In vitro AND in silico EVALUATION OF THYMOQUINONE AS POTENTIAL ANTICANCER AGENT IN HUMAN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA HL-60 CELLS

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 53 - 63, 15.04.2022

Neslihan Tekin Karacaer

https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.999403

Abstract

This study aims to explore the cytotoxic, apoptotic and autophagic effects of thymoquinone on human acute myeloid leukemia. The cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone were determined with 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2 and 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tests. B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), caspase 3, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (AKT) gene expression analyzes were studied with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). AutoDock Tools 4.2 software was applied to research the potential binding of thymoquinone in the active sites of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 3, mTOR, PI3K, and AKT proteins. Thymoquinone caused a cytotoxic effect on HL-60 cells (Human leukemia cell line) with a value of 16.35 µM. Bcl-2 expression was decreased in all concentrations applied compared to the control. A decrease in caspase 3 expression level was detected in the cells treated with 10 µM, 15 µM, and 25 µM thymoquinone compared to the control. Thymoquinone induced an important decrease in mTOR and PI3K expressions compared to the control at all doses, while AKT decreased at a dose of 15 µM. The docking outcomes showed that thymoquinone interacts with the active site amino acids of apoptotic and autophagic proteins via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The present findings suggest that thymoquinone can stimulate autophagy by prevention of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in HL-60 cells and may become a new target for the therapy of acute myeloid leukemia.

Keywords

AML, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Molecular docking, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Thymoquinone

Supporting Institution

Aksaray üniversitesi

Project Number

2017-058

Thanks

This study was financed by Aksaray University Scientific Research Fund (grant number 2017-058). We are thankful to Aksaray University Scientific and Technological Application and Research Center for the use of the Molecular Biology and Metabolism Laboratory. I would like to thank Biotechnologist Mehmet KARATAŞ for his kind help in the determination of molecular docking study.

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