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Brazil’s Amazons Policy during the Bolsonaro Era

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 57 - 72, 28.03.2022

Öz

Brazil is home to most of the Amazon rainforests, one of the world’s largest and most important forest lands. The Amazons’ natural resources, its size and the economic potential make it an important factor in the Brazilian politics. Starting from the colonial period, the use of the Amazon forests has been one of the priority issues of the governments that came to power. Not only in terms of economic and commercial activities, but also the rights of the indigenous cultures and the protection of endemic species keep Amazons in the agenda of both Brazil’s and the international arena. The Amazons that are regarded as a source for economic development and that have been destroyed for a very long time, are currently at a greater risk since Jair Bolsonaro came to power as the President of Brazil in 2019.
In this study, the policies applied in the past and present in Brazil regarding the Amazon forests are briefly explained and the policies of the Bolsonaro government on this issue and the results of these policies are analyzed. Adopting a populist and authoritarian management style, Bolsonaro made legal and administrative arrangements for the Amazon forests as soon as he came to power. Bolsonaro tried to present his policies within the scope of Brazil's independence and economic development, thus undermining the Amazons’ significance for the rights of indigenous peoples and its ecological value. This study examines Bolsonaro’s discourse and his claims about the Amazons. It is argued in this study that the Amazon forests cannot be evaluated solely within the scope of Brazilian sovereignty and economic development. The importance of Amazons in terms of global climate crisis and the protection of indigenous peoples’ rights, goes well beyond the Bolsonaro’s populist rhetoric.

Kaynakça

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  • Andreotti, V. (2021). If We Lose the Amazon, Our World Will Lose its Future, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/if-we-lose-the-amazon-our-world-will-lose-its-future/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2022).
  • Atvur, S. (2019). Latin Amerika’da Ekolojik Sorunlar ve Çevre Hareketleri. C. Uysal Oğuz, S. Atvur & R. İzol (ed.) 21. Yüzyılda Latin Amerika (s. 307-329). Ankara: Seçkin.
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  • Boucher, D. & Chi, D. (2018). Amazon Deforestration in Brazil: What Has Not Happened and How the Global Media Covered It. Tropical Conservation Science, 11: 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918794325
  • Branford, S. & Torres, M. (2018). Brazil’s political storm driving Amazon deforestation higher, https://news.mongabay.com/2018/07/brazils-political-storm-driving-amazon-deforestation-higher/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2022).
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  • Calma, J. (2019). Everything You Need to Know About the fires in the Amazon, https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/28/20836891/amazon-fires-brazil-bolsonaro-rainforest-deforestation-analysis-effects (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2021).
  • Campos, A., Wasley, A., Heal, A., Philips, D. & Locatelli, P. (2020). Revealed: New Evidence Links Brazil Meat Giant JBS to Amazon Deforestration, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/27/revealed-new-evidence-links-brazil-meat-giant-jbs-to-amazon-deforestation (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2021).
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  • Casado, L. ve Londoño, E. (2019). Under Brazil’s Far Right Leader, Amazon Protections Slashed and Forests Fall, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/28/world/americas/brazil-deforestation-amazon-bolsonaro.html (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
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  • Escobar, H. (2019). Deforestation in the Amazon is shooting up, but Brazil's president calls the data ‘a lie', https://www.science.org/content/article/deforestation-amazon-shooting-brazil-s-president-calls-data-lie (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
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  • Gonzaga, D. (2021). Numbers don’t lie: Amazon deforestation increased despite Brazil’s greenwashing attempt at COP26, https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/50900/amazon-deforestation-record-breaking-bolsonaro-brazil/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.12.2021).
  • Greenpeace (2006). Eating Up the Amazon, https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/report/2010/2/eating-up-the-amazon.pdf?53ea6e (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2021).
  • Greenpeace (2016). 10 Years Ago the Amazon Was Being Bulldozed for Soy-Then Everything Changed, https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/victories/amazon-rainforest-deforestation-soy-moratorium-success/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2022).
  • Isensee e Sá, M. (2020). Bolsonaro revives a plan to carve a road through one of Brazil’s last untouched areas, https://oeco.org.br/english/bolsonaro-revives-a-plan-to-carve-a-road-through-one-of-brazils-last-untouched-areas/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022).
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  • Londoño, E. ve Casado, L. (2020). As Bolsonaro Keeps Amazon Vows, Brazil’s Indigenous Fear ‘Ethnocide’, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/19/world/americas/bolsonaro-brazil-amazon-indigenous.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.12.2021).
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Bolsonaro Döneminde Brezilya’nın Amazonlar Politikası

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 57 - 72, 28.03.2022

Öz

Brezilya, dünyanın en geniş ve en önemli orman arazilerinden biri olan Amazon Yağmur Ormanları’nın büyük bölümüne ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Amazon Ormanları barındırdığı doğal kaynaklar, büyüklüğü ve ekonomik potansiyeli nedeniyle Brezilya siyasetinde önemli bir faktör olarak görülmektedir. Sömürgecilik döneminden başlayarak Amazonların kullanımı işbaşına gelen yönetimlerin öncelikli konularından biri olmuştur. Sadece ekonomik ve ticari faaliyetler değil, bölgedeki yerli toplulukların hakları ve endemik türlerin korunması da Amazonları hem Brezilya’da hem de uluslararası arenada gündemde tutmaktadır. Brezilya’da ekonomik gelişmenin kaynağı olarak görülen ve uzun süredir tahrip edilen ormanlar, 2019 yılında Jair Bolsonaro’nun devlet başkanı olarak göreve başlamasının ardından daha büyük risk altına girmiştir.
Bu çalışmada, Brezilya’nın geçmişte ve günümüzde Amazon Ormanları’na yönelik politikaları kısaca açıklandıktan sonra, Bolsonaro hükümetinin bu konudaki uygulamaları ve ortaya çıkan sonuçlar analiz edilmiştir. Popülist ve otoriter bir yönetim tarzı benimseyen Bolsonaro, başkan seçilmesinin ardından Amazonlara yönelik birtakım yasal ve idari düzenlemeler yapmış ve bu politikaların Brezilya’nın bağımsızlığı ve ekonomik gelişmesi kapsamında uygulandığı söylemiyle yerli halkların haklarını ve Amazonların ekolojik değerini geri plana itmiştir. Çalışmada özellikle Bolsonaro’nun Amazonlara dair söylemleri incelenerek bölgeyle ilgili düzenlemelerin Bolsonaro’nun iddia ettiği şekilde sadece Brezilya’nın ekonomik kalkınması ve egemenlik hakları kapsamında değerlendirilemeyeceği ileri sürülmektedir. Küresel iklim krizi ve yerli halkların haklarının korunması bağlamında Amazonların sahip olduğu değer Bolsonaro’nun popülist söyleminin ötesine geçmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Agência Brasileira de Cooperação (t.y.). Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable National Resources. http://www.abc.gov.br/training/informacoes/InstituicaoIBAMA_en.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • Akgün, E. & Gümüş, B. (2020). Siyasal Sisteminden Sağcı Popülist Bolsonaro Devri’ndeki Covid-19 Yaklaşımına Kadar Brezilya. İ. Ermağan, E. Tahsin & S. Tekin (ed.) Dünya Siyasetinde Latin Amerika-3 (s. 89-135). Ankara: Nobel
  • Akkoyunlu, K. (2020). Sessiz Devrimin Gürültülü Sonu: Brezilya İşçi Partisi’nin Yükselişi ve Düşüşü. E. Akgemci & K. Ateş (der.) Dünyanın Ters Köşesi Latin Amerika: Tarih, Toplum, Kültür (s. 281-290). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Andreotti, V. (2021). If We Lose the Amazon, Our World Will Lose its Future, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/if-we-lose-the-amazon-our-world-will-lose-its-future/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2022).
  • Atvur, S. (2019). Latin Amerika’da Ekolojik Sorunlar ve Çevre Hareketleri. C. Uysal Oğuz, S. Atvur & R. İzol (ed.) 21. Yüzyılda Latin Amerika (s. 307-329). Ankara: Seçkin.
  • BBC News (2019). Amazon Fires Increase by 84% in One Year-Space Agency https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
  • Biller, D. (2018). Brazil Backs Out of Hosting 2019 Climate Talks, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-28/brazil-backs-out-of-hosting-2019-climate-talks-citing-finances (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2022).
  • Boucher, D. & Chi, D. (2018). Amazon Deforestration in Brazil: What Has Not Happened and How the Global Media Covered It. Tropical Conservation Science, 11: 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918794325
  • Branford, S. & Torres, M. (2018). Brazil’s political storm driving Amazon deforestation higher, https://news.mongabay.com/2018/07/brazils-political-storm-driving-amazon-deforestation-higher/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2022).
  • Butler, R. A. (2020). Brazil’s Forests, https://rainforests.mongabay.com/brazil/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2022).
  • Calma, J. (2019). Everything You Need to Know About the fires in the Amazon, https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/28/20836891/amazon-fires-brazil-bolsonaro-rainforest-deforestation-analysis-effects (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2021).
  • Campos, A., Wasley, A., Heal, A., Philips, D. & Locatelli, P. (2020). Revealed: New Evidence Links Brazil Meat Giant JBS to Amazon Deforestration, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/27/revealed-new-evidence-links-brazil-meat-giant-jbs-to-amazon-deforestation (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2021).
  • Cannon, J. C. (2020). Mining covers more than 20% of Indigenous territory in the Amazon, https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/mining-covers-more-than-20-of-indigenous-territory-in-the-amazon/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2022).
  • Casado, L. ve Londoño, E. (2019). Under Brazil’s Far Right Leader, Amazon Protections Slashed and Forests Fall, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/28/world/americas/brazil-deforestation-amazon-bolsonaro.html (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • CBS News (2021). Brazil Leader Jair Bolsonaro Accused of "Crimes Against Humanity" for Amazon Deforestation, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-accused-crimes-against-humanity-amazon-deforestation/ (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2021).
  • Chaffee, W. A. (2015). Brazil. H. E. Vanden & G. Prevost (ed.) Politics of Latin America: The Power Game (s. 380-407). Oxford Uni. Press.
  • Chang, A. (2019). Why Norway And Germany Have Frozen Money Going To The Amazon Fund (interview with Jeff Tollefson), https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753836508/why-norway-and-germany-have-frozen-money-going-to-the-amazon-fund (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2022).
  • Colitt, R. (2009). Special Report-Amazon Projects Undercut Brazil's New Green Path. https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44681620091213 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2022).
  • Constitute Project (2021). Brazil’s Constitution of 1988 with Amendments through 2017. https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2017.pdf?lang=en (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2022).
  • Costa, J. M. da, Shiraishi Neto, J., Silva, E. L. da & Souza, I. D. N. T. de (2021). Society and Environment in the Territorial Planning of the Brazilian Amazon. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 46:1, 38-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2021.1855865
  • Escobar, H. (2019). Deforestation in the Amazon is shooting up, but Brazil's president calls the data ‘a lie', https://www.science.org/content/article/deforestation-amazon-shooting-brazil-s-president-calls-data-lie (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, E. (2017). Brezilya Federal Cumhuriyeti ve Türkiye ile İlişkileri. İ. Ermağan (ed.). Dünya Siyasetinde Latin Amerika (s. 43-71). Ankara: Nobel.
  • Fox, M. (2019). Amazon in Flames (interview). NACLA Report on the Americas, 51:4, 328-332, https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2019.1692937
  • Global Witness. (2021). Last Line of Defence, https://www.globalwitness.org/documents/20190/Last_line_of_defence_-_low_res_-_September_2021.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2022).
  • Gonzaga, D. (2021). Numbers don’t lie: Amazon deforestation increased despite Brazil’s greenwashing attempt at COP26, https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/50900/amazon-deforestation-record-breaking-bolsonaro-brazil/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.12.2021).
  • Greenpeace (2006). Eating Up the Amazon, https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/report/2010/2/eating-up-the-amazon.pdf?53ea6e (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2021).
  • Greenpeace (2016). 10 Years Ago the Amazon Was Being Bulldozed for Soy-Then Everything Changed, https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/victories/amazon-rainforest-deforestation-soy-moratorium-success/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2022).
  • Isensee e Sá, M. (2020). Bolsonaro revives a plan to carve a road through one of Brazil’s last untouched areas, https://oeco.org.br/english/bolsonaro-revives-a-plan-to-carve-a-road-through-one-of-brazils-last-untouched-areas/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Kröger, M. (2020). Field Research Notes on Amazon Deforestration During the Bolsonaro Era, Globalizations, 17:6, 1080-1083, https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1763063
  • Londoño, E. ve Casado, L. (2020). As Bolsonaro Keeps Amazon Vows, Brazil’s Indigenous Fear ‘Ethnocide’, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/19/world/americas/bolsonaro-brazil-amazon-indigenous.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.12.2021).
  • Martins, F. (2019). Bolsonaro raised the issue: do natives own too much land in Brazil?, https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/wiseup-news/bolsonaro-raised-the-issue-do-natives-own-too-much-land-in-brazil/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2021).
  • Menezes, R. G. & Barbosa Jr, R. (2021). Enviromental Governance Under Bolsonaro: Dismentling Instutions, Curtailing Participation, Delegitimising Opposition. Z Vgl Polit Wiss, 15: 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-021-00491-8
  • NASA (2020). Reflecting on a Tumultuous Amazon Fire Season, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146355/reflecting-on-a-tumultuous-amazon-fire-season (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • OEC (2021). Soybeans in Brazil, https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/soybeans/reporter/bra (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2022).
  • Phillips, D. (2019). Bolsonaro declares 'the Amazon is ours' and calls deforestation data 'lies', https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-amazon-rainforest-deforestation (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2022).
  • Polat, Y. K. (2019). Brezilya. C. Uysal Oğuz, S. Atvur & R. İzol (ed.) 21. Yüzyılda Latin Amerika: Siyaset-Ekonomi-Toplum (s.581-604). Ankara: Seçkin.
  • Posta, J. (2020). The Securitisation of Brazil’s Environment under the Bolsonaro Administration A Critical Discourse Analysis. Master Thesis, Aalborg Universitet, Kopenhagen, Denmark. https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/334635077/Thesis_Final_Upload_Version.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2022).
  • Pruitt-Young, S. (2021). Parts Of The Amazon Rainforest Are Now Releasing More Carbon Than They Absorb, https://www.npr.org/2021/07/15/1016469317/parts-of-the-amazon-rainforest-are-now-releasing-more-carbon-than-they-absorb (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2022).
  • Quijano Vallejos, P., Veit, P. G., Tipula, P. & Reytar, K. (2020). Undermining Rights: Indigenous Lands and Mining in the Amazon, World Resources Institute, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/Report_Indigenous_Lands_and_Mining_in_the_Amazon_web_1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2022).
  • Raftopoulos, M. & Morley, J. (2020). Ecocide in the Amazon: the Contested Politics of Enviromental Rights in Brazil. The International Journal of Human Rights, 24(10): 1616-1641, DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2020.1746648
  • RAISG, 2015. Deforestation in the Amazonia (1970-2013). www.raisg.socioambiental.org (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2022).
  • Reuters. (2019). Norway stops Amazon fund contribution in dispute with Brazil, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-environment-norway-idUSKCN1V52C9 (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2022).
  • Rocha, J. (2019). Bolsonaro government reveals plan to develop the ‘Unproductive Amazon’, https://www.amazoniasocioambiental.org/en/radar/bolsonaro-government-reveals-plan-to-develop-the-unproductive-amazon/ (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2022).
  • Savran, S. (2006). Brezilya’da Lula Faciası. Praksis Üç Aylık Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14: 125-148.
  • Shahbandeh, M. (2021). Trade value of leading beef exporters worldwide in 2020 (in billion U.S. dollars), https://www.statista.com/statistics/917207/top-exporters-of-beef-global/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2022).
  • Silva Junior, C. H. L., Pessôa, A. C. M., Carvalho, N. S., Reis, J. B. C., Anderson, L. O., Aragão, L. E. O. C., (2021). The Brazilian Amazon Deforestation Rate in 2020 is the Greatest of the Decade. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5: 144–145, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01368-x
  • Spigariol, A. (2021). Lula still polling first, but no longer pulling away, https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2021/11/03/lula-polling-first-bolsonaro-2022/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2022).
  • Survival International. (2019). The Brazilian Indians https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/brazilian (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2022).
  • Tekin, S. (2017). Brezilya Dış Politikası: Gelenek ve Değişim. İstanbul: Der Yay.
  • Thomson, A. (2020). Biodiversity and the Amazon Rainforest, https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/biodiversity-and-the-amazon-rainforest/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2022)
  • Urzedo, D. & Chatterjee, P. (2021). The Colonial Reproduction of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Violence Against Indigenous Peoples for Land Development. Journal of Genocide Research, 23:2, 302-324, https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2021.1905758
  • Vilela, P. R. (2019). Bolsonaro: Countries use Amazon blaze to try to harm Brazil, https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2019-08/bolsonaro-countries-use-amazon-blaze-try-harm-brazil (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2022).
  • World Bank. (2020). Country Profile: Brazil. https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=BRA (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2022).
  • World Bank. (2022a). GDP (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2022).
  • World Bank. (2022b). GDP, PPP (current international $). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2022).
  • Yıldırım, Y. (2020). Lula da Silva’dan Bolsonaro’ya Brezilya’da Siyasal Dönüşüm. Mülkiye Dergisi, 44(3): 515-542.
  • Yılmaz, Ö. (2020). Sağ Popülizm ve Faşizm Kavramlarına Bolsonaro İktidarından Bir Bakış. Alınteri Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2): 137-162, https://doi.org/10.30913/alinterisosbil.797145.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ceren Uysal Oğuz 0000-0001-7342-0362

Canan Kışlalıoğlu 0000-0003-0388-246X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uysal Oğuz, C., & Kışlalıoğlu, C. (2022). Bolsonaro Döneminde Brezilya’nın Amazonlar Politikası. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 5(1), 57-72.

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