Research Article
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The Dimension of Child Sexual Abuse in Sports in Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 71 - 87, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1086828

Abstract

This study examines individuals who do elite-level sports sexual abuse experiences in childhood. A questionnaire, a quantitative data collection technique, was used in the research. In addition to the questions with demographic information, sexual abuse questions were asked to reveal the experienced abuse. A total of 206 people, 82 men and 124 women, were included in the study, in which the sample group consisted of people doing sports at the elite level. According to the obtained data, 33.5% of the participants were exposed to at least one type of sexual abuse. Female athletes (43.5%) experienced more abuse than male athletes (18.3%). In the study, it was determined that the most common forms of abuse that children are exposed to are "sexual comments about appearance or body", "troubling snuggling/contact" and "receiving sexual messages/e-mails/letters". It has been observed that child athletes who do individual sports are exposed to more abuse than team sports. "Older athletes" and "coaches" were ranked the highest when asked who the perpetrator was. Additionally, they were asked whether they shared the abuse they experienced, and most participants (66.7%) declared that they did not share their experiences with anyone. As a result, the data obtained from the study show that sexual abuse in sports poses a threat to children and child protection initiatives should be developed for children to do sports safely.

References

  • Ahmed, D., van Niekerk, R. L., Yan Ho, W. G., Morris, T., Baker, T., Khan, B. A. ve Tetso, A. (2018). Female student athletes perceptions of acceptability and the occurrence of sexual-related behaviour by their coaches in India, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 42 (1), 33-53.
  • Alexander, K., Stafford, A. ve Lewis, R. (2011). The experiences of children participating in organised sport in the UK. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh/ NSPCC, Child Protection Research Centre.
  • Alexandre, J., Castro, C., Gama, M. ve Antunes, P. (2022). Perceptions of sexual abuse in sport: A qualitative study in the Portuguese Sports Community. Front. Sports Act. Living, 4, 838-480.
  • Baştuğ, G., Beyhan, R., Karaçavuş, H., Heb, S. ve Salman, F. (2021). Profesyonel sporcularda fiziksel, psikolojik, ekonomik ve cinsel şiddetin cinsiyet değişkenine göre incelenmesi. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları, 6 (1), 64 - 76.
  • Bjørnseth I. ve Szabo, A. (2018) Sexual violence against children in sports and exercise: a systematic literature review, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27 (4),365 - 385.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2016). Sosyoloji meseleleri. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
  • Brackenridge, C. ve Kirby, S. (1997). Playing safe: assessing the risk of sexual abuse to elite child athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32 (4), 407 - 418.
  • Brackenridge, C. H. (2001). Spoilsports: understanding and preventing sexual exploitation in sport. London: Routledge.
  • Brackenridge, C. ve Fasting, K. (2002). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: The research context. The Journal of Sexual Aggression, 8 (2), 3-15.
  • Chroni S, Fasting K, Hartill M, et al. (2012). Prevention of sexual and gender harassment and abuse in sports: initiatives in Europe and beyond. Frankfurt, Germany: Deutsche Sportjugend im Deutschen Olympischen Sportbund.
  • Çetin, E. ve Hacısoftaoğlu, I., (2020). Factors facilitating child abuse in sports in turkey: the case of elite athletes. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105 - 120.
  • Darling, A., Pope, L., Mooney, J. L., King, S. ve Ablett, G. (2020). Child sexual abuse in sports. The truth project thematic report.
  • David, P. (2005). Human rights in youth sport. New York: Routledge.
  • Ecorys ve Vertommen, T. (2019). Safeguarding children and in sport: a mapping study. European Union.
  • Elmas, S., Hacısoftaoğlu, İ. ve Aşçı, F. H. (2021). Eş-toplumsallık hegemonik erkeklik ve kabul sınaması üçgeninde takım sporlarının irdelenmesi. Moment Dergi, Erkeklikler - 1, 4-24.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C. ve Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2003). Experiences of sexual harassment and abuse among Norwegian elite female athletes and nonathletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 74 (1), 84 - 97.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C. ve Sundgot Borgen, J. (2004) Prevalence of sexual harassment among Norwegian female elite athletes inrelation to sport type. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 39 (4), 373 - 386.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C.ve Walseth, K. (2007). Women athletes’ personal responses to sexual harassment in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19 (4), 419–433.
  • Fasting, K., Chroni, S., Hervik, S. E. ve Knorre N. (2010). Sexual harassment in sport toward females in three European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46 (1), 76 - 89.
  • Fortier, K., Parent, S. ve Lessard, G. (2020). Child maltreatment in sport: smashing the wall of silence: a narrative review of physical, sexual, psychological abuses and neglect. British journal of sports medicine, 54 (1), 4-7.
  • Gaedicke, S., Schafer, A., Hoffmann, B., Ohlert, J., Allroggen, M., Hartman-Tews,I., et al. (2021). Sexual violence and the coach–athlete relationship: a scoping review from sport sociological and sport psychological perspectives. Front. Sports Active Living, 3.
  • Gündüz, N., Sunay, H. ve Koz, M. (2008). Incidents of sexual harassment in Turkey on elite sports women. The Sport Journal, 10 (2), 83–89.
  • Hartill, M., Rulofs, B., Lang, M., Vertommen, T., Allroggen, M., Cirera, E., et al. (2021). CASES: Child abuse in sport: European Statistics – Project Report. Ormskirk: Edge Hill University.
  • Keser, İ. (2016), Çocuk cinsel istismarı Diyarbakır örneği. Adana: Karahan Kitapevi.
  • Kılcıgil, E. (1998). Sosyal çevre-spor ilişkileri, (teori ve elit sporculara ilişkin bir uygulama). Ankara: Bağırgan Yayınevi.
  • Kirby, S. ve Greaves, L. (1996). Foul play: sexual harassment and abuse in sport. In Paper presented to the Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress, Dallas,11 - 14.
  • Leahy, T., Pretty, G. ve Tenenbaum, G. (2002). Prevalence of sexual abuse in organised competitive sport in Australia. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 8 (2), 16 - 36.
  • Messner, M. ve Sabo, D. (1994) Sport, men and the gender order. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., Kirby, S. Leahy, T., Marks, S., Martin, K., Starr, K., Tiivas, S. ve Budgett, R. (2016). The IOC Consensus Statement: harassment and abuse (non- accidental violence) in sport. Br J. Sports Med,. 1 – 11
  • Mountjoy, M., Vertommen, T., Burrows, K. Ve Greinig, S. (2020). SafeSport: Safeguarding initiatives at the Youth Olympic Games 2018. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54, 176-182.
  • Ohlert, J., Seidler, C., Rau, T., Rulofs, B. ve Allroggen, M. (2017). Sexual violence in organized sport in Germany. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 48, 59 - 68.
  • Ohlert, J., Vertommen, T., Rulofs, B., Rau, T. ve Allroggen, M. (2021) Elite athletes’ experiences of interpersonal violence in organized sport in Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium, European Journal of Sport Science, 21 (4), 604-613.
  • Owton, H., Sparkes, A. C. (2015). Sexual abuse and the grooming process in sport: Learning from Bella's story. Sport, Education and Society, 22 (6), 1-12.
  • Özen, G., Emir, E. ve Koca, C. (2018). Türkiye’de sporcuların cinsel taciz algıları ve deneyimleri. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29 (4), 157 - 177.
  • Parent, S. ve Demers, G. (2011). Sexual abuse in sport: a model to prevent and protect athletes. Journal Child Abuse Review, 20 (2), 120-133.
  • Parent, S., Lavoie, F., Thibodeau, M. E., Hébert, M., Blais, M. ve Team, P. A. J. (2016). Sexual violence experienced in the sport context by a representative sample of Quebec adolescents. Journal Interpersonal Violence, 31 (16), 2666 - 2686.
  • Polat, O. (2007). Tüm boyutlarıyla çocuk istismarı tanımlar I. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Smits, F., Jacobs, F. Ve Knoppers, A. (2017). Everything revolves around gymnastics: Athletes and parents make sense of elite youth sport. Sport in Society, 20 (1), 66–83.
  • Stirling, A. E. ve Kerr, G. A. (2009). Abused athletes perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship. Sport in Society, Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 12 (2), 227-239.
  • Summit, R. (1983). The child sexual abuse accomodation syndrome. Child Abuse and Neglect, 7 (2),177 - 193.
  • Terekli, M.S. ve Çobanoğlu, H.O. (2018). Sexual Harassment and abuse in sports: in the context of Turkey Sample determination of risk factors in relationship of coaches and female athletes. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6 (10), 169 - 176.
  • Toftegaard Nielsen, J. (2001). The Forbidden zone: intimacy, sexual relations and misconduct in the relationship between coaches and athletes. Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport, 36, 165–182.
  • Topçu, S. (2009). Cinsel istismar. İstanbul: Phoenix Yayınları.
  • Ural, A. ve Kılıç, İ., (2011) Bilimsel araştırma süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Wilinsky C. L. ve McCabe, A. (2021). A Review of emotional and sexual abuse of elite child athletes by their coaches. Sports Coaching Review, 10 (1), 84-109.
  • Vertommen, T., Schipper-van Veldhoven, N. H. M. J., Hartill, M. J. ve Van Den Eede, F. (2015). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: The NOC*NSF Helpline. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50 (7), 822–839.
  • Vertommen, T.,Veldhovenc, N.S., Wouterse, K., Kampenf, JK., Brackenridge, C., Rhind, D., Neels, K. ve Eede, F. (2016). Interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 223 – 236.
  • Vertommen, T., Kampen, J., Schipper- Van Veldhoven, N., Wouters, K., Uzieblo, K. ve Van Den Eede, F. (2017). Profiling perpetrators of interpersonal violence against children in sport based on a victim survey. Child Abuse and Neglect, 63, 172 - 182.
  • Volkwein, K., Schnell, F., Sherwood, D. ve Livezey, A. (1997) Sexual harassment in sport: Perceptions and experiences of American female student - athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 23 (3), 283 - 295.
  • Yücel, A. S., Korkmaz, M. Karataş, Ö. Hergüner, G. Yaman, Ç. ve Çatıkkaş F. (2014). Determination of sexual harassment and abuse women athletes face in sports: A case study. South Asian J Exp Biol, 4 (3): 133 - 140.
  • Zengin, E. (2012). Sexual harassment among turkish female athletes: the role of ambivalent sexism. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.

Türkiye’de Çocuk Cinsel İstismarının Spor Kurumundaki Boyutu

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 71 - 87, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1086828

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı; Türkiye’de elit düzeyde spor yapan bireylerin çocukluk döneminde maruz kaldıkları cinsel istismarı incelemektir. Araştırmada, nicel veri toplama tekniği olan anket kullanılmıştır. Ankette, demografik bilgiler ile birlikte, cinsel istismara maruz kalıp kalmadıklarına ilişkin sorular sorulmuştur. Örneklem grubunun elit düzeyde spor yapan kişilerden oluştuğu çalışmaya, 82’si erkek, 124’ü kadın olmak üzere toplam 206 kişi dâhil olmuştur. Elde edilen verilere göre katılımcıların %33,5’i, çocukluk döneminde cinsel istismara maruz kalmıştır. Kadınlar (%43,5), erkek (18,3) sporculara göre daha fazla istismar edilmiştir. Çalışmada, çocukluk döneminde en fazla maruz kaldıkları istismar türünün "görünüş ya da beden ile ilgili cinsel yorumlar", "rahatsız edici düzeyde sokulma/temas" ve "cinsel içerikli mesaj/e-mail/mektup alma" olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yine bireysel spor yapan sporcular, takım sporları yapan sporculara göre daha fazla istismara maruz kaldıklarını bildirmiştir. Failin kim olduğu sorularında, “yaşça büyük sporcular” ve “antrenörler”in ilk iki sırada olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İstismar edildiklerini biri ya da birileriyle paylaşıp paylaşmadıkları sorusuna, katılımcıların büyük bir kısmı (% 66,7), kimse ile paylaşmadıkları cevabını vermiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışmadan elde edilen veriler, spordaki cinsel istismarın çocuklar için tehdit oluşturduğunu ve çocukların güven içinde spor yapmaları için çocuk koruma mekanizmalarının geliştirilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Ahmed, D., van Niekerk, R. L., Yan Ho, W. G., Morris, T., Baker, T., Khan, B. A. ve Tetso, A. (2018). Female student athletes perceptions of acceptability and the occurrence of sexual-related behaviour by their coaches in India, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 42 (1), 33-53.
  • Alexander, K., Stafford, A. ve Lewis, R. (2011). The experiences of children participating in organised sport in the UK. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh/ NSPCC, Child Protection Research Centre.
  • Alexandre, J., Castro, C., Gama, M. ve Antunes, P. (2022). Perceptions of sexual abuse in sport: A qualitative study in the Portuguese Sports Community. Front. Sports Act. Living, 4, 838-480.
  • Baştuğ, G., Beyhan, R., Karaçavuş, H., Heb, S. ve Salman, F. (2021). Profesyonel sporcularda fiziksel, psikolojik, ekonomik ve cinsel şiddetin cinsiyet değişkenine göre incelenmesi. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları, 6 (1), 64 - 76.
  • Bjørnseth I. ve Szabo, A. (2018) Sexual violence against children in sports and exercise: a systematic literature review, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27 (4),365 - 385.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2016). Sosyoloji meseleleri. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
  • Brackenridge, C. ve Kirby, S. (1997). Playing safe: assessing the risk of sexual abuse to elite child athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32 (4), 407 - 418.
  • Brackenridge, C. H. (2001). Spoilsports: understanding and preventing sexual exploitation in sport. London: Routledge.
  • Brackenridge, C. ve Fasting, K. (2002). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: The research context. The Journal of Sexual Aggression, 8 (2), 3-15.
  • Chroni S, Fasting K, Hartill M, et al. (2012). Prevention of sexual and gender harassment and abuse in sports: initiatives in Europe and beyond. Frankfurt, Germany: Deutsche Sportjugend im Deutschen Olympischen Sportbund.
  • Çetin, E. ve Hacısoftaoğlu, I., (2020). Factors facilitating child abuse in sports in turkey: the case of elite athletes. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105 - 120.
  • Darling, A., Pope, L., Mooney, J. L., King, S. ve Ablett, G. (2020). Child sexual abuse in sports. The truth project thematic report.
  • David, P. (2005). Human rights in youth sport. New York: Routledge.
  • Ecorys ve Vertommen, T. (2019). Safeguarding children and in sport: a mapping study. European Union.
  • Elmas, S., Hacısoftaoğlu, İ. ve Aşçı, F. H. (2021). Eş-toplumsallık hegemonik erkeklik ve kabul sınaması üçgeninde takım sporlarının irdelenmesi. Moment Dergi, Erkeklikler - 1, 4-24.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C. ve Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2003). Experiences of sexual harassment and abuse among Norwegian elite female athletes and nonathletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 74 (1), 84 - 97.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C. ve Sundgot Borgen, J. (2004) Prevalence of sexual harassment among Norwegian female elite athletes inrelation to sport type. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 39 (4), 373 - 386.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C.ve Walseth, K. (2007). Women athletes’ personal responses to sexual harassment in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19 (4), 419–433.
  • Fasting, K., Chroni, S., Hervik, S. E. ve Knorre N. (2010). Sexual harassment in sport toward females in three European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46 (1), 76 - 89.
  • Fortier, K., Parent, S. ve Lessard, G. (2020). Child maltreatment in sport: smashing the wall of silence: a narrative review of physical, sexual, psychological abuses and neglect. British journal of sports medicine, 54 (1), 4-7.
  • Gaedicke, S., Schafer, A., Hoffmann, B., Ohlert, J., Allroggen, M., Hartman-Tews,I., et al. (2021). Sexual violence and the coach–athlete relationship: a scoping review from sport sociological and sport psychological perspectives. Front. Sports Active Living, 3.
  • Gündüz, N., Sunay, H. ve Koz, M. (2008). Incidents of sexual harassment in Turkey on elite sports women. The Sport Journal, 10 (2), 83–89.
  • Hartill, M., Rulofs, B., Lang, M., Vertommen, T., Allroggen, M., Cirera, E., et al. (2021). CASES: Child abuse in sport: European Statistics – Project Report. Ormskirk: Edge Hill University.
  • Keser, İ. (2016), Çocuk cinsel istismarı Diyarbakır örneği. Adana: Karahan Kitapevi.
  • Kılcıgil, E. (1998). Sosyal çevre-spor ilişkileri, (teori ve elit sporculara ilişkin bir uygulama). Ankara: Bağırgan Yayınevi.
  • Kirby, S. ve Greaves, L. (1996). Foul play: sexual harassment and abuse in sport. In Paper presented to the Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress, Dallas,11 - 14.
  • Leahy, T., Pretty, G. ve Tenenbaum, G. (2002). Prevalence of sexual abuse in organised competitive sport in Australia. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 8 (2), 16 - 36.
  • Messner, M. ve Sabo, D. (1994) Sport, men and the gender order. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., Kirby, S. Leahy, T., Marks, S., Martin, K., Starr, K., Tiivas, S. ve Budgett, R. (2016). The IOC Consensus Statement: harassment and abuse (non- accidental violence) in sport. Br J. Sports Med,. 1 – 11
  • Mountjoy, M., Vertommen, T., Burrows, K. Ve Greinig, S. (2020). SafeSport: Safeguarding initiatives at the Youth Olympic Games 2018. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54, 176-182.
  • Ohlert, J., Seidler, C., Rau, T., Rulofs, B. ve Allroggen, M. (2017). Sexual violence in organized sport in Germany. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 48, 59 - 68.
  • Ohlert, J., Vertommen, T., Rulofs, B., Rau, T. ve Allroggen, M. (2021) Elite athletes’ experiences of interpersonal violence in organized sport in Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium, European Journal of Sport Science, 21 (4), 604-613.
  • Owton, H., Sparkes, A. C. (2015). Sexual abuse and the grooming process in sport: Learning from Bella's story. Sport, Education and Society, 22 (6), 1-12.
  • Özen, G., Emir, E. ve Koca, C. (2018). Türkiye’de sporcuların cinsel taciz algıları ve deneyimleri. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29 (4), 157 - 177.
  • Parent, S. ve Demers, G. (2011). Sexual abuse in sport: a model to prevent and protect athletes. Journal Child Abuse Review, 20 (2), 120-133.
  • Parent, S., Lavoie, F., Thibodeau, M. E., Hébert, M., Blais, M. ve Team, P. A. J. (2016). Sexual violence experienced in the sport context by a representative sample of Quebec adolescents. Journal Interpersonal Violence, 31 (16), 2666 - 2686.
  • Polat, O. (2007). Tüm boyutlarıyla çocuk istismarı tanımlar I. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Smits, F., Jacobs, F. Ve Knoppers, A. (2017). Everything revolves around gymnastics: Athletes and parents make sense of elite youth sport. Sport in Society, 20 (1), 66–83.
  • Stirling, A. E. ve Kerr, G. A. (2009). Abused athletes perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship. Sport in Society, Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 12 (2), 227-239.
  • Summit, R. (1983). The child sexual abuse accomodation syndrome. Child Abuse and Neglect, 7 (2),177 - 193.
  • Terekli, M.S. ve Çobanoğlu, H.O. (2018). Sexual Harassment and abuse in sports: in the context of Turkey Sample determination of risk factors in relationship of coaches and female athletes. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6 (10), 169 - 176.
  • Toftegaard Nielsen, J. (2001). The Forbidden zone: intimacy, sexual relations and misconduct in the relationship between coaches and athletes. Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport, 36, 165–182.
  • Topçu, S. (2009). Cinsel istismar. İstanbul: Phoenix Yayınları.
  • Ural, A. ve Kılıç, İ., (2011) Bilimsel araştırma süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Wilinsky C. L. ve McCabe, A. (2021). A Review of emotional and sexual abuse of elite child athletes by their coaches. Sports Coaching Review, 10 (1), 84-109.
  • Vertommen, T., Schipper-van Veldhoven, N. H. M. J., Hartill, M. J. ve Van Den Eede, F. (2015). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: The NOC*NSF Helpline. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50 (7), 822–839.
  • Vertommen, T.,Veldhovenc, N.S., Wouterse, K., Kampenf, JK., Brackenridge, C., Rhind, D., Neels, K. ve Eede, F. (2016). Interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 223 – 236.
  • Vertommen, T., Kampen, J., Schipper- Van Veldhoven, N., Wouters, K., Uzieblo, K. ve Van Den Eede, F. (2017). Profiling perpetrators of interpersonal violence against children in sport based on a victim survey. Child Abuse and Neglect, 63, 172 - 182.
  • Volkwein, K., Schnell, F., Sherwood, D. ve Livezey, A. (1997) Sexual harassment in sport: Perceptions and experiences of American female student - athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 23 (3), 283 - 295.
  • Yücel, A. S., Korkmaz, M. Karataş, Ö. Hergüner, G. Yaman, Ç. ve Çatıkkaş F. (2014). Determination of sexual harassment and abuse women athletes face in sports: A case study. South Asian J Exp Biol, 4 (3): 133 - 140.
  • Zengin, E. (2012). Sexual harassment among turkish female athletes: the role of ambivalent sexism. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erdal Çetin 0000-0003-4258-123X

İlknur Hacısoftaoğlu 0000-0003-1435-9674

Publication Date January 31, 2023
Submission Date March 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 34 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çetin, E., & Hacısoftaoğlu, İ. (2023). Türkiye’de Çocuk Cinsel İstismarının Spor Kurumundaki Boyutu. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, 34(1), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1086828