, K.D., Souleimanov, A.M., Di Falco, M.R., Zhou, X., Ly, A., Charles, T.C., Driscoll, B.T. and Smith, D.L. 2006. A novel bacteriocin, thuricin 17, produced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strain Bacillus thuringiensis NEB17: isolation and classification. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 545-554.
  • Hagiwara, A., Hamada, K., Hori, S. and Hirayama, K. 1994. Increased sexual reproduction in Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera) with the addition of bacteria and rotifer extracts. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 181: 1–8.
  • Hjelm, M., Bergh, O., Riaza, A., Nielsen, J., Melchiorsen, J., Jensen, S., Duncan, H., Ahrens, P., Birkbeck, H. and Gram, L. 2004. Selection and Identification of Autochthonous Potential Probiotic Bacteria from Turbot Larvae (Scophthalmus maximus) Rearing Units. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27: 360–371.
  • Holt, J.G. Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Staley, J.T. and Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.
  • Hong, H.A., Duc, L.H. and Cutting, S.M. 2005. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29: 813–835.
  • Kesarcodi-Watson, A., Kaspar, H., Lategan, M.J. and Gibson, L. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture, 274: 1–14.
  • Krovacek, K., Faris, A., Ahne, W. and Mansson, I. 1987. Adhesion of Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio anguillarum to fish cells and to mucuscoated glass slides. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 42: 85–89.
  • Lemos, M.L., Toranzo, A.E. and Barja, J.L. 1985. Antibiotic activity of epiphytic bacteria isolated from intertidal seaweeds. Microbial Ecology, 11: 149-163.
  • Liu, K.F., Chiu, C.H., Shiu, Y.L., Cheng, W. and Liu, C.H. 20 Effects of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, on the survival, development, stress tolerance, and immune status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei larvae. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 28: 837-8 Martirani, L., Varcamonti, M., Naclerio, G. and de Felice, M. 2002. Purification and partial characterization of bacillocin 490, a novel bacteriocin produced by a thermophilic strain of Bacillus licheniformis. Microbial Cell Factories, 20: 21-25.
  • Meunpol, O., Lopinyosiri, K. and Menasveta, P. 2003. The effects of ozone and probiotics on the survival of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Aquaculture, 220: 437–448.
  • Montes, A.J. and Pugh, D.G. 1993. The use of probiotics in food-animal practice. Vet. Med., 88: 282-288.
  • Moriarty, D.J.W. 1998. Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture, 164: 3513
  • Muangsan, N., Niamsanit, S. and Siripornadulsil, S. 2006. Black disease of fairy shrimps and associated bacteria. KKU Research Journal, 11(1): 39-45.
  • Munuswamy, N., 2005. Fairy shrimps as live food in aquaculture. Aqua feeds: formulation & beyond, 2(1): 10Musa, N., Wei, L.S., Shaharom, F. and Wee, W., 2008. Surveillance of Bacteria Species in Diseased Freshwater Ornamental Fish from Aquarium Shop. World Applied Sciences Journal, 3(6): 903-905.
  • Park, K., Diby, P., Kim, Y.K., Nam, K.W., Lee, Y.K., Choi, H.W. and Lee, S.Y. 2007. Induced systemic resistance by Bacillus vallismortis EXTN-1 suppressed bacterial wilt in tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The Plant Pathology Journal, 23: 22-25.
  • Purivirojkul, W. and Khidprasert, S. 2009. Diseases and parasites on cultured fairy shrimps, Branchinella thailandensis and Streptocephalus sirindhornae. In: Proceeding of Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 3-6, 2009: 444.
  • Reid, G., Bruce, A.W., McGroarty, J.A., Cheng, K.J. and Costerton, J.W. 1990. Is there a role of lactobacilli in prevention of urogenital and intestinal infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 3: 335–344.
  • Rengpipat, S., Phianphak., W., Piyatirativarakul, S. and Menasveta, P. 1998. Effects of a probiotic bacterium on black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon survival and growth. Aquaculture, 167: 301-313.
  • Roberts, M.S., Nakamura, L.K. and Cohan, F.M. 1996. Bacillus vallismortis sp. nov., a close relative of Bacillus subtilis, isolated from soil in Death Valley, California. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46: 470-475.
  • Rombaut, G., Dhert, P., Vandenberghe, J., Verschuere, L., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. 1999. Selection of bacteria enhancing the growth rate of axenically hatched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). Aquaculture, 176: 195–207.
  • Rooney, A.P., Price, N.P.J, Ehrhardt, C., Swezey, J.L. and Bannan, J.D. 2009. Phylogeny and molecular taxonomy of the Bacillus subtilis species complex and description of Bacillus subtilis subsp. inaquosorum subsp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59: 2429–2436.
  • Sugita, H., Hirose, Y., Matsuo, N. and Deguchi, Y. 1998. Production of the antibacterial Substance by Bacillus sp. Strain NM12, an intestinal bacterium of Japanese coastal fish. Aquaculture, 165: 269-280.
  • Thanh, D.T., Tarn, L.T.T., Hanh, N.T., Tuyen, N.H., Bharathkumar, S., Lee, S.Y. and Park, K.S. 2009. Biological Control of Soilborne Diseases on Tomato, Potato and Black Pepper by Selected PGPR in the Greenhouse and Field in Vietnam. The Plant Pathology Journal, 25(3): 263-269.
  • Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. 2000a. Probiotic Bacteria as Biological Control Agents in Aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64(4): 655-671.
  • Verschuere, L., Heang, H., Criel, G., Dafnis, S., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. 2000b. Protection of Artemia against the pathogenic effects of Vibrio proteolyticus CW8T2 by selected bacterial strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: 1139–1146.
  • Villamil, L., Figueras, A., Planas, M., Novoa, B. 2003. Control of Vibrio alginolyticus in Artemia culture by treatment with bacterial probiotics. Aquaculture, 219: 43–
  • Wang, L.T., Lee, F.L., Tai, C.J. and Kasai, H. 2007. Comparison of gyrB gene sequences, 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization in the Bacillus subtilis group. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 57: 184618
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Watchariya Purivirojkul This is me

Publication Date February 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Purivirojkul, W. (2013). Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella thailandensis culture. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22
AMA Purivirojkul W. Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella thailandensis culture. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. February 2013;13(1). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22
Chicago Purivirojkul, Watchariya. “Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella Thailandensis Culture”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22.
EndNote Purivirojkul W (February 1, 2013) Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella thailandensis culture. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 1
IEEE W. Purivirojkul, “Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella thailandensis culture”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22.
ISNAD Purivirojkul, Watchariya. “Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella Thailandensis Culture”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/1 (February 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22.
JAMA Purivirojkul W. Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella thailandensis culture. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22.
MLA Purivirojkul, Watchariya. “Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella Thailandensis Culture”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_22.
Vancouver Purivirojkul W. Application of Probiotic Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Bacteria in Fairy Shrimp Branchinella thailandensis culture. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(1).