Sosyal Hizmette Füturizm: Transhümanizm, İnsan Hayatının Oyunlaştırılması, Homo Roboticus ve Bakım

Abstract

Bu çalışmada sanatsal bir akım olarak ortaya çıkıp toplumsal ve teknolojik bir boyut kazanan fütürizm hareketinin temelleri üzerinden sosyal çalışma disiplinine ve mesleğine yönelik bir değerlendirme yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. Böylece sosyal çalışma disiplininin ve mesleğinin gelecek yıllardaki olası ajandasına yönelik öngörülerin açıklanması planlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada fütürizm ile sosyal hizmet arasındaki ilişki insan hakları, sosyal adalet, eşitlik, toplumsal refah, bireyin onuru ve saygınlığı gibi evrensel değerler üzerine kurulmuş olan sosyal hizmet uygulamalarının nasıl bir geleceğe doğru yol aldığını ortaya koyma çabasıyla kurulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, yeni bir felsefi hareket olarak ortaya çıkan transhümanizm kavramı sosyal hizmetin geleceği ile ilgili olarak ele alınmaktadır. Daha sonra insan hayatının oyunlaştırılması, homo roboticus ve bakım gibi konular tartışılmaktadır. Bu konular son birkaç yıldır sosyal bilimlerin gündemindedir. Bu makalenin sosyal hizmet alanında bu konularla ilgili olarak hazırlanan ilk çalışmalardan biri olması nedeniyle bir başlangıç çalışması olarak kabul edilmesi ve gelecekteki çalışmalarla desteklenmesi beklenmektedir.

Keywords

• homo roboticus
• Fütürizm
• sosyal hizmet
• transhümanizm
• oyunlaştırma

Futurism in Social Work: Transhumanism, Gamification of Human Life, Homo Roboticus and Care

Abstract

This study aims at making an assessment of the social work discipline and profession on the basis of the futurism movement, which emerged as an artistic movement and gained social and technological dimensions. Therefore, predictions for the possible agenda of the social work discipline and profession in the future are discussed. In this study, the relationship between futurism and social work is established in an effort to reveal how social work practices, based on universal values such as human rights, social justice, equality, social prosperity and the dignity of the individual, are moving forward. In this context, the future of social work is analyzed under the following three topics: (1) Transhumanism, (2) gamification of human life, (3) homo roboticus and care. In fact, all these topics have been on the agenda of social sciences for the last few years. Despite this interest, to the best of the researcher’s knowledge, this article is one of the first studies on these issues in the field of social work and has raised many questions in need of further studies. 

Keywords

• Futurism
• social work
• transhumanism
• gamification
• homo roboticus

References

1. Adamowicz, E., & Storchi, S. (Eds.). (2013). “Introduction”. (in) Back to the Futurists: The avant-garde and its legacy. Manchester University Press. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18mbdvz
2. AlBalawi, A., AlSaawi, B., AlTassan, G., & Fakeerah, Z. (2015, September). Gamification in Saudi Society: A Framework to Develop Human Values for Early Generations. In East European Conference on Advances in Databases and Information Systems (pp. 279-287). Springer, Cham.
3. Baka, E., Ramanathan, M., Mishra, N., & Thalmann, N. M. (2017) Meet Nadine, one of the world’s most human-like robots. Retrieved March 23, 2020, https://www.vi-mm.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Nadine-case-study.pdf
4. Beran, T. N., Ramirez-Serrano, A., Vanderkooi, O. G., & Kuhn, S. (2015). Humanoid robotics in health care: An exploration of children’s and parents’ emotional reactions. Journal of health psychology, Vol. 20 (7), pp. 984-989.
5. Bostrom, N. (2004). Transhumanism: The world’s most dangerous idea. Foreign Policy. https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/dangerous.html [Access Date: March, 19, 2020]
6. Burnay, M. (2019) Privacy and Surveillance in a Digital Era: Transnational Implications of China’s Surveillance State, Working Paper, Retrieved March 21, 2020, from https://ghum.kuleuven.be/ggs/research/eucross/eucross-wp-burnay-oct2019.pdf
7. Caruso, L. (2018). “Digital innovation and the fourth industrial revolution: epochal social changes?”. Ai & Society, Vol. 33, pp. 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-017-0736-1
8. Cui, C., Kim, T., & Park, S. (2019, May). The Communication Requirements for Humanoid In-Robot Networks. In 2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), pp. 1-4.

9. Creemers, R. (2018). China's social credit system: an evolving practice of control. Retrieved March 21, 2020, from SSRN https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3175792
10. Dağ, A. (2018). Transhümanizm İnsanın ve Dünyanın Dönüşümü, İstanbul: Elis Yayınları.
11. Deterding, S., Khaled, R., Nacke, L. & Dixon, D. (2011). Gamification: Toward a Definition. http://gamification-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/02-Deterding-Khaled-Nacke-Dixon.pdf [Access Date: March, 20, 2020]
12. Devisch, O., Poplin, A., & Sofronie, S. (2016). The Gamification of Civic Participation: Two Experiments in Improving the Skills of Citizens to Reflect Collectively on Spatial Issues, Journal of Urban Technology, Vol. 23 (2), pp. 81-102.
13. Edman, T. B. (2019). Transhumanism and Singularity: A Comparative Analysis of a Radical Perspective in Contemporary Works. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 18 (1), pp. 39-49.
14. Fisher D. (1992) “The First Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1780–1860: National Income and Its Distribution”. (in) The Industrial Revolution. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
15. Fuchs, M. (2014). Gamification as twenty-first-century ideology. Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds, 6(2), 143-157.
16. Grassi, V. (2018). Individualism in modern China: the social credit issue. Department of Political Science Chair of Sociology, Politics, Philosophy and Economics B.A.
17. Greene, S. M. (2016). Bina48: Gender, race, and queer artificial life. Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media & Technology, Issue 9.
18. Griffiths, J. (2013). “Heroes/heroines of Futurist culture: Oltreuomo/oltredonna”. (in) Adamowicz E. & Storchi S. (Eds.), Back to the Futurists: The avant-garde and its legacy (pp. 27-37). Manchester University Press. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18mbdvz.7
19. Hoekenga, B. C. (2007). Mind over machine: what Deep Blue taught us about chess, artificial intelligence, and the human spirit (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
20. Hsu, F. H. (2004). Behind Deep Blue: Building the computer that defeated the world chess champion. Princeton University Press.
21. Huizinga, J. (2018). Homo Ludens: Oyunun Kültür İçindeki Yeri Üzerine Bir İnceleme (Çev. Orhan Düz). İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.
22. Huxley, A. (2004). Brave New World Revisited. Vintage Classics: Penguin Publishing.
23. Huxley, J. (1968). Transhumanism. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 8 (1), pp. 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786800800107
24. Kapp, K. M. (2012). The gamification of learning and instruction: game-based methods and strategies for training and education. John Wiley & Sons Publication.
25. Kılıç, Y., & Eser, E. (2017). Eskiçağ Toplumlarının Mitolojisinde Ölümsüzlük Arayış. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, Vol. 4 (13), pp. 122-156.
26. Klein, B. (2016). The Role of Robotics in Social Care for Older People in Germany. (in) Risk and Resilience: Global learning across the age span. (eds.) Charlotte Clarke, Matthias Schwannauer, Julie Taylor, Dunedin Academic Press Ltd.
27. Knox, E. (2017). FCJ-204 degrees of freedom. The Fibreculture Journal, (28: Creative Robotics), Retrieved March 23, 2020, from http://fibreculturejournal.org/wp-content/pdfs/FCJ-204ElenaKnox.pdf
28. Kostka, G. (2019). China’s social credit systems and public opinion: Explaining high levels of approval. New Media & Society, Vol. 21 (7), pp. 1565–1593.
29. Livingstone, D. (2015). Transhumanism: the history of a dangerous idea. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
30. Luisetti, F., & Somigli, L. (2009). “A century of futurism: introduction”. Annali d'Italianistica, Vol. 27, pp. 13-21.
31. Marache-Francisco, C., & Brangier, E. (2015). Gamification and human-machine interaction: A synthesis. Le travail humain, Vol. 78 (2), pp. 165-189.
32. Meissner, M. (2017). China’s social credit system: A big-data enabled approach to market regulation with broad implications for doing business in China. Mercator Institute for China Studies, Vol. 24, pp. 1-13.
33. Newborn, M. (2000). Deep Blue's contribution to AI. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 28 (1-4), pp. 27-30.
34. Newborn, M. (2013). Deep Blue: an artificial intelligence milestone. Springer Science & Business Media.
35. Newton, D. E. (2018). Robots: A Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Issues.
36. Niku, S. B. (2001). Introduction to robotics: analysis, systems, applications (Vol. 7). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publication.
37. Pilsch, A. (2017). Transhumanism: Evolutionary Futurism and the Human Technologies of Utopia. Minneapolis; London: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved March 19, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctt1pwt7qm
38. Prescott, T. J. & Caleb-Solly, P. (2017). Robotics in social care: a connected care EcoSystem for independent living. Contribution to UK RAS White Paper.
39. Rajaraman, V. (2014). John McCarthy: Father of artificial intelligence. Resonance, Vol.19 (3), pp. 198-207.
40. Ramanathan M., Mishra N., Thalmann N.M. (2019). Nadine Humanoid Social Robotics Platform. (in) Gavrilova M., Chang J., Thalmann N., Hitzer E., Ishikawa H. (eds) Advances in Computer Graphics. CGI 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11542. Springer, Cham.
41. Retto, J. (2017). Sophia, First Citizen Robot Of The World. Retrieved March 23, 2020, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321319964_SOPHIA_FIRST_CITIZEN_ROBOT_OF_THE_WORLD
42. Roy, N., Baltus, G., Fox, D., Gemperle, F., Goetz, J., Hirsch, T., Margaritis, D., Montemerlo, M., Pineau, J., Schulte, J., & Thrun, S. (2000, May). Towards personal service robots for the elderly. In Workshop on Interactive Robots and Entertainment (WIRE 2000) (Vol. 25, p. 184).
43. Russel, S. J. & Norvig, P. (1995). Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach”, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-103805-2.
44. Sardar, Z. (2010). “The Namesake: Futures; futures studies; futurology; futuristic; foresight—What's in a name?”. Futures, Vol. 42 (3), pp. 177-184.
45. Savage, N. (2017). “Thinking deeply to make better speech”. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 60 (3), pp. 15-17.
46. Schaefer, K. (2019). The gamification of social values: Alibaba experiments with behavior modification. http://ub.triviumchina.com/2019/06/the-gamification-of-social-values-alibaba-experiments-with-behavior-modification/ [Access Date: March, 20, 2020]
47. Schrape, N. (2014). Gamification and governmentality. https://mediarep.org/bitstream/handle/doc/2956/Rethinking_Gamification_21-45_Schrape_Gamification_Governmentality.pdf?sequence=1
48. Shakhatreh, F. (2011). The basics of robotics. (Mechatronics thesis), Lahti University of Applied Sciences Machine- and production technology, Retrieved March 22, 2020, from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/37806/Shakhatreh_Fareed.pdf?sequence=2
49. Thompson, N. (2009). Understanding social work: Preparing for practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
50. Torta, E., Werner, F., Johnson, D. O., Juola, J. F., Cuijpers, R. H., Bazzani, M., Oberzaucher, J., Lemberger, J., Lewy, H. & Bregman, J. (2014). Evaluation of a small socially-assistive humanoid robot in intelligent homes for the care of the elderly. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, Vol. 76 (1), pp. 57-71.
51. Tsekeris, C. (2018). “Industry 4.0 and the digitalisation of society: Curse or cure?”. Homo Virtualis, 1(1), pp. 4-12. https://doi.org/10.12681/homvir.18622
52. Tsuno, N., & Homma, A. (2009). Ageing in Asia—the Japan experience. Ageing International, Vol. 34 (1-2), pp. 1-14.
53. Vlachos, E., & Schärfe, H. (2013). The geminoid reality. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 621-625.
54. Walters, G. J. (2013). "Transhumanism, Post-Humanism, and Human Technological Enhancement: Whither goes Humanitas?," Existenz, Vol. 8 (2), pp. 1-13.
55. White, J. J. (2019). Futurism. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/Futurism, [Access Date: March 18, 2020]
56. Whyatt, J. (2014). Could a robot do your job?, Nursing Standard, Vol. 28 (34) pp. 66-67.
57. Zabel, G. (2018). The Fantasy Robots Of Boston Dynamics, https://www.academia.edu/36240164/THE_FANTASY_ROBOTS_OF_BOSTON_DYNAMICS [Access Date: March 20, 2020]
58. Zeng, M. J. (2018). China’s Social Credit System puts its people under pressure to be model citizens. Retrieved March 21, 2020, from http://theconversation.com/chinas-social-credit-system-puts-its-people-under-pressure-to-be-model-citizens-89963
59. Zichermann, G. (2020). Gamification. https://www.gamification.co/about-gabe-zichermann/ [Access Date: March 20, 2020]