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Governing the Exception, Negotiating Justice: The Law of the Mountains, Feud Settlements, and Hybrid Punishments in Shkodra

Year 2024, Issue: 5, 59 - 86, 31.12.2024

Abstract

A primary concern for governors appointed to Shkodra from the 1850s onward was to tackle the prevailing custom of blood feuds and the issue of fugitive murderers arising from this practice. To eliminate feuds, which were historically legitimized by the Geg Albanians’ ancient customary laws, called the Kanun of Dukagjini or the law of the mountains (cibal), local authorities set up a multilayered and plural legal regime. In this context, mountain tribes affiliated with the Cibal Commission, which was created under local government supervision in Shkodra, and certain other districts, were officially permitted to operate outside the Ottoman judicial system and implement the law of the cibal, including such retributive measures as house-burning and property confiscation. In areas not officially governed by the law of the cibal, on the other hand, a more complex picture emerged, a picture shaped by recurrent collective settlements of feuds. In peaceful settlements, the scope of which was subject to negotiations between tribal elders (rüesa) and the governor and documented in written contracts, not only was reconciliation facilitated between the feuding parties, but hybrid criminal procedures were also invented, and their enforcement was shared between the Ottoman courts and the rüesa. This system eclectically juxtaposed the Ottoman laws and the cibal laws. Thus, those who could not be punished within the framework of the former would be punished according to the latter. This article aims to explore this exceptional legal regime in Shkodra in the second half of the 19th century, a period marked by centralization in Ottoman judicial and administrative structures and an increasing emphasis on the principle of legality.

References

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  • Bâb-ı Âlî Evrak Odası (BEO)
  • Cevdet Adliye (C.ADL)
  • Cevdet Dahiliye (C.DH)
  • Dahiliye Islahat (DH.TMIK.S)
  • Dahiliye İdare (DH.İD)
  • Dahiliye Mektubî Kalemi (DH.MKT)
  • Dahiliye Muamelat (DH.TMIK.M)
  • Dahiliye Şifre Kalemi (DH.ŞFR)
  • Hariciye Mektubî Kalemi (HR.MKT)
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  • Sadaret Amedi Kalemi Evrakı (A.AMD)
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  • Sadaret Mukavelenameler (A.DVN.MKL)
  • Sadaret Mühimme Kalemi Evrakı (A.MKT.MHM)
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  • Yıldız Mütenevvi Maruzat (Y.MTV)
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İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra'da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri

Year 2024, Issue: 5, 59 - 86, 31.12.2024

Abstract

Bu makale, 19. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren İşkodra’da kurumsal adalet mekanizmalarıyla Arnavut kanunlarının adaleti tesis mekanizmalarının -cibal usulünün- karşılaşma, temas ve etkileşim anlarına yakından bakmayı, böylelikle Tanzimat sonrası hukuki merkeziyetçilik ve hukuki çoğulluk tartışmalarına ceza hukuku ve adaleti merceğinden katkıda bulunmayı amaçlıyor. Makalede evvela İşkodra’da hakim istisnaî hukuk rejiminin zeminini oluşturan koşullar ve bu rejimin belkemiğini teşkil eden Cibal Komisyonu ve cibal usulü üzerinde duracak, ayrıca cibal usulüne istinaden uygulanan cezalardan hane ihrakını sosyo-hukuki bağlamına yerleştirmeye çalışacağım. Ardından yine İşkodra’da akdedilen umumi sulh sözleşmelerine odaklanarak sulh koşullarının müzakere edildiği süreçte icat edilen hibrit usulleri istisnaî yönetimin bir unsuru olarak inceleyeceğim. Nihayet bölgedeki hukuki çoğulluğun yol açtığı ihtilaflı durumlara ve yine buradan beslenen adalet taleplerine birkaç örnekle değindikten sonra, 1908 ertesi militer şiddet ve sıkıyönetim koşullarında Dukakin Kanunu/cibal usulünün kanunlaştırılmasına yönelik yarım kalmış teşebbüsten bahsederek makaleyi bitireceğim.

References

  • Arşiv Belgeleri
  • T.C Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA)
  • Bâb-ı Âlî Evrak Odası (BEO)
  • Cevdet Adliye (C.ADL)
  • Cevdet Dahiliye (C.DH)
  • Dahiliye Islahat (DH.TMIK.S)
  • Dahiliye İdare (DH.İD)
  • Dahiliye Mektubî Kalemi (DH.MKT)
  • Dahiliye Muamelat (DH.TMIK.M)
  • Dahiliye Şifre Kalemi (DH.ŞFR)
  • Hariciye Mektubî Kalemi (HR.MKT)
  • Hariciye Tercüme Odası (HR.TO)
  • İradeler Dahiliye (İ.DH)
  • İradeler Hususi (İ.HUS)
  • İradeler Meclis-i Mahsus (İ.MMS)
  • İradeler Meclis-i Vâlâ (İ.MVL)
  • Meclis-i Vâlâ (MVL)
  • Meclis-i Vükela Mazbataları (MV)
  • Rumeli Müfettişliği İşkodra Evrakı (TFR.I.İŞ)
  • Rumeli Müfettişliği Kosova Evrakı (TFR.I.KV)
  • Sadaret Amedi Kalemi Evrakı (A.AMD)
  • Sadaret Mektubî Kalemi Evrakı (A.MKT)
  • Sadaret Mukavelenameler (A.DVN.MKL)
  • Sadaret Mühimme Kalemi Evrakı (A.MKT.MHM)
  • Sadaret Name-i Hümayun Evrakı (A.DVN.NMH)
  • Sadaret Umum Vilayat Evrakı (A.MKT.UM)
  • Şura-yı Devlet (ŞD)
  • Yıldız Askeri Maruzat (Y.PRK.ASK)
  • Yıldız Esas Evrakı (Y.EE)
  • Yıldız Hususi Evrak (Y.HUS)
  • Yıldız Mütenevvi Maruzat (Y.MTV)
  • Yıldız Resmi Maruzat (Y.A.RES)
  • Yıldız Umumi (Y.PRK.UM)
  • Yıldız Yaveran ve Maiyyet-i Seniyye Erkan-ı Harbiye Dairesi (Y.PRK.MYD)
  • Kitap, Makale ve Tezler
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  • Amara, Ahmad. “The Ottoman Tanzimat in the Palestinian Frontier of Beersheba (1850-1917)”, Living in the Ottoman Lands: Identities, Administration and Warfare. Ed. H. Kılıçarslan, Ö. F. Can ve B. Çağlar, 126-155. İstanbul: Kronik Books, 2021.
  • Aykut, Ebru. “Alternative Claims on Justice and Law: Rural Arson and Poison Murder in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire”. Doktora Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 2011.
  • ________ “Revisiting the Basic Legal Principles of the Tanzimat in Light of a Customary Practice: House-Burning and Usul-i Cibâl”. The Making of Law in the Ottoman Space (1800-1914), international workshop, 26-27 May 2015, Paris (yayımlanmamış bildiri).
  • ________ “Toxic Murder, Female Poisoners, and the Question of Agency at the Late Ottoman Law Courts, 1840-1908”. Journal of Women’s History 28 (3), 2016, 114-137.
  • ________ “Negotiating Justice and Law: Albanian Customary Law in the Age of Ottoman Centralization (1850s-early 1900s)”. The 14th ICOSEH, 24-27 July 2017, Sofia (yayımlanmamış bildiri).
  • ________ “Judicial Reforms, Sharia Law, and the Death Penalty in the Late Ottoman Empire”. JOTSA 4 (1), 2017, 7-29.
  • ________ “Negotiating Justice and Law: Albanian Customary Law in the Age of Ottoman Centralization”. Comparative Seminar on Legal Transformations in 19th and Early 20th Century Japan, China, and the Ottoman Empire, Max Planck Institute, 31 May 2021, online (yayımlanmamış konuşma metni).
  • Balcı, Ramazan. “The Ottoman Practices of the Kanun of Dukagjini: The Method of Cibal”. Türkiyat Mecmuası 26 (1), 2016, 31-49.
  • Barakat, Nora. “Regulating Land Rights in Late Nineteenth-Century Salt: The Limits of Legal Pluralism in Ottoman Property Law”. JOTSA 2 (1), 2015, 101-119.
  • Barkey, Karen. “Aspects of Legal Pluralism in the Ottoman Empire”, Legal Pluralism and Empires, 1500-1850. Ed. L.
  • Benton and R. J. Ross, 83-107. New York, London: NYU Press, 2013.
  • Bayraktar, Uğur. “Reconsidering Local versus Central: Empire, Notables, and Employment in Ottoman Albania and Kurdistan, 1835-1878”. IJMES 52, 2020, 685-701.
  • ________ “Feud, Law, and Society in Mid-Nineteenth Century Northern Albania”. Die Welt des Islams 63 (3), 2023, 269-301.
  • Bedii Nuri. “Arnavutluk’ta Kan Gütmek Âdeti”, Şehbâl 59, 15 Ağustos 1328 (28 Ağustos 1912), 208-209.
  • ________ “Arnavutluk Teşkilât-ı İctimâiyyesi. Teşkilât-ı İdariyye ve Kanuniyye”, Şehbâl 62, 1 Teşrinievvel 1328 (1 Ekim 1912), 272-273.
  • ________ “Arnavutluk Teşkîlât-ı İçtimâiyyesi: Cibal Kanûnu”, Şehbâl 64, 1 Teşrinisani 1328 (14 Aralık 1912), 304-305. Benda-Beckmann, Keebet von ve Bertham Turner. “Legal Pluralism, Social Theory, and the State”. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 50 (3), 2018, 255-274.
  • Blumi, Isa. “Capitulations in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Shifting Parameters of Russian and Austrian Interests in Ottoman Albania, 1878-1912”. Oriente Moderno 22 (83), no. 3, 2003, 635-647. ________ Reinstating the Ottomans. Alternative Balkan Modernities, 1800-1912. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. ________ Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939. Migration in a Post-Imperial World. London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
  • Cevdet Paşa, Tezâkir 13-20. Yay. Haz. C. Baysun, Ankara: TTK, 1991.
  • Clayer, Nathalie. Aux origines du nationalisme Albanais. Paris: Karthala, 2007.
  • Dareste, Rodolphe. “Les Anciennes Coutumes Albanaises”. Nouvelle revue historique de droit français et étranger 27 (4), Juillet-Août 1903, 477-496.
  • Degrand, A[lexandre]. Souvenirs de la Haute-Albanie. Paris, 1901.
  • Deringil, Selim. “‘They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery’: The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, 2003, 311-342.
  • Durham, Edith. High Albania. London: Edward Arnold, 1909.
  • Duvergier, J[ean]. B[aptiste]. Code pénal annoté. Édition de 1832. Paris, 1833.
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There are 111 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Historical Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ebru Aykut

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date November 21, 2024
Acceptance Date December 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Aykut, E. (2024). İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi(5), 59-86.
AMA Aykut E. İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri. TT Akademi. December 2024;(5):59-86.
Chicago Aykut, Ebru. “İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar Ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri”. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi, no. 5 (December 2024): 59-86.
EndNote Aykut E (December 1, 2024) İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi 5 59–86.
IEEE E. Aykut, “İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri”, TT Akademi, no. 5, pp. 59–86, December 2024.
ISNAD Aykut, Ebru. “İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar Ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri”. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi 5 (December 2024), 59-86.
JAMA Aykut E. İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri. TT Akademi. 2024;:59–86.
MLA Aykut, Ebru. “İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar Ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri”. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi, no. 5, 2024, pp. 59-86.
Vancouver Aykut E. İstisnayı Yönetmek, Adaleti Müzakere Etmek: İşkodra’da Cibal Kanunu, Umumi Sulhlar ve Hibrit Cezalandırma Usulleri. TT Akademi. 2024(5):59-86.

Greetings with Our Fifth Issue!

We are delighted to present the latest issue of Toplumsal Tarih Akademi. This marks the fifth issue since the journal’s inception in December 2022, and it is unique as the first non-thematic volume. It also represents our initial experience transitioning from assistant editors to editors of the journal. We apologize in advance for any oversights that may have occurred.

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to our former editors, Yaşar Tolga Cora and Nurşen Gürboğa, whose efforts have swiftly made this journal one of the prominent publications of the History Foundation. Additionally, we thank Mehmet Ö. Alkan, former President of the History Foundation and the journal’s inaugural editor-in-chief, for his pioneering role in launching Toplumsal Tarih Akademi. Aware of the responsibility we bear in advancing the journal, we are committed to fulfilling this role with the support of our editorial board and an expanded editorial team.

At this point, we would like to acknowledge the contributions of our new section editors, appointed during the editorial board meeting in September 2024. Gülhan Balsoy and Cihangir Gündoğdu have joined as book review editors, and Deniz Türker has taken on the role of document analysis section editor. Their dedication and energy have been invaluable in shaping this issue. Although Nurşen Gürboğa has handed over the editorial duties, she continues to serve as editor-in-chief, and her guidance and support—along with her bridge-building with the History Foundation’s management—remain invaluable to us.

We also thank Emre Erkan, our meticulous and efficient Turkish language editor, who has also served as an assistant editor, and Aşkın Yücel Seçkin, our layout editor, for their precise and prompt work. Our anonymous reviewers, the invisible heroes guiding our authors with their revisions, also deserve our sincere appreciation. Lastly, we are deeply grateful to our authors, who have shown great patience and understanding during this transitional period as we produced this issue featuring open-call submissions.

This issue includes four research articles, three document analysis essays, four book reviews, and one commemorative piece.

The research articles in this issue include:
1. Ebru Aykut’s “Managing Exceptions, Negotiating Justice: The Kanun of Cibal, General Amnesties, and Hybrid Penal Systems in İşkodra,” which explores governance strategies in late Ottoman Albanian territories, offering insights into historical events in İşkodra while engaging with Foucault's concept of governmentality.
2. “Jacques Pervititch Before 1922,” a collaborative work by Murat Tülek, Jean-François Pérouse, and Funda Ferhanoğlu, delves into the early life and career of Pervititch before his landmark insurance maps of Istanbul.
3. Nurhan Davutyan’s “Could the 1875 Ottoman Moratorium Have Been Prevented?” provides a fresh perspective on the financial developments leading to the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, utilizing comprehensive sources and statistical analysis.
4. Tarkan Murat Akkaya’s “Nothing Else to Write About? The 19th-Century Ottoman Intellectuals’ View of the Cormorant and a Brief Lexicological History” examines a 1899 newspaper article on the cormorant bird, exploring the etymology of bird names in a fascinating study bridging nature and history.

In the document analysis section, edited by Deniz Türker:
- Filiz Yazıcıoğlu reflects on the petitions of Mehmet Tevfik Bey, a telegraph officer during Abdülhamid II’s reign, exploring the political implications of foreign intervention in bureaucratic appointments.
- Mertkan Karaca analyzes a 1909 article by Halil Edhem Bey on the early history of the Imperial Museum (now the Istanbul Archaeology Museums).
- Aysel Yıldız examines the life of Ibrahim Bin Ali, an Ottoman Janissary who was exiled to Russia and later migrated to the United States, through two remarkable letters.

Under the book review section, managed by Gülhan Balsoy and Cihangir Gündoğdu:
- Ekrem Yener reviews Kanun ve Nizam Dairesinde Soykırım Teknokratı Mustafa Reşat Mimaroğlu’nun İzinde Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Devlet Mekanizması by Ümit Kurt.
- Melis Cankara examines Uğur Zekeriya Peçe’s Island and Empire: How Civil War in Crete Mobilized the Ottoman World, a study on the social upheavals triggered by the Cretan civil war.
- Ayşe Hilal Uğurlu evaluates Ali Akyıldız’s Mabeyn-i Hümayun: Osmanlı Saray Teşkilatının Modernleşmesi, shedding light on the modernization of Ottoman palace structures.
- Numan Deniz reviews Nir Shafir’s The Order and Disorder of Communication: Pamphlets and Polemics in Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire.

In our commemorative section, Fahri Aral honors Necdet Sakaoğlu, a historian, educator, and author renowned for his work in local, urban, Seljuk, Ottoman, and educational history, who passed away last summer.

Moving forward, our journal will publish thematic issues in June and open-call issues in December. For the December 2025 issue, the submission deadline is June 15, 2025. Submissions must be made through the DergiPark system.

We remain committed to advancing social historiography, fostering free and critical thought, and providing a platform for high-quality Turkish-language academic articles. As part of this mission, we are working to index Toplumsal Tarih Akademi in both national and international databases.

We value your constructive feedback and contributions and look forward to hearing your thoughts on our journal.

Enjoy reading, and may the coming year be a prosperous one.

Firuzan Melike Sümertaş & Sırrı Emrah Üçer
Editors, Toplumsal Tarih Akademi