The relationship between the amount of edema and functional capacity and annexin V and ICAM 1 in patients with heart failure

Abstract

Objective: Edema, one of the common findings of congestive heart failure, can be seen in the form of pretibial, scrotal or pulmonary edema and always undesired changes the quality of life of patients. Some studies have previously demonstrated the correlation of some cytokines and inflammation markers with heart failure. This study purposed to investigate the relevance of the amount of edema and functional capacity with ICAM 1 and annexin V in heart failure patients. Methods: The study included a total of 40 individuals, 20 of whom were diagnosed with heart failure and 20 of whom were enrolled as the control group. Edema grades and functional capacities were scored and noted. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography. ICAM 1 and annexin V levels were compared between the patient and control groups. The correlation between the grade of edema and functional capacity and ICAM 1 and annexin V levels was examined. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the cut-off point. Results: There was a significant difference in both ICAM 1 and annexin V levels in the patient group compared to the control group (ICAM 1 58.14±25.65 ng/mL, 36.04±14.14 ng/mL, p<0.05; annexin V 9.84±1.86 ng/mL, 8.39±0.61 ng/mL, p<0.05). Analyzes showed a correlation between increased degrees of edema and decreased functional capacity and levels of ICAM 1 and annexin V. Conclusion: The results of this study may contribute to the prediction that ICAM 1 can be a new goal for the treatment of heart failure and that annexin V can be an auxiliary test for the diagnosis. It is believed that this contribution can be expanded by studies with a larger sample size.

Keywords

• ICAM 1
• annexin V
• heart failure
• edema
• functional capacity

Kalp yetmezliği hastalarında ödem miktarı ve fonksiyonel kapasite ile annexin V ve ICAM 1 arasındaki ilişki

Abstract

Amaç: Konjestif kalp yetmezliğinin yaygın bulgularından biri olan ödem pretibial, skrotal ya da pulmoner ödem şeklinde görülebilmekte ve hastaların yaşam standartlarını daima olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bazı sitokin ve inflamasyon markerlarının kalp yetmezliği ile korelasyonu daha önce kimi çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Amacımız; kalp yetmezliği hastalarında fonksiyonel kapasite ve ödem miktarı ile ICAM 1 ve annexin V arasında ilişkiyi incelemektir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya kalp yetmezliği tanısı almış 20 ve kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmiş 20 olmak üzere toplam 40 kişi alındı. Ödem dereceleri ve fonksiyonel kapasiteleri skorlanarak not edildi. Tüm hastalara transtorasik ekokardiografi yapıldı. Hasta ve kontrol grubu arasında ICAM 1 ve annexin V düzeyleri karşılaştırıldı. Ödem derecesi ve fonksiyonel kapasite ile ICAM 1 ve annexin V düzeyleri arasındaki korelasyona bakıldı. Kesim noktasının belirlenmesi için ROC Curve analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Hem ICAM 1 hem de annexin V düzeylerinde hasta grupta kontrol grubuna kıyasla anlamlı fark oluştu (ICAM 1 58.14±25.65 ng/mL, 36.04±14.14 ng/mL, p<0.05; annexin V 9.84±1.86 ng/mL, 8.39±0.61 ng/mL, p<0.05). Analizler ödem dereceleri artması ve fonksiyonel kapasitenin azalması ile ICAM 1 ve annexin V seviyeleri arasında bir korelasyon gösterdi. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, ICAM 1'in kalp yetmezliği tedavisi için yeni bir hedef olabileceği ve annexin V'nin tanı için yardımcı bir test olabileceği öngörüsüne katkıda bulunabilir. Bu katkının daha geniş örneklemli çalışmalarla genişletilebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• ICAM 1
• annexin V
• kalp yetmezliği
• ödem
• fonksiyonel kapasite

References

1. 1. Conrad N, Judge A, Tran J, et al. Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals. Lancet 2018 391(10120):572-80.
2. 2. Meyer S, Brouwers FP, Voors AA, et al. Sex differences in new-onset heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2015 104(4):342-50.
3. 3. Yin WH, Chen JW, Jen HL, et al. The prognostic value of circulating soluble cell adhesion molecules in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2003 5(4):507-16.
4. 4. Kalogeropoulos A, Georgiopoulou V, Psaty BM, et al. Inflammatory markers and incident heart failure risk in older adults: the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 55(19):2129-37.
5. 5. Moe GW, Marin-Garcia J, Konig A, Goldenthal M, Lu X, Feng Q. In vivo TNF-alpha inhibition ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in experimental heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004 (4):H1813-20.
6. 6. Gerhardt T, Ley K. Monocyte trafficking across the vessel wall. Cardiovasc Res 2015 107(3):321-30.
7. 7. Niessen HW, Lagrand WK, Visser CA, Meijer CJ, Hack CE. Upregulation of ICAM-1 on cardiomyocytes in jeopardized human myocardium during infarction. Cardiovasc Res 1999 41(3):603-10.
8. 8. Nevers T, Salvador AM, Grodecki-Pena A, et al. left ventricular T-Cell recruitment contributes to the pathogenesis of heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2015 8(4):776-87.

9. 9. Salvador AM, Nevers T, Velázquez, et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 regulates left ventricular leukocyte infiltration, cardiac remodeling, and function in pressure overload-induced heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2016 5(3):e003126.
10. 10. Al-Ahmad A, Rand WM, Manjunath G, et al. Reduced kidney function and anemia as risk factors for mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001 38(4):955-62.
11. 11. Schurgers LJ, Burgmaier M, Ueland T, et al. Circulating annexin A5 predicts mortality in patients with heart failure. J Intern Med 2016 279(1):89-97.
12. 12. Nagel C, Henn P, Ehlken N, et al. Stress Doppler echocardiography for early detection of systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arthritis Res Ther 2015 17(1):165.
13. 13. Ueland T, Dahl CP, Gullestad L, et al. Circulating levels of non-phosphorylated undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein are associated with disease severity in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011 121(3):119-27.
14. 14. Lino DOC, Freitas IA, Meneses GC, et al. Interleukin-6 and adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 as biomarkers of post-acute myocardial infarction heart failure. Braz J Med Biol Res 2019 52(12):8658.
15. 15. Patel RB, Colangelo LA, Reiner AP, et al. adhesion molecules in young adulthood and cardiac function in later life. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020 75(17):2156-2165.
16. 16. Lin QY, Lang PP, Zhang YL, et al. Pharmacological blockage of ICAM-1 improves angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling by inhibiting adhesion of LFA-1+ monocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019 317(6):H1301-11.
17. 17. Yin DL, Zhao XH, Zhou Y, et al. Association between the ICAM-1 gene polymorphism and coronary heart disease risk: a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2019 39(2):BSR20180923.
18. 18. Shrivastava A, Haase T, Zeller T, Schulte C. Biomarkers for heart failure prognosis: proteins, genetic scores and non-coding RNAs. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020 7:601364.
19. 19. Ravassa S, González A, López B, et al. Upregulation of myocardial annexin A5 in hypertensive heart disease: association with systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J. 2007 (22):2785-91.
20. 20. Adel FW, Rikhi A, Wan SH, et al. annexin A1 is a potential novel biomarker of congestion in acute heart failure. J Card Fail 2020 (8):727-732. PMC7484139.
21. 21. Pellicori P, Kaur K, Clark AL. Fluid management in patients with chronic heart failure. Card Fail Rev 2015 1(2):90-95.
22. 22. Shoaib A, Waleed M, Khan S, et al. Breathlessness at rest is not the dominant presentation of patients admitted with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2014 16(12):1283-91.
23. 23. Arnold P, Liu J, Howlett A et al. Ten-year survival by NYHA functional class in heart failure outpatients referred to specialized multidisciplinary heart failure clinics 1999 to 2011. European Heart Journal Volume 34, Issue suppl 1, 1 August 2013
24. 24. Kajimoto K, Sato N. Investigators of the acute decompensated heart failure syndromes (ATTEND) registry. Sex differences in New York Heart Association Functional Classification and survival in acute heart failure patients with preserved or reduced ejection fraction. Can J Cardiol 2020 6(1):30-36.