Abstract

Malignancies of the genital tract in pregnancy are uncommon. The most common gynaecological cancer encountered is cervical cancer. Ovarian cancer, the second most common gynaecological cancer in pregnancy has a good prognosis due to early presentation in the majority. Malignant germ-cell tumours are just as common as epithelial ovarian cancers. The presence of a viable pregnancy with gynaecological cancer presents tremendous challenges to the clinician, especially if the woman wants to conserve both her pregnancy and fertility.

Keywords

• Pregnancy, Gynecological Cancer, Surgery

GEBELİK VE JİNEKOLOJİK KANSERLER: LİTERATÜRÜN GÖZDEN GEÇİRİLMESİ

Abstract

Gebelikte genital sistem maligniteleri nadirdir. Gebelikte en sık karşılaşılan jinekolojik kanser serviks kanseridir. Over kanseri gebelikte ikinci en sık karşılaşılan jinekolojik kanserdir ve erken tanı konulması nedeniyle iyi prognozludur. Malign germ hücreli tümörler epitelyal over kanserleri kadar sıktır. Jinekolojik kanserlerde fetal viabilite varlığında ve özellikle kadın hem gebeliğin hem de fertilitenin devamını arzuluyorsa bu durum klinisyeni oldukça büyük zorluklarla karşı karşıya bırakmaktadır

Keywords

• Gebelik, Jinekolojik Kanser, Cerrahi.

References

1. 1. Ayhan A, fiimsek T. Gebelik ve Kanser.In Kiflniflçi HA, Gökflin E, Durukan T, Üstay K, Ayhan A, Gürgan T, Öndero¤lu LS, editör. Gebelik ve kanser. Temel Kad›n Hastal›klar› ve Do¤um Bilgisi. Ankara:Günefl Kitabevi, 1996:506-518.
2. 2. Hacker, Neville F. MD; Berek, Jonathan S. MD. Carcinoma of the Cervix Associated With Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 59:735,1982
3. 3. Nevin, J.; Soeters, R.; Dehaeck, K.; Bloch, B. Cervical Carcinoma Associated With Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50 -228, 1995.
4. 4. LS Massad, Mark H. Einstein, Warner K. Huh at al. 2012 consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, Volume 17, Number 5, 2013, S1-S27
5. 5. Palle C, Bangsboll S, Andreasson B: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 79:306, 2000
6. 6. Benedet JL, Selke PA, Nickerson KG. Colposcopic evaluation of abnormal Papanicolaou smears in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Oct;157(4 Pt 1):932-7.
7. 7. Economos K, Perez Veridiano N, Delke I. Abnormal cervical cytology in pregnancy: a 17-year experience. Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Jun;81(6):915-8.
8. 8. Hannigan EV, Whitehouse HH III, Atkinson WD. Cone Biopsy During Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 60:450, 1982.

9. 9. Hannigan EV: Cervical Cancer in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 33:837, 1990
10. 10. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, Version 2.2012, Cervical Cancer Screening
11. 11. Ackermann S, Gehrsitz C, Mehlhorn G, Beckmann MW. Management and course of histologically verified cervical carcinoma in situ during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(9):1134-7.
12. 12. Anderson ML, Mari G, Schwartz PE: Gynecologic Malignancies in Pregnancy. In Barnea ER, Jauniaux E, Schwartz PE: Cancer and Pregnancy. 2001 33-49.
13. 13. Gilstrap LG, Van Dorsten PV, Cunningham FG: Cancer in pregnancy. In Operative Obstetrics, 2nd ed. New YORK, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
14. 14. Oto A, Ernst R, Jesse MK, Chaljub G, Saade G. Magnetic resonance imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis in the evaluation of pregnant patients with neoplasms. Am J Perinatol. 2007 Apr;24(4):243-50.
15. 15. Greer BE, Easterling TR, McLennan DA. Fetal and maternal considerations in the management of stage I-B cervical cancer duringpregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 1989 Jul;34(1):61-5.
16. 16. Goff BA, Paley PJ, Koh WJ: Cancer in the pregnant patient. In Hoskins WJ, Perez CA, Young RC: Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology. Philedelphia: Lipincott Williams& Wilkins, 2000.
17. 17. Shepherd JH, Spencer C, Herod J, Ind TE. Radical vaginal trachelectomy as a fertility-sparing procedure in women with early-stage cervical cancer-cumulative pregnancy rate in a series of 123 women. BJOG. 2006 Jun;113(6):719-24.
18. 18. Shingleton HM, Orr JW: Cervical cancer complicating pregnancy. In Cancer of the Cervix. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1983, p 284.
19. 19. Copeland LJ, Saul PB, Sneige N. Cervical adenocarcinoma: tumor implantation in the episiotomy sites of two patients. Gynecol Oncol. 1987 Oct;28(2):230-5.
20. 20. Cliby WA, Dodson MK, Podratz KC. Cervical cancer complicated by pregnancy: episiotomy site recurrences following vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Aug;84(2):179-8
21. 21. Sood AK, Sorosky JI. Invasive cervical cancer complicating pregnancy. How to manage the dilemma. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1998 Jun;25(2):343-52.
22. 22. Crissman JD, Azoury RS, Barnes AE, Scellhas HF. Endometrial carcinoma in women 40 years of age and younger.ç. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;57:669-704.
23. 23. Gallup DG, Stock RJ. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in woman 40 years of age or younger. Obstet Gynecol 1984;64:417-421
24. 24. Schneller JA, Nicastri AD. Intrauterine pregnancy coincident with endometrial carcinoma: a case study and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 1994 Jul;54(1):87-90.
25. 25. Schammel DP, Mittal KR, Kaplan K, Deligdisch L, Tavassoli FA. Endometrial adenocarcinoma associated with intrauterine pregnancy. A report of five cases and a review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998 Oct;17(4):327-35.
26. 26. Whitecar P, Turner S, Higby K. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: A review of 130 cases undergoing surgical management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:19-24.
27. 27. Condous G, Okaro E, Bourne T. The conservative management of early pregnancy complications: a review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003;22:420-30.
28. 28. Liu JR, Lilja JF, Johnson C, Adnexal masses and ovarian cancer in pregnancy, ‹n: Trimble EL, Trimble CL, ed. Cancer Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1999:239
29. 29. Antonelli NM, Dotters DJ, Katz VL, Kuller JA. Cancer in pregnancy: a review of the literature. Part I. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1996 Feb;51(2):125-34
30. 30. Lerner JP, Timor-Tritsch IE, Federman A. Transvaginal ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian masses with an improved, weighted scoring system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:181–5.
31. 31. Wheeler TC, Fleischer AC. Complex adnexal mass in pregnancy: predictive value of color Doppler sonography. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:425-8.
32. 32. Condous G, Okaro E, Bourne T. The conservative management of early pregnancy complications: a review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003;22:420-30.
33. 33. Whitecar P, Turner S, Higby K. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: A review of 130 cases undergoing surgical management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:19-24.
34. 34. Platek DN, Handerson CE, Goldberg GL. The management of a persistent adnexal mass in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1236-40.
35. 35. Schmeler KM, Mayo-Smith WW, Peipert JF, Weitzen S, Manuel MD, Gordinier ME. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:1098-103.
36. 36. Yazigin R, Sandstad J, Munoz AK. Primary staging in ovarian tumors of low malignant potential. Gynecol Oncol. 1988 ;31(3):402-8.
37. 37. Aslam N, Ong C, Woelfer B, Nicolaides K, Jurkovic D. Serum CA125 at 11-14 weeks of gestation in women with morphologically normal ovaries. BJOG. 2000 May;107(5):689-90.
38. 38. Spitzer M, Kaushal N, Benjamin F. Maternal CA-125 levels in pregnancy and the puerperium. J Reprod Med. 1998 Apr;43(4):387-92.