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Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles

Year 2011, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, - , 01.04.2011

Yavuz Mazlum Özlem Güner Sinem Şirin

Abstract

Newly hatched third instars of Astacus leptodactylus (mean weight 44.5 ± 3.4 mg and mean total length 10.8 ± 0.4 mm) were randomly stocked in 0.2 m2 aquariums at rate of 100 crayfish/m2 fed with trout feed at a quantity 5 % of crayfish body weight for 90 day. The amount of diet was adjusted according to the total crayfish biomass calculated for each sampling period (30-days interval). Four feeding intervals were tested: everyday (D), every 2nd (D2), every 3rd (D3), and every 4th day (D4). At the end of feeding period, the feeding interval had significant impact on crayfish survival, growth rate, and yield. The survival of crayfish was the highest in D2 treatment (83.3%) and was lowest in D4 treatment (57.2%). Results indicated that feeding interval in D2 treatment significantly increased survival of crayfish. Growth rates were significantly different (P<0.05) between D2 treatment (0.8 mm/day) and D4 treatment (0.5 mm/day) at the end of the 90-day experiment. The best growth rate was observed in D2 treatment group. The yield was found to decrease with increasing length of feeding interval. The highest yield (27.65 g) was observed in D2 treatment, while the lowest yield (12.6 g) was in D4 treatment. The feeding interval had no significant difference on body composition of A. leptodactylus juvenile among the treatment groups (P>0.05). The study showed that the optimal feeding interval was observed every 2nd day.

Keywords

Astacus leptodactylus feeding interval growth survival body composition

References

  • Aiken, DE. and Waddy, S.L. 1992. The growth process in crayŞsh. Review in Aquatic Sciences, 6: 335-385.
  • AOAC (Association of OfŞcial Analytical Chemists), 1990. OfŞcial Methods of Analysis, 15th Ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.
  • Armitage, K.B. and Wall, T.]. 1982. The effect of body size, starvation and temperature acclimation on oxygen consumption of the crayfish Orconectes nails, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 44: 431- 456.
  • Armitage, K.B., Buikema, A.L.Jr. and Wollems, NJ. 1973. The effect of photoperiod on organic constituents and moulting of the crayŞsh Orconectes hair (Faxon). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 44: 431- 456.
  • Baran, I., Timur, M., Oray, I.K., Timur, G., Rahe, R. and Soylu, E. 1987. Investigation on a disease causing serious mortality on crayŞsh (Astacus leptodactylus) populations in Turkey. Symposium of the European Aquaculture Society in Sweden: 6-7.
  • Barki, A., Levi, T., Shrem, A. and Karplus, I. 1997. Ration and spatial distribution of feed effect survival, growth, and competition in juvenile red-claw crayŞsh, Cherax quadrı'can'rıatus, reared in the laboratory- Aquaculture, 148: 169-177.
  • Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puriŞcation. Canadian Journal of Biochemical Physiology, 37: 911—917.
  • Bolat, Y., Demirci, A. and Mazlum, Y. 2010. Size selectivity of traps (fyke-nets) of different mesh size on the narrow-clawed crayŞsh, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) (Decapoda, Astacidae) in Eğirdir lake, Turkey. Crustaceana, 83(11): 1349-1361.
  • Bolat, Y. 2001. An estimation in the population density of freshwater crayŞsh (Astacus leptodactylus salirıus Nordman, 1842) living in Hoyran Area of Egirdir Lake, PhD thesis, Isparta: Süleyman Demirel University, Institute of Science, Aquaculture Department, 116 pp.
  • Chittleborough, R.G. 1975. Environmental factors affecting growth and survival of juvenile western rock lobsters Panulı'rus longı'pes (Milne-Edwards). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 26: 177- 196.
  • Claybrook, D.L. 1983. Nitrojen metabolism, In: L.H. Mantel (Ed.), Biology and Crustacea, International Anatomy and Physiological Regulation, Academic Press, New York: 163-213.
  • Conklin, DE. 1995. Digestive physiology and nutrition, In: J. Robert Factor (Eds.), Biology of the lobster Homarus americanus, Academic Press, 441-463.
  • Cortes, J.E., Villarreal, C.H. and Rendon, R.M. 2003. Effects of feeding frequency on growth and survival of juvenile crayŞsh Chrax quadricarı'natus (von Martens, 1868) (Decapoda, Parastacidae) Hydrobiolojica (Iztapalapa) 13(2):151-158. (In Spanish with English Summary).
  • D’Abramo LR. and Conklin, D.E. 1985. Relationships among dietary lipids, tissue lipids and growth in juvenile lobsters. Proceeding World Mariculture Society, 11: 335-345.
  • Diler, O. and Bolat, Y. 2001. Isolation of Acremonium species from crayŞsh, Astacus leptodactylus in Egirdir Lake. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 21(4): 164-168.
  • Erençin, Z. and Köksal, G. 1977. On the crayŞsh, Astacus leptodactylus, in Anatolia. Freshwater CrayŞsh, 3: 187-192.
  • Gu, H., Anderson, A.J., Mather, PB. and Capra, M.F. 1996. Effects of feeding levels and starvation on growth and water and protein content in juvenile red claw crayŞsh, Cherax quadricarı'natus (von Martens). Marine and Freshwater Research, 47:745—748.
  • Harhoglu, M.M. and Holdich, D.M. 2001. Meat yields in the introduced crayŞsh, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Astacus leptodactylus, from British waters. Aquaculture. Research, 32: 411-417.
  • Harhoglu, M.M. 2008. The harvest of the freshwater crayŞsh Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz in Turkey: harvest history, impact of crayŞsh plague, and present distribution of harvested populations. Aquaculture International, 16: 351-360.
  • Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N. 1984. Biochemical Adaptation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 161 pp.
  • Holdich, D.M. 1993. A review of astacid culture: freshwater crayŞsh farming. Aquatic Living Research, 6: 307- 317.
  • Huner, J.V. 2002. Procambarus. In: D.M. Holdich (Ed.), Biology of Freshwater CrayŞsh, Blackwell Scientic Publishing, Oxford, UK: 541-584
  • Köksal, G. 1988. Astacus leptodactylus in Europe. In: D.M. Holdich and R.S. Lowery (Eds.), Freshwater CrayŞsh: Biology, Management and Exploitation, Croom Helm, London: 365-400.
  • Meade, ME. and Watts, S.A. 1997. Patterns of growth in juvenile Australian crayŞsh, Cherax quadricarinatus, during nutrient deprivation and recovery, Freshwater CrayŞsh, 11: 403-416.
  • Mazlum, Y. and Eversole, A.G. 2005. Growth and survival of Procambarus acutus acutus (Girard, 1852) and P. clarkii (Girard, 1852) in competitive settings. Aquaculture Research, 36: 537—545.
  • Mazlum, Y. 2007. Stocking Density Affects the Growth, Survival, and Cheliped Injuries of Third Instars of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles. Crustaceana, 80(7): 803- 815.
  • Mikami, S. and Takashima, F. 1993. Effects of starvation upon survival, growth and moulting interval of the larvae of the spiny lobster Panulı'rus japonicus (Decapoda, Palinun'dae) Crustaceana, 64: 137-142.
  • Mikarni, S., Greenwood, J.G., Gillespie, N.C. and Kittaka, ]. 1995. The effect of starvation and feeding regimes on survival, intermolt period and growth of cultured Panulirus japom'cus and Thenus sp. Phyllosomas (Decapoda, Palinun'dae and Scyllaridae). Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Lobster Biology and Management, Crustaceana, 68: 160-169.
  • Mills, B.]. and McCloud, P.I. 1983. Effects of stocking and feeding rates on experimental 317 pound production of the crayŞsh, Cherax destructor Clark (Decapoda: Parastacidae). Aquaculture, 34: 51-74.
  • Oray, I. 1990. The crayŞsh situation in Turkey. In: N. De Pauw and R. Billard (Eds.), Aquaculture Europe, Aquaculture Soc., Bredene, 89: 250-25 1.
  • Reymolds, J.D., Celada, J.D., Carral, J.M. and Matthews, M.A. 1992. Reproduction of astacid crayŞsh in captivity-Current developments and implications for culture, with special reference to Ireland and Spain. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 22(3): 253-256.
  • Reymolds, ].D. 2002. Growth and reproduction. In: D.M. Holdich (Ed.), Biology of Freshwater CrayŞsh. Blackwell, London: 152-191.
  • Saez—Royuela, M., Carral, ].M., Celada, ].D. and Perez, C. 2001. Effects of shelter type and food supply frequency on survival and growth of stage-2 juvenile white-clawed crayŞsh (Austropotamobius pallı'pes Lereboullet) under laboratory conditions- Aquaculture International, 9: 489—497.
  • SAS. 1999. SAS guide for personal computers, Version 6.2 edition. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
  • Schafer, H.]. 1968. Storage materials utilized by starved pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad. FAO Fish Report, 57: 393—403.
  • Schikora, F. 1903. Über die Krebspest und ihre Erreger. Fischerei Zeitung, 6: 353-355.
  • Soderback, B., Appeberg, M., Odelstrom, T. and Lindvvist, U. 1987. Food consumption and growth of the crayŞsh Astacus astacus L. In laboratory experiemts. Freshwater Crayfish, 7: 145-153.
  • Thomas, C.W., Carter, CG. and Crear, B.]. 2003. Feed availability and its relationship to survival, growth, dominance and the agonistic behavior of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii in captivity. Aquaculture, 215: 45—65.
  • Tucker, B.]., Booth, M.A., Allan, G.L., Booth, D. and Fielder, D.S. 2006. Effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on performance of newly weaned Australian snapper Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture, 258: 514-520
  • Wang, Y., Guo, ]., Bureau, D.P. and Cui, Z. 2006. Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on growth, feed utilization and body composition of cuneate drum, Nibea miichthioides. Aquaculture, 252: 421-428.
  • Winberg, G.G. 1956. Rate of metabolism and food requirement of Şsh. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Translation Series: 194.
  • Whyte, ] .N.C., Englar, ] .R., Carswell, BL. and Medic, KB 1986. Inşuence of starvation and subsequent feeding on body composition and energy reserves in the prawn Pandalus platyceros. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences, 43: 1142-1148.

Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles

Year 2011, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, - , 01.04.2011

Yavuz Mazlum Özlem Güner Sinem Şirin

Abstract

Newly hatched third instars of Astacus leptodactylus (mean weight 44.5 ± 3.4 mg and mean total length 10.8 ± 0.4 mm) were randomly stocked in 0.2 m2 aquariums at rate of 100 crayfish/m2 fed with trout feed at a quantity 5 % of crayfish body weight for 90 day. The amount of diet was adjusted according to the total crayfish biomass calculated for each sampling period (30-days interval). Four feeding intervals were tested: everyday (D), every 2nd (D2), every 3rd (D3), and every 4th day (D4). At the end of feeding period, the feeding interval had significant impact on crayfish survival, growth rate, and yield. The survival of crayfish was the highest in D2 treatment (83.3%) and was lowest in D4 treatment (57.2%). Results indicated that feeding interval in D2 treatment significantly increased survival of crayfish. Growth rates were significantly different (P<0.05) between D2 treatment (0.8 mm/day) and D4 treatment (0.5 mm/day) at the end of the 90-day experiment. The best growth rate was observed in D2 treatment group. The yield was found to decrease with increasing length of feeding interval. The highest yield (27.65 g) was observed in D2 treatment, while the lowest yield (12.6 g) was in D4 treatment. The feeding interval had no significant difference on body composition of A. leptodactylus juvenile among the treatment groups (P>0.05). The study showed that the optimal feeding interval was observed every 2nd day.

Keywords

Astacus leptodactylus feeding interval growth survival body composition

References

  • Aiken, DE. and Waddy, S.L. 1992. The growth process in crayŞsh. Review in Aquatic Sciences, 6: 335-385.
  • AOAC (Association of OfŞcial Analytical Chemists), 1990. OfŞcial Methods of Analysis, 15th Ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.
  • Armitage, K.B. and Wall, T.]. 1982. The effect of body size, starvation and temperature acclimation on oxygen consumption of the crayfish Orconectes nails, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 44: 431- 456.
  • Armitage, K.B., Buikema, A.L.Jr. and Wollems, NJ. 1973. The effect of photoperiod on organic constituents and moulting of the crayŞsh Orconectes hair (Faxon). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 44: 431- 456.
  • Baran, I., Timur, M., Oray, I.K., Timur, G., Rahe, R. and Soylu, E. 1987. Investigation on a disease causing serious mortality on crayŞsh (Astacus leptodactylus) populations in Turkey. Symposium of the European Aquaculture Society in Sweden: 6-7.
  • Barki, A., Levi, T., Shrem, A. and Karplus, I. 1997. Ration and spatial distribution of feed effect survival, growth, and competition in juvenile red-claw crayŞsh, Cherax quadrı'can'rıatus, reared in the laboratory- Aquaculture, 148: 169-177.
  • Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puriŞcation. Canadian Journal of Biochemical Physiology, 37: 911—917.
  • Bolat, Y., Demirci, A. and Mazlum, Y. 2010. Size selectivity of traps (fyke-nets) of different mesh size on the narrow-clawed crayŞsh, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) (Decapoda, Astacidae) in Eğirdir lake, Turkey. Crustaceana, 83(11): 1349-1361.
  • Bolat, Y. 2001. An estimation in the population density of freshwater crayŞsh (Astacus leptodactylus salirıus Nordman, 1842) living in Hoyran Area of Egirdir Lake, PhD thesis, Isparta: Süleyman Demirel University, Institute of Science, Aquaculture Department, 116 pp.
  • Chittleborough, R.G. 1975. Environmental factors affecting growth and survival of juvenile western rock lobsters Panulı'rus longı'pes (Milne-Edwards). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 26: 177- 196.
  • Claybrook, D.L. 1983. Nitrojen metabolism, In: L.H. Mantel (Ed.), Biology and Crustacea, International Anatomy and Physiological Regulation, Academic Press, New York: 163-213.
  • Conklin, DE. 1995. Digestive physiology and nutrition, In: J. Robert Factor (Eds.), Biology of the lobster Homarus americanus, Academic Press, 441-463.
  • Cortes, J.E., Villarreal, C.H. and Rendon, R.M. 2003. Effects of feeding frequency on growth and survival of juvenile crayŞsh Chrax quadricarı'natus (von Martens, 1868) (Decapoda, Parastacidae) Hydrobiolojica (Iztapalapa) 13(2):151-158. (In Spanish with English Summary).
  • D’Abramo LR. and Conklin, D.E. 1985. Relationships among dietary lipids, tissue lipids and growth in juvenile lobsters. Proceeding World Mariculture Society, 11: 335-345.
  • Diler, O. and Bolat, Y. 2001. Isolation of Acremonium species from crayŞsh, Astacus leptodactylus in Egirdir Lake. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 21(4): 164-168.
  • Erençin, Z. and Köksal, G. 1977. On the crayŞsh, Astacus leptodactylus, in Anatolia. Freshwater CrayŞsh, 3: 187-192.
  • Gu, H., Anderson, A.J., Mather, PB. and Capra, M.F. 1996. Effects of feeding levels and starvation on growth and water and protein content in juvenile red claw crayŞsh, Cherax quadricarı'natus (von Martens). Marine and Freshwater Research, 47:745—748.
  • Harhoglu, M.M. and Holdich, D.M. 2001. Meat yields in the introduced crayŞsh, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Astacus leptodactylus, from British waters. Aquaculture. Research, 32: 411-417.
  • Harhoglu, M.M. 2008. The harvest of the freshwater crayŞsh Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz in Turkey: harvest history, impact of crayŞsh plague, and present distribution of harvested populations. Aquaculture International, 16: 351-360.
  • Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N. 1984. Biochemical Adaptation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 161 pp.
  • Holdich, D.M. 1993. A review of astacid culture: freshwater crayŞsh farming. Aquatic Living Research, 6: 307- 317.
  • Huner, J.V. 2002. Procambarus. In: D.M. Holdich (Ed.), Biology of Freshwater CrayŞsh, Blackwell Scientic Publishing, Oxford, UK: 541-584
  • Köksal, G. 1988. Astacus leptodactylus in Europe. In: D.M. Holdich and R.S. Lowery (Eds.), Freshwater CrayŞsh: Biology, Management and Exploitation, Croom Helm, London: 365-400.
  • Meade, ME. and Watts, S.A. 1997. Patterns of growth in juvenile Australian crayŞsh, Cherax quadricarinatus, during nutrient deprivation and recovery, Freshwater CrayŞsh, 11: 403-416.
  • Mazlum, Y. and Eversole, A.G. 2005. Growth and survival of Procambarus acutus acutus (Girard, 1852) and P. clarkii (Girard, 1852) in competitive settings. Aquaculture Research, 36: 537—545.
  • Mazlum, Y. 2007. Stocking Density Affects the Growth, Survival, and Cheliped Injuries of Third Instars of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles. Crustaceana, 80(7): 803- 815.
  • Mikami, S. and Takashima, F. 1993. Effects of starvation upon survival, growth and moulting interval of the larvae of the spiny lobster Panulı'rus japonicus (Decapoda, Palinun'dae) Crustaceana, 64: 137-142.
  • Mikarni, S., Greenwood, J.G., Gillespie, N.C. and Kittaka, ]. 1995. The effect of starvation and feeding regimes on survival, intermolt period and growth of cultured Panulirus japom'cus and Thenus sp. Phyllosomas (Decapoda, Palinun'dae and Scyllaridae). Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Lobster Biology and Management, Crustaceana, 68: 160-169.
  • Mills, B.]. and McCloud, P.I. 1983. Effects of stocking and feeding rates on experimental 317 pound production of the crayŞsh, Cherax destructor Clark (Decapoda: Parastacidae). Aquaculture, 34: 51-74.
  • Oray, I. 1990. The crayŞsh situation in Turkey. In: N. De Pauw and R. Billard (Eds.), Aquaculture Europe, Aquaculture Soc., Bredene, 89: 250-25 1.
  • Reymolds, J.D., Celada, J.D., Carral, J.M. and Matthews, M.A. 1992. Reproduction of astacid crayŞsh in captivity-Current developments and implications for culture, with special reference to Ireland and Spain. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 22(3): 253-256.
  • Reymolds, ].D. 2002. Growth and reproduction. In: D.M. Holdich (Ed.), Biology of Freshwater CrayŞsh. Blackwell, London: 152-191.
  • Saez—Royuela, M., Carral, ].M., Celada, ].D. and Perez, C. 2001. Effects of shelter type and food supply frequency on survival and growth of stage-2 juvenile white-clawed crayŞsh (Austropotamobius pallı'pes Lereboullet) under laboratory conditions- Aquaculture International, 9: 489—497.
  • SAS. 1999. SAS guide for personal computers, Version 6.2 edition. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
  • Schafer, H.]. 1968. Storage materials utilized by starved pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad. FAO Fish Report, 57: 393—403.
  • Schikora, F. 1903. Über die Krebspest und ihre Erreger. Fischerei Zeitung, 6: 353-355.
  • Soderback, B., Appeberg, M., Odelstrom, T. and Lindvvist, U. 1987. Food consumption and growth of the crayŞsh Astacus astacus L. In laboratory experiemts. Freshwater Crayfish, 7: 145-153.
  • Thomas, C.W., Carter, CG. and Crear, B.]. 2003. Feed availability and its relationship to survival, growth, dominance and the agonistic behavior of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii in captivity. Aquaculture, 215: 45—65.
  • Tucker, B.]., Booth, M.A., Allan, G.L., Booth, D. and Fielder, D.S. 2006. Effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on performance of newly weaned Australian snapper Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture, 258: 514-520
  • Wang, Y., Guo, ]., Bureau, D.P. and Cui, Z. 2006. Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on growth, feed utilization and body composition of cuneate drum, Nibea miichthioides. Aquaculture, 252: 421-428.
  • Winberg, G.G. 1956. Rate of metabolism and food requirement of Şsh. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Translation Series: 194.
  • Whyte, ] .N.C., Englar, ] .R., Carswell, BL. and Medic, KB 1986. Inşuence of starvation and subsequent feeding on body composition and energy reserves in the prawn Pandalus platyceros. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences, 43: 1142-1148.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yavuz Mazlum This is me

Özlem Güner This is me

Sinem Şirin This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mazlum, Y., Güner, Ö., & Şirin, S. (2011). Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11(2).
AMA Mazlum Y, Güner Ö, Şirin S. Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. April 2011;11(2).
Chicago Mazlum, Yavuz, Özlem Güner, and Sinem Şirin. “Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 2011).
EndNote Mazlum Y, Güner Ö, Şirin S (April 1, 2011) Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 11 2
IEEE Y. Mazlum, Ö. Güner, and S. Şirin, “Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, 2011.
ISNAD Mazlum, Yavuz et al. “Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 11/2 (April 2011).
JAMA Mazlum Y, Güner Ö, Şirin S. Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2011;11.
MLA Mazlum, Yavuz et al. “Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, 2011.
Vancouver Mazlum Y, Güner Ö, Şirin S. Effects of Feeding Interval on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Juveniles. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2011;11(2).