HPV ENFEKSİYONU VE ANOGENİTAL PREİNVAZİV VE İNVAZİV LEZYONLAR

Abstract

Dünyada en sık saptanan seksüel geçişli hastalık HPV enfeksiyonudur. HPV deri ve mukozalarda bazal membrana yakın olan hücreleri enfekte eden DNA virusudur. HPV, cilt ve mukoz membranları enfekte eder ve lokal epitelyal proliferasyona sebep olur. HPV epidemiyolojisi, bölgesel olarak ve yaş gruplarına göre farklılıklar göstermektedir. HPV, servikal kanser dışında anüs, vulva, vagina, penis, baş boyun kanserlerinden, anogenital kondilomalar ve rekürren respiratuar papillomatozisden sorumludur. Genital HPV enfeksiyonu, dünyada en sık rastlanan cinsel yolla bulaşan hastalık olup tüm servikal kanser olgularının % 99,8’de HPV varlığı tespit edilmiştir. HPV enfeksiyonu, anogenital bölgede hemen tüm bölgenin preinvaziv ve invaziv lezyonlarıyla ilişkili olup, günümüzde en sık rastlanan seksüel geçişli olması nedeniyle ciddi bir toplum problem oluşturmaktadır. Ço- ğu HPV enfeksiyonu asemptomatik seyretmesi ve tanısının zor olması nedeniyle HPV enfeksiyonundan korunmak çok daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Uygun aşılama ve eğitim planlamaları ile HPV enfeksiyonundan korunma ve ilgili preinvaziv ve invaziv hastalıkların önlenmesi mümkün olabilecektir.

Keywords

• HPV, Servikal Kanser, Preinvaziv Lezyonlar, Vulva Kanseri, Vaginal Kanser, Anogenital Kanserler.

Abstract

HPV infection was the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. HPV infects the skin and mucous membranes and can cause local epithelial proliferation. HPV epidemiology, regional and vary according to age groups. HPV is responsible for cervical cancer,anal, vulva, vagina, penis, head and neck cancers, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and anogenitale condylomas.Genital HPV infection is 99.8% of all cervical cancer cases in the presence of HPV have been identified. HPV infection, preinvasive and invasive lesions of the anogenital region is associated with almost all of the region, today is the most common sexually transmitted constitutes a serious problem in society. Most HPV infection is asymptomatic and the diagnosis is much more difficult to prevent due to HPV infection has gained importance. With the appropriate vaccination and education programs related to HPV infection and preinvasive and invasive disease prevention and protection will be possible

Keywords

• HPV, Cervical Cancer, Preinvasive Lesions, Vulvar Cancer, Vaginal Cancer, Anogenital Cancers.

References

1. 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM (2001) GLOBOCAN 2000:cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide, version IARC Press, Lyon.
2. 2. Schiffman M, Castle PE (2003) Human papillomavirus: epidemiology and public health. Arch Pathol Lab Med 127 (8):930–934.
3. 3. Bingöl B, Abike F, Türkmen ‹, Büyükdo¤an M, Dünder ‹. Servikal intraepitelyal neoplazilerde HPV subtiplerinin araflt›r›lmas›. Türk Jinekolojik Onkoloji Dergisi 2011-2, Sayfa 45-50.
4. 4. Bhatla N, Dar L, Rajkumar Patro A, Kumar P, Pati SK, Kriplani A, Gulati A, Broor S, Iyer VK, Mathur S, Shah KV, Gravitt PE. Human papillomavirus-type distribution in women with and without cervical neoplasia in north India. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008 Jul;27 (3):426-30.
5. 5. Insinga RP, Liaw KL,. Johnson LG, Madeleine M M A Systematic Review of the Prevalence and Attribution of Human Papillomavirus Types Among Cervical, Vaginal and Vulvar Precancers and Cancers in the United States. . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 July ; 17 (7): 1611–1622.
6. 6. Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:3030-44.
7. 7. U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. United States Cancer Statistics: 1999-2002 Incidence andMortality Web-based Report. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention and National Cancer Institute; Atlanta: 2005. Available at: www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/uscs. 3-21-2007
8. 8. Jablonska S, Majewski S, Obalek S, Orth, G. Cutaneous wart. Clin Dermatol. 1997;15:309-19.

9. 9. Moscicki AB, Palefsky J, Smith G, et al. Variability of human papillomavirus DNA testing in a longitudinal cohort of young women. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82:578–585.
10. 10. Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet Sep 8;2007 370 (9590):890–907.
11. 11. Dillner J, von Krogh G, Horenblas S, et al. Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000; 205 (suppl):189–193.
12. 12. Smith JS, Lindsay L, Hoots B, Keys J, Franceschi S, Winer R, et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: a meta-analysis update. Int JCancer Aug 1;2007 121 (3):621–32.
13. 13. Clifford GM, Smith JS, Aguado T, Franceschi S. Comparison of HPV type distribution in highgrade cervical lesions and cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2003;89 (1):101–105.
14. 14. de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2004;324:17-27.
15. 15. Chew GK, Cruickshank ME, Rooney PH, Miller ID, Parkin DE, Murray GI. Human papillomavirus 16 infection in adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Br J Cancer 2005;93:1301-4.
16. 16. Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X, Shah KV, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med Feb 2003; 348 (6):518–27.
17. 17. Abike F, Bingöl B, K›l›ç GS, Dünder ‹, Tap›s›z OL. Servikal kanser ve tümör belirteçleri. Türk Jinekolojik Onkoloji Dergisi 2011-1, Sayfa 1-9.
18. 18. Syrjanen SM, Syrjanen KJ. New concepts on the role of human papillomaviruses in cell cycle regulation. Ann Med. 1999;31:175-87.
19. 19. Orth G, Favre M. Human papillomaviruses. Biochemical and biologic properties. Clin Dermatol. 1985;3:27- 42.
20. 20. Wallin KL, Wiklund F, Angstrom T, et al. Type-specific persistence of human papillomavirus DNA before the development of invasive cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1633–1638.
21. 21. Nuovo GJ, Blanco JS, Leipzig S, Smith D. Human papillomavirus detection in cervical lesions nondiagnostic for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: correlation with Papanicolaou smear, colposcopy, and occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75:1006–1011.
22. 22. Jacobs MV, Snijders PJ, Voorhorst FJ. Reliable high risk HPV DNA testing by polymerase chain reaction: an intermethod and intramethod comparison. J Clin Pathol. 1999;52:498–503.
23. 23. Nobbenhuis MAE, Walboomers JM, Helmerhorst TJ, et al. Relation of human papillomavirus status to cervical lesions and consequences for cervical cancer screening: a prospective study. Lancet 1999;354:20–25.
24. 24. Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Edwards BK, editors. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1995. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 1998.
25. 25. Bernal M, Burillo I, Mayordomo JI, Moros M, Benito R, Gil J. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix: a case-control study in Zaragoza, Spain. Infect Agent Cancer. 2008 May 29;3:8.
26. 26. Kjaer SK, Breugelmans G, Munk C, Junge J, Watson M, Iftner T. Population-based prevalence, type- and agespecific distribution of HPV in women before introduction of an HPV-vaccination program in Denmark. Int J Cancer. 2008 Oct 15;123 (8):1864-70.
27. 27. Gollnick H, Barasso R, Jappe U, et al. Safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of penile genital warts in uncircumcised men when applied three times weekly or once per day. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12:22–28.
28. 28. Beutner KR, Tyring SK, Trofatter KF Jr, et al. Imiquimod, a patientapplied immune-response modifier for treatment of external genital warts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:789–794.
29. 29. Davis G, Wentworth J, Richard J. Self-administered topical imiquimod treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. A report of four cases. J Reprod Med 2000; 45:619–623.
30. 30. Kerby PK, Kiviat N, Beckman A, Wells D, Sherwin S, Corey L. Tolerance and efficacy of recombinant human interferon-gamma in the treatment of refractory genital warts. Am J Med 1988; 85:183–188.
31. 31. Kraus SJ, Stone KM. Management of genital infection caused by human papillomavirus. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 (suppl 6):620–632.
32. 32. Majewski S, Jablonska S. Human papillomaviruses-associated tumors of the skin and mucosa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:658-9.
33. 33. Hama N, Ohtsuka T, Yamazaki S. Detection of mucosal human papilloma virus DNA in bowenoid papulosis, Bowen’s disease and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Dermatol. 2006; 33:331-7.
34. 34. Abike F, Engin AB, Dunder I, Tapisiz OL, Aslan C, Kutluay L.Human papilloma virus persistence and neopterin, folate and homocysteine levels in cervical dysplasias. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284 (1):209-14.
35. 35. ASCUS-LSIL Traige Study (ALTS) Group (2003) A randomized trial on the management of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cytology interpretations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188 (6):1393–1400.
36. 36. Kasap B, Yetimalar H, Keklik A, Yildiz A, Cukurova K, Soylu F. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus DNA in cervical cytology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011 Nov;159 (1):168-71.
37. 37. Dittmer C, Katalinic A, Mundhenke C, Thill M, Fischer D. Epidemiology of vulvar and vaginal cancer in Germany. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011 Jul;284 (1):169-74.
38. 38. Brown DR, Schroeder JM, Bryan JT, Stoler MH, Fife KH. Detection of multiple human papillomavirus types in Condylomata acuminata lesions from otherwise healthy and immunosuppressed patients. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37 (10):3316–3322.
39. 39. Greer CE, Wheeler CM, Ladner MB, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution and serological response to HPV type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33 (8):2058–2063.
40. 40. Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:3030-44.
41. 41. Evi F, Randimbison L, Lavecchia C: Descriptive epidemiology of vulvar and vaginal cancers in Vaud, Switzerland, 1974–1994. Ann Oncol 1998, 9:1229-1232.
42. 42. Sasco AJ, Gendre I: Current epidemiology of vulvar cancer. Contracept Fertil Sex 1998, 26:858-864.
43. 43. Longworth MS, Laimins LA. Pathogenesis of human papillomaviruses in differentiating epithelia. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004; 68: 362-372.
44. 44. De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, Madeleine MM, Franceschi S. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a metaanalysis. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626-1636.
45. 45. Flores YN, Bishai DM, Shah KV, Lazcano-Ponce E, Lörincz A, Hernández M, et al. Risk factors for cervical cancer among HPV positive women in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2008; 50: 49-58.
46. 46. Li H, Guo Y, Zhang J, Qiao J And Geng L. Risk factors for the development of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Chinese Medical Journal 2012;125 (7):1219-1223.
47. 47. Sturgeon SR, Curtis RE, Johnson K, Ries L, Brinton LA: Second primary cancers after vulvar and vaginal cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174:929-933.
48. 48. Merino MJ: Vaginal cancer: the role of infectious and environmental factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991, 165:1255-1262.
49. 49. Brinton LA, Nasca PC, Mallin K, Schairer C, Rosenthal J, Rothenberg R, Yordan E Jr, Richart RM: Case-control study of in situ and invasive carcinoma of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 1990, 38:49-54.
50. 50. Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Schwartz SM, Shera KA, Carter JJ, McKnight B, Porter PL, Galloway DA, McDougall JK, Tamimi H: A populationbased study of squamous cell vaginal cancer: HPV and cofactors. Gynecol Oncol 2002, 84:263-270.
51. 51. Zanotti KM, Belinson J. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of human papillomavirus infection. Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 Dec;69 (12):948, 951-5.
52. 52. Joseph DA, Miller JW, Wu X et al. Understanding the burden of human papillomavirus-associated anal cancers in the US. Cancer 2008; 113 (S10):2892-900.