SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES

Gamze Göger; Esma Çevik; Alişan Varnalı; Ömer Koray Yaylacı; Medine Münevver Uma; Gülmira Özek

doi:10.23902/trkjnat.1322140

Research Article

SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES

Year 2023, , 67 - 75, 15.10.2023

Gamze Göger , Esma Çevik Alişan Varnalı Ömer Koray Yaylacı , Medine Münevver Uma Gülmira Özek

https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.1322140

Abstract

The main aim of this study is antimicrobial screening of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts obtained from aerial parts of Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. and Achillea coarctata Poir. against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 14028 and the yeast Candida albicans ATCC 6633 by the microdilution method. In addition, the effect of the aqueous extract of A. coarctata combined with fluconazole againts C. albicans ATCC 6633, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and C. glabrata ATCC 90030 was tested with the checkerboard method. The chemical components of the volatiles and fatty acid methyl esters were identified using the Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. The main components of the volatile oil were found to be 1,8-cineole (16.1%) and β-pinene (14.5%) for A. setacea and camphor (35.4%) and borneol (12.9%) for A. coarctata. The ethyl acetate extracts of A. setacea (MIC=156.25 µg/mL) and A. coarctata (MIC=312.5 µg/mL) were found more active against the tested Candida Berkh. species. The combination of aqueous extract of A. coarctata with fluconazole showed additive effect for the tested Candida species with FIC values within the range of 0.53-0.625 µg/mL.

Keywords

Achillea setacea, Achillea coarctata, Phytochemical analyses, GC/MS, Checkerboard, Additive effect

Ethical Statement

Since the article does not contain any studies with human or animal subject, its approval to the ethics committee was not required.

Supporting Institution

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

Project Number

SBAG 218S812.

References

1. Albayrak, S. & Silahtarlıoğlu N. 2020. Determination of biological activities of essential oil and extract obtained from Achillea coarctata Poir. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 20(1): 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00378-w
2. Applequist, W.L. & Moerman, D.E. 2011. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.): a neglected panacea? A review of ethnobotany, bioactivity, and biomedical research. Economic Botany, 65: 209-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-011-9154-3
3. Arendrup, M.C. 2010. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis. Current Opinion In Critical Care, 16(5): 445-452. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833e84d2.
4. Aytaç, Z., Duman, H., Ekici, M. 2016. Two new Achillea L. (Asteraceae) species from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 40(4): 373-379. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1504-19.
5. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2002. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeast Approved Standard, M27-A2, 2nd Edition, Wayne PA.
6. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2006. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, CLSI M7-A7, 7th Edition, Wayne PA.
7. Denning, D.W., Perlin, D.S., Muldoon, E.G., Colombo, A.L., Chakrabarti, A., Richardson, M.D. & Sorrell, T.C. 2017. Delivering on antimicrobial resistance agenda not possible without improving fungal diagnostic capabilities. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(2): 177. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2302.152042
8. Goli, S.A.H., Rahimmalek, M.E.H.D. I. & Tabatabaei, B.E.S. 2008. Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of yarrow (Achillea tenuifolia) seed oil. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 10(3): 355-7. 07– https://doi.org/393/AWB/2008/10–3–355–357.
9. Göger, G., Çomoğlu, B.A., İşcan, G. & Demirci, F. 2020. Evaluation of anticandidal effects of essential oils of commercial Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) in combination with ketoconazole againts some Candida Berkhout Strains. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 21(1): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.590839
10. Hsieh, P.C., Mau, J.L. & Huang, S.H. 2001. Antimicrobial effect of various combinations of plant extracts. Food Microbiology, 18(1): 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1006/fmic.2000.0376
11. Hochmuth, D.H. 2008. MassFinder-4, Hochmuth, Scientific Consulting: Hamburg, Germany.
12. Karaalp, C., Yurtman, A.N. & Karabay Yavasoglu, N.U. 2009. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Achillea L. flower head extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 47(1): 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802448682
13. Kriengkauykiat, J., Ito, J.I. & Dadwal, S.S. 2011. Epidemiology and treatment approaches in management of invasive fungal infections. Clinical Epidemiology, 3: 175-191. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S12502
14. Lenighan, Y.M., McNulty, B.A. & Roche, H.M. 2019. Dietary fat composition: replacement of saturated fatty acids with PUFA as a public health strategy, with an emphasis on α-linolenic acid. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78(2): 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665118002793
15. Liu, S., Hou, Y., Chen, X., Gao, Y., Li, H. & Sun, S. 2014. Combination of fluconazole with non-antifungal agents: a promising approach to cope with resistant Candida albicans infections and insight into new antifungal agent discovery. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 43(5): 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.009
16. Marinas, I.C., Oprea, E., Gaboreanu, D.M., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., Buleandra, M., Nagoda, E. & Chifiriuc, M. C. 2023. Chemical and biological studies of Achillea setacea herba essential oil-first report on some antimicrobial and antipathogenic features. Antibiotics, 12(2): 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020371
17. Maffei, M., Germano, F., Doglia, G. & Chialva, F. 1993. Essential oils, chromosome numbers and karyotypes from Italian Achillea species. Part II. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 5(1): 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698171
18. Möller, R., Nürnberg, G., Albrecht, E., Ruth, W., Brockmann, G.A. & Dannenberger, D. 2019. A method for analyzing fatty acids in cattle hair, with special emphasis on lauric acid and myristic acid. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 121(11): 1900143. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201900143
19. Nemeth E, Bernath J. 2008. Biological activities of Yarrow species (Achillea spp.). Current Pharmaceutical Design 14 (29): 3151-3167. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208786404281
20. Özek, G., Özek, T., Başer, K.H.C., Duran, A., Sagiroglu, M. & Duman, H. 2006. Comparison of the essential oils of Prangos turcica A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu et H. Duman fruits obtained by different isolation techniques. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18(5): 511-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2006.9699156
21. Özek, G., Tekin, M., Haliloğlu, Y., Başer, K. & Özek, T. 2018. Chemical compositions of Achillea sivasica: Different plant part volatiles, enantiomers and fatty acids. Records of Natural Products 12(2): 142-159. http://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.11.17.03.024
22. Strzępek-Gomółka, M., Gaweł-Bęben, K. & Kukula-Koch, W. 2021. Achillea species as sources of active phytochemicals for dermatological and cosmetic applications. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 25: 6643827. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6643827Tan
23. Tan. B.H., Chakrabarti, A., Li, R.Y., Patel, A.K., Watcharananan, S.P., Liu, Z. & Riengchan, P. 2015. Incidence and species distribution of candidaemia in Asia: a laboratory-based surveillance study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 21(10): 946-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.010
24. Toker, Z., Özen, H.Ç., Clery, R. A. & Owen, N.E. 2003. Essential oils of two Achillea species from Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15(2): 100-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9712080
25. Turkmenoglu, F.P., Agar, O.T., Akaydin, G., Hayran, M. & Demirci, B. 2015. Characterization of volatile compounds of eleven Achillea species from Turkey and biological activities of essential oil and methanol extract of A. hamzaoglui Arabaci et Budak, Molecules, 20: 11432-11458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200611432
26. Tragiannidis, A., Tsoulas, C., Kerl, K. & Groll, A.H. 2013. Invasive candidiasis: update on current pharmacotherapy options and future perspectives. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 14(11): 1515-1528. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.805204
27. Tzakou, O., Couladis, M., Milenkovic, M., Vucicevic, D. & Kovacevic, N. 2009. Composition and antimicrobial activity of Achillea coarctata essential oils from Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 12(5): 541-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2009.10643754
28. Ünlü M, Daferera D, Dönmez E, Polissiou M, Tepe, B. & Sökmen A. 2002. Compositions and the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Achillea setacea and Achillea teretifolia (Compositae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 83(1): 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00218-0
29. Van Vuuren, S. F., Suliman, S. & Viljoen, A. M. 2009. The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Letters In Applied Microbiology, 48(4): 440-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02548.x
30. Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, S., Ye, X., Li, X. & He, K. 2014. Synergy effects of herb extracts: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic basis. Fitoterapia, 92: 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.010
31. Yener, I., Yilmaz, M. A., Olmez, O. T., Akdeniz, M., Tekin, F., Hasimi, N. & Ertas, A. 2020. A detailed biological and chemical investigation of sixteen Achillea species’ essential oils via chemometric approach. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 17(3): e1900484. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900484
32. Wiley & Nist. 2011. Wiley - NIST GC/MS Library Ver: W9N11.

Year 2023, , 67 - 75, 15.10.2023

Gamze Göger , Esma Çevik Alişan Varnalı Ömer Koray Yaylacı , Medine Münevver Uma Gülmira Özek

https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.1322140

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın ana amacı, Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. ve Achillea coarctata Poir.
‘nın toprak üstü kısımlarından elde edilen n-hekzan, etil asetat ve sulu ekstrelerinin Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 14028 ve Candida albicans ATCC 6633'e karşı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile antimikrobiyal aktivitesinin belirlenmesidir. Buna ek olarak, A. coarctata'nın flukonazol içeren sulu ekstresinin C. albicans ATCC 6633, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 ve C. glabrata ATCC 90030'a karşı etkisi dama tahtası yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Uçucu bileşenlerin ve yağ asidi metil esterlerinin kimyasal bileşimleri Gaz Kromatografisi (GK) ve Gaz Kromatografisi/Kütle Spektrometresi (GK/KS) ile tanımlanmıştır. Achillae setacea'nın uçucu yağının ana bileşenleri 1,8-sineol (%16,1) ve β-pinen (%14,5), A. coarctata’nın ise kafur (%35,4) ve borneol (%12,9) olarak belirlenmiştir. Achillae setacea ve A. coarctata'nın etil asetat ekstrelerinin (MİK=156,25 µg/mL ve MİK=312,5 µg/mL, sırasıyla) test edilen Candida türlerine karşı daha etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Achillae coarctata su ekstresinin flukonazol ile kombinasyonu test edilen Candida Berkh. türleri için FIC= 0,53-0,625 µg/mL arasında aditif etki göstermiştir.

Project Number

SBAG 218S812.

References

1. Albayrak, S. & Silahtarlıoğlu N. 2020. Determination of biological activities of essential oil and extract obtained from Achillea coarctata Poir. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 20(1): 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00378-w
2. Applequist, W.L. & Moerman, D.E. 2011. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.): a neglected panacea? A review of ethnobotany, bioactivity, and biomedical research. Economic Botany, 65: 209-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-011-9154-3
3. Arendrup, M.C. 2010. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis. Current Opinion In Critical Care, 16(5): 445-452. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833e84d2.
4. Aytaç, Z., Duman, H., Ekici, M. 2016. Two new Achillea L. (Asteraceae) species from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 40(4): 373-379. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1504-19.
5. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2002. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeast Approved Standard, M27-A2, 2nd Edition, Wayne PA.
6. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2006. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, CLSI M7-A7, 7th Edition, Wayne PA.
7. Denning, D.W., Perlin, D.S., Muldoon, E.G., Colombo, A.L., Chakrabarti, A., Richardson, M.D. & Sorrell, T.C. 2017. Delivering on antimicrobial resistance agenda not possible without improving fungal diagnostic capabilities. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(2): 177. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2302.152042
8. Goli, S.A.H., Rahimmalek, M.E.H.D. I. & Tabatabaei, B.E.S. 2008. Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of yarrow (Achillea tenuifolia) seed oil. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 10(3): 355-7. 07– https://doi.org/393/AWB/2008/10–3–355–357.
9. Göger, G., Çomoğlu, B.A., İşcan, G. & Demirci, F. 2020. Evaluation of anticandidal effects of essential oils of commercial Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) in combination with ketoconazole againts some Candida Berkhout Strains. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 21(1): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.590839
10. Hsieh, P.C., Mau, J.L. & Huang, S.H. 2001. Antimicrobial effect of various combinations of plant extracts. Food Microbiology, 18(1): 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1006/fmic.2000.0376
11. Hochmuth, D.H. 2008. MassFinder-4, Hochmuth, Scientific Consulting: Hamburg, Germany.
12. Karaalp, C., Yurtman, A.N. & Karabay Yavasoglu, N.U. 2009. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Achillea L. flower head extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 47(1): 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802448682
13. Kriengkauykiat, J., Ito, J.I. & Dadwal, S.S. 2011. Epidemiology and treatment approaches in management of invasive fungal infections. Clinical Epidemiology, 3: 175-191. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S12502
14. Lenighan, Y.M., McNulty, B.A. & Roche, H.M. 2019. Dietary fat composition: replacement of saturated fatty acids with PUFA as a public health strategy, with an emphasis on α-linolenic acid. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78(2): 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665118002793
15. Liu, S., Hou, Y., Chen, X., Gao, Y., Li, H. & Sun, S. 2014. Combination of fluconazole with non-antifungal agents: a promising approach to cope with resistant Candida albicans infections and insight into new antifungal agent discovery. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 43(5): 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.009
16. Marinas, I.C., Oprea, E., Gaboreanu, D.M., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., Buleandra, M., Nagoda, E. & Chifiriuc, M. C. 2023. Chemical and biological studies of Achillea setacea herba essential oil-first report on some antimicrobial and antipathogenic features. Antibiotics, 12(2): 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020371
17. Maffei, M., Germano, F., Doglia, G. & Chialva, F. 1993. Essential oils, chromosome numbers and karyotypes from Italian Achillea species. Part II. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 5(1): 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698171
18. Möller, R., Nürnberg, G., Albrecht, E., Ruth, W., Brockmann, G.A. & Dannenberger, D. 2019. A method for analyzing fatty acids in cattle hair, with special emphasis on lauric acid and myristic acid. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 121(11): 1900143. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201900143
19. Nemeth E, Bernath J. 2008. Biological activities of Yarrow species (Achillea spp.). Current Pharmaceutical Design 14 (29): 3151-3167. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208786404281
20. Özek, G., Özek, T., Başer, K.H.C., Duran, A., Sagiroglu, M. & Duman, H. 2006. Comparison of the essential oils of Prangos turcica A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu et H. Duman fruits obtained by different isolation techniques. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18(5): 511-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2006.9699156
21. Özek, G., Tekin, M., Haliloğlu, Y., Başer, K. & Özek, T. 2018. Chemical compositions of Achillea sivasica: Different plant part volatiles, enantiomers and fatty acids. Records of Natural Products 12(2): 142-159. http://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.11.17.03.024
22. Strzępek-Gomółka, M., Gaweł-Bęben, K. & Kukula-Koch, W. 2021. Achillea species as sources of active phytochemicals for dermatological and cosmetic applications. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 25: 6643827. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6643827Tan
23. Tan. B.H., Chakrabarti, A., Li, R.Y., Patel, A.K., Watcharananan, S.P., Liu, Z. & Riengchan, P. 2015. Incidence and species distribution of candidaemia in Asia: a laboratory-based surveillance study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 21(10): 946-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.010
24. Toker, Z., Özen, H.Ç., Clery, R. A. & Owen, N.E. 2003. Essential oils of two Achillea species from Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15(2): 100-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9712080
25. Turkmenoglu, F.P., Agar, O.T., Akaydin, G., Hayran, M. & Demirci, B. 2015. Characterization of volatile compounds of eleven Achillea species from Turkey and biological activities of essential oil and methanol extract of A. hamzaoglui Arabaci et Budak, Molecules, 20: 11432-11458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200611432
26. Tragiannidis, A., Tsoulas, C., Kerl, K. & Groll, A.H. 2013. Invasive candidiasis: update on current pharmacotherapy options and future perspectives. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 14(11): 1515-1528. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.805204
27. Tzakou, O., Couladis, M., Milenkovic, M., Vucicevic, D. & Kovacevic, N. 2009. Composition and antimicrobial activity of Achillea coarctata essential oils from Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 12(5): 541-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2009.10643754
28. Ünlü M, Daferera D, Dönmez E, Polissiou M, Tepe, B. & Sökmen A. 2002. Compositions and the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Achillea setacea and Achillea teretifolia (Compositae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 83(1): 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00218-0
29. Van Vuuren, S. F., Suliman, S. & Viljoen, A. M. 2009. The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Letters In Applied Microbiology, 48(4): 440-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02548.x
30. Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, S., Ye, X., Li, X. & He, K. 2014. Synergy effects of herb extracts: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic basis. Fitoterapia, 92: 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.010
31. Yener, I., Yilmaz, M. A., Olmez, O. T., Akdeniz, M., Tekin, F., Hasimi, N. & Ertas, A. 2020. A detailed biological and chemical investigation of sixteen Achillea species’ essential oils via chemometric approach. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 17(3): e1900484. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900484
32. Wiley & Nist. 2011. Wiley - NIST GC/MS Library Ver: W9N11.

There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Pharmacognosy
Journal Section	Research Article/Araştırma Makalesi
Authors	Gamze Göger 0000-0003-2978-5385 Esma Çevik This is me 0009-0004-1086-4600 Alişan Varnalı This is me 0009-0005-6859-5607 Ömer Koray Yaylacı 0000-0001-5844-4518 Medine Münevver Uma This is me 0000-0002-6694-0711 Gülmira Özek 0000-0001-8908-6098
Project Number	SBAG 218S812.
Publication Date	October 15, 2023
Submission Date	July 12, 2023
Acceptance Date	September 21, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023

Cite

APA	Göger, G., Çevik, E., Varnalı, A., Yaylacı, Ö. K., et al. (2023). SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 24(2), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.1322140
AMA	Göger G, Çevik E, Varnalı A, Yaylacı ÖK, Uma MM, Özek G. SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. October 2023;24(2):67-75. doi:10.23902/trkjnat.1322140
Chicago	Göger, Gamze, Esma Çevik, Alişan Varnalı, Ömer Koray Yaylacı, Medine Münevver Uma, and Gülmira Özek. “SCREENING OF Achillea Coarctata Poir. AND Achillea Setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 24, no. 2 (October 2023): 67-75. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.1322140.
EndNote	Göger G, Çevik E, Varnalı A, Yaylacı ÖK, Uma MM, Özek G (October 1, 2023) SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 24 2 67–75.
IEEE	G. Göger, E. Çevik, A. Varnalı, Ö. K. Yaylacı, M. M. Uma, and G. Özek, “SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES”, Trakya Univ J Nat Sci, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 67–75, 2023, doi: 10.23902/trkjnat.1322140.
ISNAD	Göger, Gamze et al. “SCREENING OF Achillea Coarctata Poir. AND Achillea Setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 24/2 (October 2023), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.1322140.
JAMA	Göger G, Çevik E, Varnalı A, Yaylacı ÖK, Uma MM, Özek G. SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. 2023;24:67–75.
MLA	Göger, Gamze et al. “SCREENING OF Achillea Coarctata Poir. AND Achillea Setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2, 2023, pp. 67-75, doi:10.23902/trkjnat.1322140.
Vancouver	Göger G, Çevik E, Varnalı A, Yaylacı ÖK, Uma MM, Özek G. SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. 2023;24(2):67-75.

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