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1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi

Year 2024, Issue: 5, 1 - 22, 31.12.2024

Nurhan Davutyan

Abstract

Makalenin ana fikri 1875’te alınan Osmanlı iflas kararının kaçınılmaz olmadığıdır. Sadrıâzam Mehmed Emin Âlî Paşa’nın moratoryumdan sekiz yıl önce, 1867’de, acilen alınmasını önerdiği somut tedbirlerin o tarihte değil de 1879 gibi Çarlık ordusunun Yeşilköy’de, İngiliz donanmasının İzmit Körfezi'nde bulunmasından ve Berlin Kongresi'nin toplanıyor olmasından ötürü, çok özel sayılması gereken şartlarda ve kısmen uygulanmaya konmuş olması, bu gecikmenin iflasta büyük rolü olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Nitekim önce Rüsum-ı Sitte’ye devredilen, sonrasında Düyun-ı Umumiye Idaresi’ne geçen altı vergi kaleminin 1879 öncesi ve sonrası performansının istatistiki tahlilinin sonuçları, Âlî Paşa'nın tedbirleri vaktinde uygulanmış olsa, moratoryumun önlenebilir olduğunun delilidir. İflas nedeniyle faiz ve anapara taksitlerinin ödenmeyişi, İngiliz bono sahiplerini çok rahatsız etmiştir. O dönemde sadece vergi ödeyen mülk sahipleri seçmen olabildiğinden, bono sahipleriyle seçmenler çakışmakta ve görüşleri Parlamento’ya yansımaktadır. Bu durum, diğer bazı etmenlerle birlikte, İngiliz hükumetini, Rus yayılmasını frenleyen Osmanlı'yı desteklemek olan, geleneksel politikasından kısmen sapmak zorunda bırakmıştır. Bu durumun, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nın patlak vermesi ve fecaatle sonuçlanması üzerindeki etkisi hesaba katılmalıdır.

Keywords

Tanzimat Reformları Genç Osmanlılar Mali Yapı Borç Moratoryumu Binom Yapısal Kırılma Testi

Ethical Statement

Etik kurallarına tamamen uydum.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK-SOBAG

Thanks

Bu makale TÜBİTAK-SOBAG 119K197 no.lu projeden üretilmiştir. Kuruma desteği için teşekkür borçluyum.

References

  • Abu-Manneh, B. “The Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript”, Die Welt des Islams, 34(2) 1994: 184-197.
  • Abu-Manneh, B. “The Sultan and the Bureaucracy: the Anti-Tanzimat Concepts of Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Paşa”. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 22 1990: 257-274.
  • Acemoğlu, Daron ve James A. Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Akar, Şevket K. “1876-1908 Yılları Bütçelerine Göre II. Abdülhamid Dönemi Maliyesi”. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 1998.
  • Akarlı, Engin D. “The Problem of External Pressures, Power Struggles, and Budgetary Deficits in Ottoman Politics under Abdülhamid II (1876-1909)”. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Princeton University, 1976.
  • Akarlı, Engin D. Belgelerle Tanzimat: Osmanlı Sadrıâzamlarından Âli ve Fuad Paşaların Siyasi Vasiyyetnameleri. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları. 1978.
  • Aktan, Gündüz. Açık Kriptolar: Ermeni Soykırımı İddiaları, Avrupada Irkçılık ve Türkiyenin AB Üyeliği, İstanbul: Aşina Kitaplar, 2006.
  • Akyıldız, Ali. 2023. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mahmud-nedim-pasa
  • Andıç, Fuad. and Süphan Andıç S. The Last of the Ottoman Grandees: The Life and the Political Testament of Aali Paşa, Istanbul: Isis Press, 1996.
  • Antaramian, Richard. Brokers of Faith, Brokers of Empire Armenians, and the Politics of Reform in the Ottoman Empire. Redwood City CA: Stanford University Press, 2020.
  • Aslantaş, Yasin. “Making sense of ‘musadere’ practice, state confiscation of elite wealth, in the Ottoman Empire, circa 1453–1839”, History Compass 17 (6) 2019: 1-11.
  • Autheman, André. La Banque Impériale Ottomane. Paris: Ministére de l’Economie et des Finances, 1996.
  • Barchard, David. “The Doorman’s Son who Saved the Empire: Aali Pasha”, Cornucopia: The Magazine for Connoisseurs of Turkey, 31 2004.
  • Birdal, Murat. The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in Late Nineteenth Century, London: IB Tauris. London, 2010.
  • Clay, Christopher. Gold for The Sultan, Western Bankers and Ottoman Finance 1856-1881: A Contribution to Ottoman and to International Financial History, London: I.B. Tauris, 2000.
  • Çakır, Coşkun. Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Maliyesi. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları. 2001.
  • Çetinkaya, Bayram. “Mahalle”sinden Kovulan Entelektüel: Şerif Mardin”, 2017. http://www. bayramalicetinkaya.com.tr/, Erişim tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023.
  • Çetinsaya, Gökhan ve Tufan Buzpınar. Midhat Paşa, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/midhat-pasa, Erişim tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023.
  • Dadyan, Saro. “Garabed Artin Davud Paşa”. Toplumsal Tarih, sayı 239, 2013.
  • Davison, Roderic. H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1963.
  • Davison, Roderic H. “The Question of Ali Paşa’s Political Testament”, International Journal of Middle East Studies 11(2) 1980: 209-225.
  • Davison, Roderic H. “The Millets as Agents of Change in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire”, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, v.1, ed. Bernard Lewis and Benjamin Braude 319-338, London ve Newyork: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1982.
  • Davutyan, Nurhan. ve Ali Erhan Özlük. “Olasılık Kuramı ve Aydınlanma Düşüncesi: Pascal’ın Yaklaşımı”, Toplumsal Tarih, 142, 2005: 94-99.
  • Davutyan, Nurhan. “The Penetration of European Banking into Ottoman Lands during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 25 (3): 2023: 322-339.
  • Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire: 1876-1909, London: I.B. Tauris, 1998.
  • Devereux, Robert. The First Ottoman Constitutional Period, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
  • Du Velay, Alfred. Essai sur l’Histoire Financiere de la Turquie, Paris: Arthur Ruisseau. 1903. https:// gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65442436, Erişim tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023.
  • Farley, Lewis. J. Turks and Christians: A Solution of the Eastern Question. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. Publishers, 1876.
  • Findley, Carter. V. Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
  • Finkel, Caroline. Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Basic Books, 2005.
  • Greif, Avner. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Güran, Tevfik. Osmanlı Malî İstatistikleri: Bütçeler (1841-1918). Ankara: TÜİK. 2003. Hanioğlu, Şükrü.M. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • İnalcık, Halil ve Donald Quataert. Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Kırmızı, Abdülhamit. “II. Abdülhamid Dönemi (1876-1908) Osmanlı bürokrasisinde gayrimüslimler”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 1995. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/ handle/20.500.12812/471173.
  • Kırmızı, Abdülhamit. “Şer’an Olamadığı Halde Kanunen ve Nizamen: Osmanlı Uleması ve Tanzimat. Sahn-ı Semân’dan Dârülfünûn’a: XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı’da İlim ve Fikir Dünyası”, https:// www.academia.edu/48806961/. 2021. Erişim tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan. The Queen’s Ambassador to the Sultan: Memoirs of Sir Henry A. Layard’s Constantinople Embassy 1877-1880. İstanbul: The ISIS Press, 2018a.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan. The Private Letters of Sir Austen Henry Layard during His Constantinople Embassy 1877-1880. İstanbul: The ISIS Press, 2018b.
  • Landes, David. Bankers and Pashas. International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt. London: Heinemann Publishing, 1958.
  • Mardin, Şerif. Yeni Osmanlı Düşüncesinin Doğuşu. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları,1996. [İngilizce orijinali The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1962].
  • Meriç, Cemil. Ümrandan Uygarlığa, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2015 (İlk basım 1974).
  • Millman, Richard. Britain and the Eastern Question 1875-1878. Clartendon: Oxford University Press, Clarendon, 1979.
  • Mordtmann, A. David. Istanbul ve Yeni Osmanlılar (çev. Gertraude Songu-Habermann), İstanbul: Pera Yayıncılık, 1999. [Almanca orijinali Stambul und das Moderne Türkenthum, Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot, 1877].
  • Ortaylı, İlber. İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, İstanbul: Hil Yayın, 1983.
  • Özavcı, Ozan. Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798-1864. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Özbek, Nadir. “Tax Farming in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Institutional Backwardness or the Emergence of Modern Public Finance?”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History XLIX (2) 2018: 219-245.
  • Pamuk, Şevket. Uneven Centuries: Turkey’s Economic Development since 1820, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • Quataert, Donald. “Famine in Turkey, 1873-1875”, Regional Studies 201 1968: 1-54.
  • Quataert, Donald. 1986. The Employment Policies of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, 1881-1909. Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire, 1730-1914, The ISIS Press. Istanbul.
  • Sağlam, Mehmet. H. Osmanlı Devletinde Moratoryum 1876-1881: Rüsum-ı Sitte’den Düyun-ı Umumiye’ye. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2007.
  • Schölch, Alexander. “Wirtschaftliche Durchdringung und politische Kontrolle durch die europäischen Mächte im Osmanischen Reich (Konstantinopel, Kairo, Tunis)”, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 1. Jahrg., H. 4, 1975: 404-446.
  • Sluglett, Peter, and Hakan M. Yavuz. War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin. Utah: University of Utah Press, 2011.
  • Tabakoğlu, Ahmet. Türkiye İktisat Tarihi. İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2003.
  • Taleb, Nesim. N. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York: Random House, 2007.
  • Taleb, Nesim.N. Antifragile: Things that Gain from Disorder, New York: Random House, 2012.
  • Todorova, Maria. “Composition of the Ruling Elite of the Ottoman Empire in the Period of Reforms 1826-1876”, Etudes Balkaniques, No 1, 1976: 103-113.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İ. Hakkı. Midhat Paşa ve Yıldız Mahkemesi, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2000.
  • Ülgener, Sabri. İktisadi Inhitat Tarihimizin Ahlak ve Zihniyet Meseleleri, Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1952.
  • Ünlü, Barış. Türklük Sözleşmesi: Oluşumu, İşleyişi ve Krizi, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2018.
  • Yackley, Joseph. “Bankrupt: Financial Diplomacy in the Late Nineteenth Century Middle East”. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago, 2013.
  • Yavuz, Mustafa. Demokratik Ihtilaller Çağında Girit. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları, 2017.

The Ottoman Moratorium of 1875 could have been Prevented

Year 2024, Issue: 5, 1 - 22, 31.12.2024

Nurhan Davutyan

Abstract

We claim the Ottoman moratorium of 1875 was avoidable. As early as 1867, Ottoman PM Âlî Paşa was ringing the alarm bells and proposing very specific fiscal measures for immediate implementation. We argue these were partially implemented in 1879 under conditions of force majeure, when the Czar’s army was stationed in Istanbul suburbs, the British fleet anchored at Izmit Bay, and the Berlin Congress was in session. This leads us to believe the delay played a nonnegligible role in triggering the moratorium. Indeed, a careful statistical comparison of the time series on revenues collected before and afther the 1879 reforms provides conclusive causal evidence. Namely, if Âlî Paşa’s reforms were implemented in a timely manner, the moratorium could be avoided. The link between the moratorium and the subsequent and disastrous Ottoman defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 deserves emphasis. During that era due to the restricted nature of the electoral franchise, voters and British bondholders largely coincided. The opposition of enraged bondholders constrained the British government to deviate from its traditional policy of supporting the Ottomans as a bulwark against Russia.

Keywords

Tanzimat Reforms Young Ottomans Fiscal Organization Debt Moratorium Binomial Test for Structural Break

Ethical Statement

I complied fully with the ethical standards.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK-SOBAG

Thanks

This research was made possible through funding provided by the TÜBİTAK-SOBAG project no. 119K197. We would like to express our sincere gratitude for this support.

References

  • Abu-Manneh, B. “The Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript”, Die Welt des Islams, 34(2) 1994: 184-197.
  • Abu-Manneh, B. “The Sultan and the Bureaucracy: the Anti-Tanzimat Concepts of Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Paşa”. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 22 1990: 257-274.
  • Acemoğlu, Daron ve James A. Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Akar, Şevket K. “1876-1908 Yılları Bütçelerine Göre II. Abdülhamid Dönemi Maliyesi”. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 1998.
  • Akarlı, Engin D. “The Problem of External Pressures, Power Struggles, and Budgetary Deficits in Ottoman Politics under Abdülhamid II (1876-1909)”. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Princeton University, 1976.
  • Akarlı, Engin D. Belgelerle Tanzimat: Osmanlı Sadrıâzamlarından Âli ve Fuad Paşaların Siyasi Vasiyyetnameleri. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları. 1978.
  • Aktan, Gündüz. Açık Kriptolar: Ermeni Soykırımı İddiaları, Avrupada Irkçılık ve Türkiyenin AB Üyeliği, İstanbul: Aşina Kitaplar, 2006.
  • Akyıldız, Ali. 2023. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mahmud-nedim-pasa
  • Andıç, Fuad. and Süphan Andıç S. The Last of the Ottoman Grandees: The Life and the Political Testament of Aali Paşa, Istanbul: Isis Press, 1996.
  • Antaramian, Richard. Brokers of Faith, Brokers of Empire Armenians, and the Politics of Reform in the Ottoman Empire. Redwood City CA: Stanford University Press, 2020.
  • Aslantaş, Yasin. “Making sense of ‘musadere’ practice, state confiscation of elite wealth, in the Ottoman Empire, circa 1453–1839”, History Compass 17 (6) 2019: 1-11.
  • Autheman, André. La Banque Impériale Ottomane. Paris: Ministére de l’Economie et des Finances, 1996.
  • Barchard, David. “The Doorman’s Son who Saved the Empire: Aali Pasha”, Cornucopia: The Magazine for Connoisseurs of Turkey, 31 2004.
  • Birdal, Murat. The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in Late Nineteenth Century, London: IB Tauris. London, 2010.
  • Clay, Christopher. Gold for The Sultan, Western Bankers and Ottoman Finance 1856-1881: A Contribution to Ottoman and to International Financial History, London: I.B. Tauris, 2000.
  • Çakır, Coşkun. Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Maliyesi. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları. 2001.
  • Çetinkaya, Bayram. “Mahalle”sinden Kovulan Entelektüel: Şerif Mardin”, 2017. http://www. bayramalicetinkaya.com.tr/, Erişim tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023.
  • Çetinsaya, Gökhan ve Tufan Buzpınar. Midhat Paşa, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/midhat-pasa, Erişim tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023.
  • Dadyan, Saro. “Garabed Artin Davud Paşa”. Toplumsal Tarih, sayı 239, 2013.
  • Davison, Roderic. H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1963.
  • Davison, Roderic H. “The Question of Ali Paşa’s Political Testament”, International Journal of Middle East Studies 11(2) 1980: 209-225.
  • Davison, Roderic H. “The Millets as Agents of Change in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire”, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, v.1, ed. Bernard Lewis and Benjamin Braude 319-338, London ve Newyork: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1982.
  • Davutyan, Nurhan. ve Ali Erhan Özlük. “Olasılık Kuramı ve Aydınlanma Düşüncesi: Pascal’ın Yaklaşımı”, Toplumsal Tarih, 142, 2005: 94-99.
  • Davutyan, Nurhan. “The Penetration of European Banking into Ottoman Lands during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 25 (3): 2023: 322-339.
  • Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire: 1876-1909, London: I.B. Tauris, 1998.
  • Devereux, Robert. The First Ottoman Constitutional Period, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
  • Du Velay, Alfred. Essai sur l’Histoire Financiere de la Turquie, Paris: Arthur Ruisseau. 1903. https:// gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65442436, Erişim tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023.
  • Farley, Lewis. J. Turks and Christians: A Solution of the Eastern Question. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. Publishers, 1876.
  • Findley, Carter. V. Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
  • Finkel, Caroline. Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Basic Books, 2005.
  • Greif, Avner. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Güran, Tevfik. Osmanlı Malî İstatistikleri: Bütçeler (1841-1918). Ankara: TÜİK. 2003. Hanioğlu, Şükrü.M. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • İnalcık, Halil ve Donald Quataert. Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Kırmızı, Abdülhamit. “II. Abdülhamid Dönemi (1876-1908) Osmanlı bürokrasisinde gayrimüslimler”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 1995. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/ handle/20.500.12812/471173.
  • Kırmızı, Abdülhamit. “Şer’an Olamadığı Halde Kanunen ve Nizamen: Osmanlı Uleması ve Tanzimat. Sahn-ı Semân’dan Dârülfünûn’a: XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı’da İlim ve Fikir Dünyası”, https:// www.academia.edu/48806961/. 2021. Erişim tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan. The Queen’s Ambassador to the Sultan: Memoirs of Sir Henry A. Layard’s Constantinople Embassy 1877-1880. İstanbul: The ISIS Press, 2018a.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan. The Private Letters of Sir Austen Henry Layard during His Constantinople Embassy 1877-1880. İstanbul: The ISIS Press, 2018b.
  • Landes, David. Bankers and Pashas. International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt. London: Heinemann Publishing, 1958.
  • Mardin, Şerif. Yeni Osmanlı Düşüncesinin Doğuşu. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları,1996. [İngilizce orijinali The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1962].
  • Meriç, Cemil. Ümrandan Uygarlığa, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2015 (İlk basım 1974).
  • Millman, Richard. Britain and the Eastern Question 1875-1878. Clartendon: Oxford University Press, Clarendon, 1979.
  • Mordtmann, A. David. Istanbul ve Yeni Osmanlılar (çev. Gertraude Songu-Habermann), İstanbul: Pera Yayıncılık, 1999. [Almanca orijinali Stambul und das Moderne Türkenthum, Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot, 1877].
  • Ortaylı, İlber. İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, İstanbul: Hil Yayın, 1983.
  • Özavcı, Ozan. Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798-1864. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Özbek, Nadir. “Tax Farming in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Institutional Backwardness or the Emergence of Modern Public Finance?”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History XLIX (2) 2018: 219-245.
  • Pamuk, Şevket. Uneven Centuries: Turkey’s Economic Development since 1820, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • Quataert, Donald. “Famine in Turkey, 1873-1875”, Regional Studies 201 1968: 1-54.
  • Quataert, Donald. 1986. The Employment Policies of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, 1881-1909. Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire, 1730-1914, The ISIS Press. Istanbul.
  • Sağlam, Mehmet. H. Osmanlı Devletinde Moratoryum 1876-1881: Rüsum-ı Sitte’den Düyun-ı Umumiye’ye. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2007.
  • Schölch, Alexander. “Wirtschaftliche Durchdringung und politische Kontrolle durch die europäischen Mächte im Osmanischen Reich (Konstantinopel, Kairo, Tunis)”, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 1. Jahrg., H. 4, 1975: 404-446.
  • Sluglett, Peter, and Hakan M. Yavuz. War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin. Utah: University of Utah Press, 2011.
  • Tabakoğlu, Ahmet. Türkiye İktisat Tarihi. İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2003.
  • Taleb, Nesim. N. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York: Random House, 2007.
  • Taleb, Nesim.N. Antifragile: Things that Gain from Disorder, New York: Random House, 2012.
  • Todorova, Maria. “Composition of the Ruling Elite of the Ottoman Empire in the Period of Reforms 1826-1876”, Etudes Balkaniques, No 1, 1976: 103-113.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İ. Hakkı. Midhat Paşa ve Yıldız Mahkemesi, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2000.
  • Ülgener, Sabri. İktisadi Inhitat Tarihimizin Ahlak ve Zihniyet Meseleleri, Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1952.
  • Ünlü, Barış. Türklük Sözleşmesi: Oluşumu, İşleyişi ve Krizi, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2018.
  • Yackley, Joseph. “Bankrupt: Financial Diplomacy in the Late Nineteenth Century Middle East”. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago, 2013.
  • Yavuz, Mustafa. Demokratik Ihtilaller Çağında Girit. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları, 2017.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Empires, Imperialism and Colonialism
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nurhan Davutyan

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date March 20, 2024
Acceptance Date September 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Davutyan, N. (2024). 1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi(5), 1-22.
AMA Davutyan N. 1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi. TT Akademi. December 2024;(5):1-22.
Chicago Davutyan, Nurhan. “1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi”. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi, no. 5 (December 2024): 1-22.
EndNote Davutyan N (December 1, 2024) 1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi 5 1–22.
IEEE N. Davutyan, “1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi”, TT Akademi, no. 5, pp. 1–22, December 2024.
ISNAD Davutyan, Nurhan. “1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi”. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi 5 (December 2024), 1-22.
JAMA Davutyan N. 1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi. TT Akademi. 2024;:1–22.
MLA Davutyan, Nurhan. “1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi”. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi, no. 5, 2024, pp. 1-22.
Vancouver Davutyan N. 1875 Osmanlı Moratoryumu Önlenebilirdi. TT Akademi. 2024(5):1-22.
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Greetings with Our Fifth Issue!

We are delighted to present the latest issue of Toplumsal Tarih Akademi journal. This issue marks the fifth since the journal began its journey in December 2022, but it stands out as the first to not center around a thematic dossier. It also represents our initial experience transitioning from editorial assistants to full editors of the journal. We ask for your forgiveness in advance for any shortcomings.

We extend our gratitude to our former editors, Yaşar Tolga Cora and Nurşen Gürboğa, who rapidly transformed the journal into one of the key publications of the History Foundation. We also thank the former President of the History Foundation and the journal’s former editor-in-chief, Mehmet Ö. Alkan, for his pioneering role in launching the journal. We are fully aware of the responsibility placed on our shoulders to carry the journal forward. With the support of our Editorial Board members and an expanding team of editors, we aim to fulfill this responsibility to the best of our ability.

At this point, we wish to thank our new section editors, who took on the responsibility of shaping the journal with us at the September 2024 Editorial Board meeting, marking the transition in the journal’s management. Our thanks go to Gülhan Balsoy and Cihangir Gündoğdu, who joined as book review editors, and Deniz Türker, who is now overseeing the document review section. We are immensely grateful for their energetic contributions to the process. While Nurşen Gürboğa has passed on the role of editor to us, she continues as the journal’s editor-in-chief. Her guidance and the bridges she builds with the History Foundation’s administration are invaluable to us. We also extend our gratitude to Emre Erkan, our Turkish language editor, who worked meticulously and swiftly to prepare articles for publication, and to our layout editor, Aşkın Yücel Seçkin, for her careful and prompt efforts. Our heartfelt thanks also go to our anonymous referees, the unseen heroes who guide our authors through their revisions.

Our decision to produce this issue with free-topic articles, coupled with changes in our management structure during the process, resulted in some delays. We are particularly grateful to our authors for their patience and understanding.

This issue features four research articles, three document reviews, four book reviews, and an obituary. Let us first introduce the research articles in our fifth issue. The first, authored by Nurhan Davutyan, is titled “The Ottoman Moratorium of 1875 could have been Prevented.” This study provides a fresh perspective on the developments leading to the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, which violated the fiscal sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire. Drawing on extensive resources and statistical analysis, Davutyan argues that financial measures proposed by Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha in 1867 could have averted the moratorium if implemented earlier, rather than in 1879.

The second article is a collaborative work by Murat Tülek, Jean-François Pérouse, and Funda Ferhanoğlu, titled “Jacques Pervititch before 1922.” This detailed study focuses on the early life and career of Pervititch, a pivotal figure in Istanbul’s cartographic history, before he began creating insurance maps of the city. Rich with visual materials, including one featured on our cover, the article offers valuable insights into Pervititch’s family life, professional development, and early maps.

Our third research article, “Governing the Exception, Negotiating Justice: The Law of the Mountains, Feud Settlements, and Hybrid Punishments in Shkodra,” takes us to the Albanian lands of the late Ottoman period. In this study, Ebru Aykut examines Ottoman governance strategies amidst local mountain laws and centralization efforts. By applying Michel Foucault’s concept of governmentality to a series of cases, the article sheds light on fascinating historical events in Shkodra, offering a rewarding read for our audience.

The fourth article bridges natural history and historical research. Titled ““Why the Cormorant?” A 19th-Century Ottoman Intellectual's Perspective on the Lexical History of Karabatak,” Tarkan Murat Akkaya analyzes an 1899 newspaper article on the cormorant bird. This engaging piece explores the origins of bird names, contributing a unique perspective to the field of nomenclature, specifically regarding the cormorant.

Under the editorial guidance of Deniz Türker, our document review section aims to draw attention to overlooked historical documents and present creative interpretations of them. Filiz Yazıcıoğlu’s study highlights the significance of petitions as sources, examining those written by a telegraph operator, Mehmet Tevfik Bey, during the reign of Abdul Hamid II. Mertkan Karaca reviews a 1909 article by Halil Edhem Bey, brother of Osman Hamdi Bey, shedding light on the history of the Imperial Museum, now the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. Aysel Yıldız examines two letters that narrate the remarkable life of a Janissary, İbrahim Ben Ali, born in Istanbul in 1756, who endured captivity in Russia and eventually emigrated to the United States.

Our book review section, edited by Gülhan Balsoy and Cihangir Gündoğdu, features analyses of recent publications focusing on various periods of Ottoman and Republican history. Ekrem Yener reviews Ümit Kurt’s Kanun ve Nizam Dairesi’nde Soykırım Teknokratı Mustafa Reşat Mimaroğlu’nun İzinde Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Devlet Mekanizması, while Melis Cankara critiques Uğur Zekeriya Peçe’s Island and Empire: How Civil War in Crete Mobilized the Ottoman World. Ayşe Hilal Uğurlu examines Ali Akyıldız’s Mabeyn-i Hümayun: Osmanlı Saray Teşkilatının Modernleşmesi, and Numan Deniz discusses Nir Shafir’s The Order and Disorder of Communication: Pamphlets and Polemics in Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire.

Finally, our obituary section commemorates historian, teacher, and writer Necdet Sakaoğlu, known for his work on local, urban, Seljuk, Ottoman, and educational history. Fahri Aral honors his memory with a heartfelt piece.

According to our Editorial Board's decision, the journal will now publish themed issues in June and open-call issues in December. We encourage you to follow the calls for papers announced on DergiPark and the History Foundation’s website. The deadline for submissions to our December 2025 issue is June 15, 2025, through the DergiPark system.

We value the development of social historiography and the creation of platforms for free and critical thought, especially for publishing high-quality Turkish articles. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi aims to combine the History Foundation’s long-standing tradition of critical publishing with the international standards of academic publishing. To this end, we are actively pursuing the indexing of our journal in national and international databases. Your constructive criticism and contributions are vital to us, and we eagerly await your feedback.

Enjoy reading and have a wonderful year ahead.

Editors of Toplumsal Tarih Akademi
Firuzan Melike Sümertaş & Sırrı Emrah Üçer