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Hortikültürel Terapinin Adli Sosyal Hizmet/Suç Alanında Kullanımı

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 635 - 652, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1018315

Abstract

Sosyal hizmet mesleğinde bireylerin bütüncül iyilik halini sağlamak amacıyla farklı rehabilitasyon yöntemlerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının çalıştığı alanlar, kurum yapıları ve politikaları sosyal hizmet müdahalelerini şekillendiren unsurlardan birkaçıdır. Suça yönelen bireyler konusu da adli sosyal hizmet alanı içinde temel çalışma alanlarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Bireylerin suça yönelme nedenleri bireysel, ailesel, çevresel ve toplumsal birçok faktörden etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle rehabilitasyon süreçleri daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Hortikültürel terapi bu noktada sosyal hizmet uzmanlarına yenilikçi ve farklı bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Hortikültürel terapi bitki, bahçe ve yeşil alanların bir amaç doğrultusunda kullanılmasıyla bireylerin psikolojik, fiziksel, sosyal anlamda gelişimine destek olmaktadır. Terapide doğa ve insan arasındaki döngüsel ilişki, kendini bulunduğu yere ait hissetme ve karşılıklı bağımlılık vurgulanmaktadır. Suç alanında madde bağımlılığı, öfke kontrolü, benlik saygısının artırılması, grup aidiyeti gibi konularda hortikültürel terapi kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı hortikültürel terapi kavramı ve gelişiminden başlanarak adli sosyal hizmette suç alanında kullanımına ilişkin bir çerçeve çizmektir.

References

  • Akgün, R. (2020). Cezaevi Sosyal Hizmeti. Adli Sosyal Hizmet Yaklaşım ve Müdahale (Ed.:Elitez, D. ve Gönültaş, M.B.) içinde 377-387. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • American Horticultural Therapy Association. Therapeutic gardens characteristics. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ahta.org/assets/docs/therapeuticgardencharacteristics_ahtareprintpermission.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2021
  • Amerikan Horticultural Therapy Association. Horticultural therapy. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ahta.org/what-is-horticultural-therapy, Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2021
  • Annerstedt, M. ve Wahrborg P. (2011). Nature-assisted therapy: Systematic review of controlled and observational studies. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39, 371–388.
  • Ascencio, J. (2018). Offenders, work, and rehabilitation: Horticultural therapy as a social cognitive career theory ıntervention for offenders. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 28(1), 21-28.
  • Attepe Özden, S., Pak, M.D., ve İçağasıoğlu Çoban, A. (2017). Sosyal hizmette iyilik hali kavramı. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 87-104.
  • Bahadır, E., Mökükcü, M.K., ve Kalender, B. (2018). Madde kullanım bozukluğunun hükümlülerin benlik saygısı ve yalnızlık düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesi: Samsun Vezirköprü M Tipi Kapalı Ceza İnfaz Kurumu örneği. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 11, 137-149.
  • Barut, B. ve Kara, Y. (2020). Ekolojik sosyal hizmet perspektifinden hortikültürel terapi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(1), 218-240.
  • Brennan, T.P., Gedrich, A.E., Jacoby, S.E., Tardy, M.J. ve Tyson, K.B. (1986). Forensic social work: Practice and vision. The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 340-350.
  • Cammack, J., Waliczek, T.M., ve Zajicek, M.C.(2002). The green brigade: The psychological effects of a community-based horticultural program on the self-development characteristics of juvenile offenders. HortTechnology, 12(1), 82-86.
  • Chan, H.Y., Man Ho, R.C., Mahendran, R., Siang, K., Wai, W., Tam, S., Rawtaer, I., Tan, C.H., Larbi, A., Feng, L., Sia, A., Kian-Wee, M., Gan, G.L., ve Kua, E.H. (2017). Effects of horticultural therapy on elderly’ health: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 192.
  • Dadvand, P., Bartoll, X., Basagana, X., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Martinez, D., Ambros, A., Cirach, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Gascon, M., Borrell, C. ve Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2016). Green spaces and general health: Roles of mental health status, social support, and physical activity. Environment International, 91, 161–167.
  • Denetimli Serbestlik Hizmetleri Yönetmeliği. (2013). Erişim Adresi: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/03/20130305-7.htm, Erişim Tarihi: Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2021
  • Dominelli, L. (2018). Yeşil Sosyal Hizmet Çevre Krizlerinden Çevresel Adalete (Çev. Ed.: İçağasıoğlu Çoban, A.). Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Elitez, D. (2020). Ceza İnfaz Kurumları. Adli Sosyal Hizmet Yaklaşım ve Müdahale (Ed.:Elitez, D. ve Gönültaş, M.B.) içinde 41-63. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Ferrini, F. (2003). Horticultural therapy and its effect on people's health. Advances in Horticultural Science, 17(2), 77-87.
  • Görgülü, T., ve Cankurtaran Öntaş, Ö. (2013). Hükümlülerin suç davranışının nedenlerine ve suç davranışı risk faktörlerine ilişkin düşünceleri. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 24(2), 59-82.
  • Görmez, K. (2020). Çevre Sorunları. (5. baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Granger, K.V. (2017). Grow where you are planted: The use of gardening as offender rehabilitation In prison. Master Thesis, Eastern Kentucky University.
  • Green, G., Thorpe,J. ve Traupman, M. (2005). The sprawling thicket: Knowledge and specialisation in forensic social work. Australian Social Work, 58(2), 142-153.
  • Howarth, M.L., Withnell, N., McQuarrie, C., ve Smith, E. (2016). The influence of therapeutic horticulture on social integration. Journal of Public Mental Health, 1-11.
  • Im, E.A., Park, S.A. ve Son, K.C. (2018). Developing evaluation scales for horticultural therapy. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 37, 29-36.
  • Kayma, D. ve Gökler, R. (2021). Suça sürüklenen çocukların sosyodemografik özellikleri ile suç ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 1-10.
  • Laichter, A. (2008). Reentry and the role of brıdged programmıng: reconnectıng former prısoners and theır communıtıes.Master Thesis, Columbia University.
  • Latkowska M.J., 2008, Hortitherapy-rehabilitation and therapy through work in the garden. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln. Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa, 525, 229- 235.
  • Leck, C., Upton, D. and Evans, N. (2015). Growing well-beings: The positive experience of care farms. British Journal of Health Psychology, 20, 745–762.
  • Lee, A.Y., Kim, S.Y., Kwon, H.J. ve Park, S.A. (2021). Horticultural therapy program for mental health of prisoners: Case report. Integrative Medicine Research, 1-8.
  • Mattew W, Jonathan W, Francois H, Ana M, Mariano JR (2005) Effect of horticultural therapy on mood and heart rate in patients participating in an inpatient cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program. J Cardiopulm Rehabil, 25, 270-274.
  • Mattson, R.H., Merkle, J., Parrett, L. ve Waliczek, T. (1993). Proposed hortıcultural therapy standards of practıce. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 7, 41-48.
  • McDonald, J. (1995). A comparative study of the horticultural therapy professions in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Master’s thesis, University of Reading.
  • McDowell, J.M. (1997). The role and application of horticultural therapy with institutionalized older people. McGill University, The School of Social Work Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research. Montreal, Canada.
  • McGuinn, C., ve Relf, P.D. (2001). A profile of juvenile offenders in a vocational horticulture curriculum. HortTechnology, 11(3), 427-433.
  • Min, S., Ha, Y.J., Kang, J.H., ve Kang, H.Y. (2014). The effects of horticultural therapy on the well-being and hope of women in Rural Korea. J Care, 3(6).
  • National Organization of Forensic Social Work. (2020). What is forensic social work? Erişim Adresi: https://www.nofsw.org/what-is-forensic-social-work-1, Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2021. Nutsford, D., Pearson, A. L. and Kingham, S. (2013) An ecological study investigating the association between access to urban green space and mental health. Public Health, 127, 1005–1011.
  • Öztürk, Y.E., Kırlıoğlu, M., Kıraç, R. (2015). Alkol ve madde bağımlılığında risk faktörleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 18, 97-118.
  • Predny M. ve Relf, P.D. (2000). Perspectives on intergenerational horticultural therapy. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 11, 26-31.
  • Rice, J.S. ve Remy, L.L. (1994). Evaluating horticultural therapy: The ecological context of urban jail ınmates. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 203-224.
  • Richards, H.J. ve Kafami D.M. (1999). Impact of Horticultural therapy on vulnerability and resistance to substance abuse among ıncarcerated offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 29, 183-193.
  • Robin, A.L., ve Foster, S. (1989). Negotiating Parent Adolescent Conflict: A Behavioral- Family Systems Approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Sandel, M. H. (2004). Therapeutic Gardening in Long-Term Detention Settings. Journal for Juvenile Justice Services, 19, 123-131.
  • Scott, T.L. (2017). Horticultural therapy. Encyclopedia of Geropsychology içinde (161-165). (Ed: Nancy, A. P). Springer.
  • Sheafor, B.W., ve Horejsi, C.J. (2014). Sosyal Hizmet Uygulaması: Temel Teknikler ve İlkeler. (Çev. Ed.: Çiftçi, D.B.) Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Shoemaker, C. (2014). Horticultural therapy. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1-6.
  • Siu, A.M.H., Kam, M. ve Mok, I. (2020). Horticultural therapy program for people with mental ıllness: A mixed-method evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 711-726.
  • Soga, M., Gaston, K.J., ve Yamaura, Y. (2017). Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine Reports, 5, 92–99.
  • Steg, L., Berg, A.E., ve Groot, J.I.M. (2015). Çevre Psikolojisi (Çev.Ed.:Cicerali, L.). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Suchocka, M., Kosiacka-Beck, E., Myszka, I. ve Niewiarowska, A. (2019). Horticultural therapy as a tool of healing persons with disability on an example of Support centre in Kownaty. Ecological Questions, 30(2), 7–18.
  • Şentürk, Ş. (2018). Suça sürüklenmiş çocuklarda ana-baba tutumları ve suçun nedenleri. Disiplinlerarası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 38-48.
  • Teater, B. (2019). Sosyal Hizmet Kuram ve Yöntemleri (2. Baskı). (Çev. Ed.: Karatay, A.)Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Twill, S.E., Purvis, T. ve Norris, M. (2011). Weeds and seeds: Reflections from a gardening project for juvenile offenders. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 21(1), 6-17.
  • Webber, J., Hinds, J. and Camic, P. M. (2015). The well-being of allotment gardeners: A mixed methodological study. Ecopsychology, 7, 20–28.

The Use of Horticultural Therapy in the Field of Forensic Social Work / Crime

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 635 - 652, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1018315

Abstract

In order to ensure the holistic well-being of individuals in the social work profession, different rehabilitation methods are used. The fields, institutional structures and policies in which social workers work are some of the elements that shape social work interventions. The issue of individuals who are committed to crime also constitutes one of the main areas of study within the field of forensic social work. The reasons why individuals turn to crime are influenced by many individual, familial, environmental and social factors. Therefore, rehabilitation processes are becoming more important. At this point, horticultural therapy offers social workers an innovative and different perspective. Horticultural therapy supports the psychological, physical, and social development of individuals by using plants, gardens, and green spaces for a purpose. In therapy, the cyclical relationship between nature and man, feeling of belonging to the place and interdependence are emphasized. Horticultural therapy is a method used in the field of crime in subjects such as substance abuse, anger control, increasing self-esteem, group belonging. The aim of this study is to draw a framework for the use of horticultural therapy in the field of crime in forensic social work, starting from the concept and its development.

References

  • Akgün, R. (2020). Cezaevi Sosyal Hizmeti. Adli Sosyal Hizmet Yaklaşım ve Müdahale (Ed.:Elitez, D. ve Gönültaş, M.B.) içinde 377-387. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • American Horticultural Therapy Association. Therapeutic gardens characteristics. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ahta.org/assets/docs/therapeuticgardencharacteristics_ahtareprintpermission.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2021
  • Amerikan Horticultural Therapy Association. Horticultural therapy. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ahta.org/what-is-horticultural-therapy, Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2021
  • Annerstedt, M. ve Wahrborg P. (2011). Nature-assisted therapy: Systematic review of controlled and observational studies. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39, 371–388.
  • Ascencio, J. (2018). Offenders, work, and rehabilitation: Horticultural therapy as a social cognitive career theory ıntervention for offenders. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 28(1), 21-28.
  • Attepe Özden, S., Pak, M.D., ve İçağasıoğlu Çoban, A. (2017). Sosyal hizmette iyilik hali kavramı. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 87-104.
  • Bahadır, E., Mökükcü, M.K., ve Kalender, B. (2018). Madde kullanım bozukluğunun hükümlülerin benlik saygısı ve yalnızlık düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesi: Samsun Vezirköprü M Tipi Kapalı Ceza İnfaz Kurumu örneği. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 11, 137-149.
  • Barut, B. ve Kara, Y. (2020). Ekolojik sosyal hizmet perspektifinden hortikültürel terapi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(1), 218-240.
  • Brennan, T.P., Gedrich, A.E., Jacoby, S.E., Tardy, M.J. ve Tyson, K.B. (1986). Forensic social work: Practice and vision. The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 340-350.
  • Cammack, J., Waliczek, T.M., ve Zajicek, M.C.(2002). The green brigade: The psychological effects of a community-based horticultural program on the self-development characteristics of juvenile offenders. HortTechnology, 12(1), 82-86.
  • Chan, H.Y., Man Ho, R.C., Mahendran, R., Siang, K., Wai, W., Tam, S., Rawtaer, I., Tan, C.H., Larbi, A., Feng, L., Sia, A., Kian-Wee, M., Gan, G.L., ve Kua, E.H. (2017). Effects of horticultural therapy on elderly’ health: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 192.
  • Dadvand, P., Bartoll, X., Basagana, X., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Martinez, D., Ambros, A., Cirach, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Gascon, M., Borrell, C. ve Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2016). Green spaces and general health: Roles of mental health status, social support, and physical activity. Environment International, 91, 161–167.
  • Denetimli Serbestlik Hizmetleri Yönetmeliği. (2013). Erişim Adresi: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/03/20130305-7.htm, Erişim Tarihi: Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2021
  • Dominelli, L. (2018). Yeşil Sosyal Hizmet Çevre Krizlerinden Çevresel Adalete (Çev. Ed.: İçağasıoğlu Çoban, A.). Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Elitez, D. (2020). Ceza İnfaz Kurumları. Adli Sosyal Hizmet Yaklaşım ve Müdahale (Ed.:Elitez, D. ve Gönültaş, M.B.) içinde 41-63. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Ferrini, F. (2003). Horticultural therapy and its effect on people's health. Advances in Horticultural Science, 17(2), 77-87.
  • Görgülü, T., ve Cankurtaran Öntaş, Ö. (2013). Hükümlülerin suç davranışının nedenlerine ve suç davranışı risk faktörlerine ilişkin düşünceleri. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 24(2), 59-82.
  • Görmez, K. (2020). Çevre Sorunları. (5. baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Granger, K.V. (2017). Grow where you are planted: The use of gardening as offender rehabilitation In prison. Master Thesis, Eastern Kentucky University.
  • Green, G., Thorpe,J. ve Traupman, M. (2005). The sprawling thicket: Knowledge and specialisation in forensic social work. Australian Social Work, 58(2), 142-153.
  • Howarth, M.L., Withnell, N., McQuarrie, C., ve Smith, E. (2016). The influence of therapeutic horticulture on social integration. Journal of Public Mental Health, 1-11.
  • Im, E.A., Park, S.A. ve Son, K.C. (2018). Developing evaluation scales for horticultural therapy. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 37, 29-36.
  • Kayma, D. ve Gökler, R. (2021). Suça sürüklenen çocukların sosyodemografik özellikleri ile suç ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 1-10.
  • Laichter, A. (2008). Reentry and the role of brıdged programmıng: reconnectıng former prısoners and theır communıtıes.Master Thesis, Columbia University.
  • Latkowska M.J., 2008, Hortitherapy-rehabilitation and therapy through work in the garden. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln. Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa, 525, 229- 235.
  • Leck, C., Upton, D. and Evans, N. (2015). Growing well-beings: The positive experience of care farms. British Journal of Health Psychology, 20, 745–762.
  • Lee, A.Y., Kim, S.Y., Kwon, H.J. ve Park, S.A. (2021). Horticultural therapy program for mental health of prisoners: Case report. Integrative Medicine Research, 1-8.
  • Mattew W, Jonathan W, Francois H, Ana M, Mariano JR (2005) Effect of horticultural therapy on mood and heart rate in patients participating in an inpatient cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program. J Cardiopulm Rehabil, 25, 270-274.
  • Mattson, R.H., Merkle, J., Parrett, L. ve Waliczek, T. (1993). Proposed hortıcultural therapy standards of practıce. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 7, 41-48.
  • McDonald, J. (1995). A comparative study of the horticultural therapy professions in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Master’s thesis, University of Reading.
  • McDowell, J.M. (1997). The role and application of horticultural therapy with institutionalized older people. McGill University, The School of Social Work Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research. Montreal, Canada.
  • McGuinn, C., ve Relf, P.D. (2001). A profile of juvenile offenders in a vocational horticulture curriculum. HortTechnology, 11(3), 427-433.
  • Min, S., Ha, Y.J., Kang, J.H., ve Kang, H.Y. (2014). The effects of horticultural therapy on the well-being and hope of women in Rural Korea. J Care, 3(6).
  • National Organization of Forensic Social Work. (2020). What is forensic social work? Erişim Adresi: https://www.nofsw.org/what-is-forensic-social-work-1, Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2021. Nutsford, D., Pearson, A. L. and Kingham, S. (2013) An ecological study investigating the association between access to urban green space and mental health. Public Health, 127, 1005–1011.
  • Öztürk, Y.E., Kırlıoğlu, M., Kıraç, R. (2015). Alkol ve madde bağımlılığında risk faktörleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 18, 97-118.
  • Predny M. ve Relf, P.D. (2000). Perspectives on intergenerational horticultural therapy. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 11, 26-31.
  • Rice, J.S. ve Remy, L.L. (1994). Evaluating horticultural therapy: The ecological context of urban jail ınmates. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 203-224.
  • Richards, H.J. ve Kafami D.M. (1999). Impact of Horticultural therapy on vulnerability and resistance to substance abuse among ıncarcerated offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 29, 183-193.
  • Robin, A.L., ve Foster, S. (1989). Negotiating Parent Adolescent Conflict: A Behavioral- Family Systems Approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Sandel, M. H. (2004). Therapeutic Gardening in Long-Term Detention Settings. Journal for Juvenile Justice Services, 19, 123-131.
  • Scott, T.L. (2017). Horticultural therapy. Encyclopedia of Geropsychology içinde (161-165). (Ed: Nancy, A. P). Springer.
  • Sheafor, B.W., ve Horejsi, C.J. (2014). Sosyal Hizmet Uygulaması: Temel Teknikler ve İlkeler. (Çev. Ed.: Çiftçi, D.B.) Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Shoemaker, C. (2014). Horticultural therapy. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1-6.
  • Siu, A.M.H., Kam, M. ve Mok, I. (2020). Horticultural therapy program for people with mental ıllness: A mixed-method evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 711-726.
  • Soga, M., Gaston, K.J., ve Yamaura, Y. (2017). Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine Reports, 5, 92–99.
  • Steg, L., Berg, A.E., ve Groot, J.I.M. (2015). Çevre Psikolojisi (Çev.Ed.:Cicerali, L.). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Suchocka, M., Kosiacka-Beck, E., Myszka, I. ve Niewiarowska, A. (2019). Horticultural therapy as a tool of healing persons with disability on an example of Support centre in Kownaty. Ecological Questions, 30(2), 7–18.
  • Şentürk, Ş. (2018). Suça sürüklenmiş çocuklarda ana-baba tutumları ve suçun nedenleri. Disiplinlerarası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 38-48.
  • Teater, B. (2019). Sosyal Hizmet Kuram ve Yöntemleri (2. Baskı). (Çev. Ed.: Karatay, A.)Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Twill, S.E., Purvis, T. ve Norris, M. (2011). Weeds and seeds: Reflections from a gardening project for juvenile offenders. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 21(1), 6-17.
  • Webber, J., Hinds, J. and Camic, P. M. (2015). The well-being of allotment gardeners: A mixed methodological study. Ecopsychology, 7, 20–28.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selin Koçak 0000-0002-9876-1945

Publication Date April 30, 2022
Submission Date November 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Koçak, S. (2022). Hortikültürel Terapinin Adli Sosyal Hizmet/Suç Alanında Kullanımı. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, 33(2), 635-652. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1018315