Review

Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics

Volume: 5 Number: 1 April 28, 2026
EN TR

Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics

Abstract

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has transformed significantly over the past forty years, progressing from a salvage intervention for cuff tear arthropathy to a fundamental component of contemporary shoulder reconstruction. The initial design, pioneered by Grammont, fundamentally reconfigured shoulder biomechanics through the medialisation and distalisation of the centre of rotation, thereby engaging the deltoid as the primary mover in cases of cuff deficiency. This biomechanical advancement has facilitated dependable pain alleviation and functional restoration in patients for whom traditional arthroplasty procedures have historically been inadequate or failed. The clinical indications for RSA have significantly expanded. Historically restricted to elderly patients with extensive cuff tears. Its current applications include complex proximal humeral fractures, failed anatomical arthroplasty, inflammatory arthritis, tumour reconstruction and even select younger patients when joint preservation is unfeasible. Long-term studies demonstrate consistent improvements in pain and function, with implant survivorship exceeding 85% at ten years. Nevertheless, the rates of complications remain a concern, with scapular notching, instability, acromial and scapular fractures, and peri-prosthetic joint infections constituting the most significant issues challenges. Recent years have witnessed significant technological advancements in RSA, including three-dimensional preoperative planning, patient-specific instrumentation, augmented baseplates, 3D printing, navigation and robotic-assisted implantation. These innovations improve precision, broaden indications, and have the potential to enhance long-term outcomes. However, the use of these technologies is largely limited to institutions with high financial capacity. In low- and middle-income countries, obstacles such as high implant costs, limited availability, delayed presentation, and inadequate surgical expertise persistently impede widespread adoption. Nonetheless, evidence indicates that, with appropriate patient selection and tailored strategies, outcomes in resource-limited settings can approach those achieved in high-income countries. RSA now constitutes one of the most substantial advancements in shoulder surgery, providing durable outcomes across various pathologies. The future of RSA involves enhancing implant longevity, minimising complications, and ensuring equitable global access to this transformative technology procedure.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

No specific funding or institutional support was received for this work. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions of their affiliated institutions.

Ethical Statement

This article is a review of previously published literature on reverse shoulder arthroplasty. No new studies involving human participants or animals were conducted by the authors. Ethical approval and patient consent were therefore not required. All sources are appropriately cited; any reproduced figures or tables are used with permission from the copyright holders.

Thanks

The authors thank their colleagues for constructive feedback on earlier drafts and the library staff for assistance with literature retrieval. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

References

  1. 1. Grammont PM, Trouilloud P, Laffay JP, Deries X. Étude et réalisation d’une nouvelle prothèse d’épaule. Rhumatologie. 1987;39:407–418.
  2. 2. Boileau P, Watkinson D, Hatzidakis AM, Hovorka I. The Grammont reverse shoulder prosthesis: results in cuff tear arthritis, fracture sequelae, and revision arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15(5):527–540.
  3. 3. Franceschi F, Giovannetti de Sanctis E, Gupta A, Athwal GS, Di Giacomo G. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty: state of the art. J ISAKOS. 2023;8(5):306–317.
  4. 4. Stratton JA, Bayer SH, Arner JW. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty: history, indications, design, outcomes, and complications. Oper Tech Orthop. 2024;34(4):101149.
  5. 5. Boileau P, Watkinson DJ, Hatzidakis AM, Balg F. Grammont reverse prosthesis: design, rationale, and biomechanics. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14(1 Suppl S):147S–161S.
  6. 6. Lévigne C, Boileau P, Favard L, et al. Scapular notching in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17(6):925–935.
  7. 7. Roche CP, Stroud NJ, Martin BL, et al. The impact of scapular notching on reverse shoulder glenoid fixation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22(7):963–970.
  8. 8. Simovitch RW, Zumstein MA, Lohri E, Helmy N, Gerber C. Predictors of scapular notching. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(3):588–600.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Surgery (Other)

Journal Section

Review

Early Pub Date

April 21, 2026

Publication Date

April 28, 2026

Submission Date

August 31, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 15, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 5 Number: 1

APA
Hansen, W., Nyarko, K., Munir, B., & Jarvis, E. (2026). Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics. Trends in Surgical Sciences, 5(1), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.61745/tss.1772831
AMA
1.Hansen W, Nyarko K, Munir B, Jarvis E. Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics. Trends in Surgical Sciences. 2026;5(1):45-57. doi:10.61745/tss.1772831
Chicago
Hansen, Wilhelm, Kofi Nyarko, Badar Munir, and Ethan Jarvis. 2026. “Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics”. Trends in Surgical Sciences 5 (1): 45-57. https://doi.org/10.61745/tss.1772831.
EndNote
Hansen W, Nyarko K, Munir B, Jarvis E (April 1, 2026) Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics. Trends in Surgical Sciences 5 1 45–57.
IEEE
[1]W. Hansen, K. Nyarko, B. Munir, and E. Jarvis, “Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics”, Trends in Surgical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 45–57, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.61745/tss.1772831.
ISNAD
Hansen, Wilhelm - Nyarko, Kofi - Munir, Badar - Jarvis, Ethan. “Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics”. Trends in Surgical Sciences 5/1 (April 1, 2026): 45-57. https://doi.org/10.61745/tss.1772831.
JAMA
1.Hansen W, Nyarko K, Munir B, Jarvis E. Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics. Trends in Surgical Sciences. 2026;5:45–57.
MLA
Hansen, Wilhelm, et al. “Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics”. Trends in Surgical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 45-57, doi:10.61745/tss.1772831.
Vancouver
1.Wilhelm Hansen, Kofi Nyarko, Badar Munir, Ethan Jarvis. Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty - Rethinking the Shoulder in Modern Orthopaedics. Trends in Surgical Sciences. 2026 Apr. 1;5(1):45-57. doi:10.61745/tss.1772831

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