Astaxanthin: Unveiling biochemical mysteries, expanding horizons, and therapeutic opportunities in health science and biomedical research

Abstract

This systemic study surveys the multifaceted nature of Astaxanthin (AXT), a member of carotenoid pigments broadly used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Starting with an insight into its biological origin, the review proceeds to detail the complex chemical structure of AXT followed by considerations on its bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and safety as a dietary supplement. Foremost among these is the biological activities of AXT, especially its strong antioxidant activity which plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress (OS) damage to cells. The description of AXT as an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory cytokine indicates its important role in cell protection and chronic inflammation improvement. Additional studies emphasize positive anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities that could be exploited as therapy for metabolic disease. The review goes on to describe the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of AXT, its role in cardiovascular protection, as well as hepatic health. The discussion of the anti-cancer activity of AXT is important, since it is related with its mechanisms for preventing and treating cancer. The broad perspective ends with an overview of the diverse biological activities of AXT, suggesting future research directions and its ability to be a multi-target ameliorator. Data compiled here aims to significantly help to improve knowledge on AXT, thus facilitating health and biomedical research progression.

Keywords

• Astaxanthin
• Anticancer activity
• Anti-inflammatory activity
• Neuroprotective activity
• Cardioprotective activity

Öz

Bu sistematik çalışma, geniş çapta nutrasötiklerde ve farmasötiklerde kullanılan karotenoid pigmentlerinin bir üyesi olan Astaksantinin (AXT) çok yönlü doğasını incelemektedir. İncelemede, öncelikle AXT'nin biyolojik kökenine dair bilgiler sunulmakta, ardından karmaşık kimyasal yapısı detaylandırılmakta ve diyet takviyesi olarak biyoyararlanımı, farmakokinetiği ve güvenliği ele alınmaktadır. Bunların başında AXT'nin biyolojik aktiviteleri, özellikle oksidatif stresin hücrelere verdiği hasarı azaltmada önemli rol oynayan güçlü antioksidan aktivitesi gelmektedir. AXT'nin anti-apoptoz ve anti-enflamatuvar sitokin olarak tanımlanması, hücre koruma ve kronik iltihaplanmanın iyileştirilmesindeki önemli rolünü göstermektedir. Ek çalışmalar, AXT'nin metabolik hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılabilecek olumlu anti-obezite ve anti-diyabetik aktivitelerini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca AXT'nin immünomodülatör ve nöroprotektif etkilerini, kardiyovasküler korumadaki rolünü ve karaciğer sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini ele almaktadır. AXT'nin anti-kanser aktivitesinin tartışılması önemlidir, çünkü bu, kanseri önleme ve tedavi etme mekanizmaları ile ilgilidir. Geniş kapsamlı perspektif, AXT'nin çeşitli biyolojik aktivitelerine genel bir bakış sunarak gelecekteki araştırma yönlerini ve çok hedefli bir iyileştirici olarak potansiyelini önermektedir. Bu derleme, AXT hakkındaki bilgileri önemli ölçüde geliştirmeyi, böylece sağlık ve biyomedikal araştırmaların ilerlemesine katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

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