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Psychosocial Effects in Children After Traffic Accidents and Treatment Approaches

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 72 - 85, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.646136

Abstract

A traffic accident is defined as a post-collision situation involving one or more vehicles in motion, causing at least one person to be injured or killed on or around a public or private highway. It is cited as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in more than one million deaths each year. The high frequency of traffic accidents continues to be an important problem and makes it necessary to take serious measures in relation to the issue. A significant victim group of traffic accidents is children and adolescents. The aim of this study is to determine the psychosocial effects that may occur in children and adolescents in the risk group with negative outcomes after traffic accidents, to help increase social awareness about traffic accidents and to contribute to limited literature. For this aim, the keywords "trauma", "post-traumatic stress", "traffic accident", "injury", "psychosocial effect", "child" were searched in the Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, PubMed and Science Direct databases. As a result of the screening, 10 articles published between 1997-2019 were identified. The target audience of the studies included in the review consisted of child participants. The results of the study showed that there is significant evidence that especially children may experience serious and negative, acute and long-term psychological problems due to the fact that traffic accidents lead to numerous deaths, injuries and injuries. Following the traffic accidents and injuries, close monitoring of children and their families will facilitate the identification of such psychosocial effects in the early period, and will prevent possible negativities.

References

  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (1994). Mental bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı. E. Köroğlu (Çev. ve Ed.), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV içinde (4. cilt, s. 37-886). http://books.google.com/books (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1994).
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). Mental bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı. E. Köroğlu (Çev. ve Ed.), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-V içinde (5. cilt, s. 6-991). http://books.google.com/books (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2013).
  • Bay, N., Gültekin Akduman, G. ve Alisinanoğlu, F. (2009). Trafik kazalarının çocuklar üzerindeki etkisi. Ulaşım ve Trafik Güvenliği Dergisi, 3, 16–24.
  • Berg, H.-Y., Ifver, J. ve Hasselberg, M. (2016). Public health consequences of road traffic injuries–Estimation of seriously injured persons based on risk for permanent medical impairment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 38, 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2015.12.007.
  • Bockholdt, B. ve Schneider, V. (2003). The injury pattern to children involved in lethal traffic accidents in Berlin. Legal Medicine, 5, S390–S392. doi: 10.1016/S1344-6223(02)00139-6.
  • Bui, E., Brunet, A., Allenou, C., Camassel, C., Raynaud, J.-P., Claudet, I., … Birmes, P. (2010). Peritraumatic reactions and posttraumatic stress symptoms in school-aged children victims of road traffic accident. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 330–333. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.01.014.
  • Caffo, E. ve Belaise, C. (2003). Psychological aspects of traumatic injury in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 493–535. doi: 10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00004-x.
  • Crocq, M-A. (2015). A history of anxiety: from Hippocrates to DSM. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17, 319–325.
  • Çelik İnanç, D., Uğur Baysal, S., Coşkun, L., Taviloğlu, K. ve Ünüvar, E. (2008). Çocukluk çağı yaralanmalarında hazırlayıcı nedenler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 43, 84–88.
  • de Vries, A. P. J., Kassam-Adams, N., Cnaan, A., Sherman-Slate, E., Gallagher, P. R. ve Winston, F. K. (1999). Looking beyond the physical injury: Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and parents after pediatric traffic injury. Pediatrics, 104, 1293–1299. doi: 10.1542/peds.104.6.1293.
  • Deniz, M. E., Dilmaç, B. ve Arıcak, O. T. (2009). An analysis of life satisfaction and state-trait anxiety of the parents with handicapped children. International Journal of Human Sciences, 6, 953–968.
  • Di Gallo, A., Barton, J. ve Parry-Jones, W. L. (1997). Road traffic accidents: Early psychological consequences in children and adolescents. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 358–362. doi: 10.1192/bjp.170.4.358.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2004). World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018. Erişim Adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/277370/WHO-NMH-NVI-18.20-eng.pdf?ua=1. Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020.
  • İnce, T., Songül Yalçın, S. ve Yurdakök, K. (2014). Çocukluk çağında ciddi kaza sıklığı ve risk faktörleri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 57, 173–182.
  • Jacobs, G., Aeron-Thomas, A. ve Astrop, A. (2000). Estimating global road fatalities. TRL report 445. Erişim Adresi: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.174.5207&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020.
  • Kenardy, J., Edmed, S. L., Shourie, S., Warren, J., Crothers, A., Brown, E. A., … Heron-Delaney, M. (2018). Changing patterns in the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder over 24 months following a road traffic crash: Results from the UQ SuPPORT study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 236, 172–179. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.090.
  • Keppel-Benson, J. M., Ollendick, T. H. ve Benson, M. J. (2002). Post-traumatic stress in children following motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 203–212. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00013.
  • Kovacevic, J., Miskulin, M., Degmecic, D., Vcev, A., Leovic, D., Sisljagic, V., … Miskulin, I. (2020). Predictors of mental health outcomes in road traffic accident survivors. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, 309. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020309.
  • Landolt, M. A., Vollrath, M., Timm, K., Gnehm, H. E. ve Sennhauser, F. H. (2005). Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after road traffic accidents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1276–1283. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000181045.13960.67.
  • Másilková, M. (2017). Health and social consequences of road traffic accidents. Kontakt, 19, e43–e47. doi: 10.1016/j.kontakt.2017.01.007.
  • Mayou, R., Bryant, B. ve Duthie, R. (1993). Psychiatric consequences of road traffic accidents. British Medical Journal, 307, 647–651. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6905.647.
  • Meiser-Stedman, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., Glucksman, E. ve Dalgleish, T. (2005). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents involved in assaults or motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1381–1383. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1381.
  • Mirza, K. A. H., Bhadrinath, B. R., Goodyer, I. M. ve Gilmour, C. (1998). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents following road traffic accidents. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 443–447. doi: 10.1192/bjp.172.5.443.
  • Olofsson, E., Bunketorp, O. ve Andersson, A.-L. (2009). Children and adolescents injured in traffic-associated psychological consequences: A literature review. Acta Paediatrica, 98, 17–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00998.x.
  • Rivana, F. ve Grossman, D. (2008). Injury control. R. M. Kliegman, R. E. Behrman, H. B. Jenson ve B. F. Stanton (Ed.), Nelson textbook of pediatrics içinde (s. 256–263). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
  • Schäfer, I., Barkmann, C., Riedesser, P. ve Schulte-Markwort, M. (2004). Peritraumatic dissociation predicts posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents following road traffic accidents. The Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5, 79–92. doi: 10.1300/J229v05n04_05.
  • Singh, D., Singh, S. P., Kumaran, M. ve Goel, S. (2016). Epidemiology of road traffic accident deaths in children in Chandigarh zone of North West India. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 6, 255–260. doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2015.01.008.
  • Winston, F. K., Kassam-Adams, N., Vivarelli-ONeill, C., Ford, J., Newman, E., Baxt, C., … Cnaan, A. (2002). Acute stress disorder symptoms in children and their parents after pediatric traffic injury. Pediatrics, 109, e90. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.6.e90.
  • Yaprak, Ş. ve Akbulut, A. M. (2019). Trafik kaza ve denetim istatistikleri. Ankara: Polis Akademisi Yayınları.
  • Zashchirinskaia, O. (2018). Post-traumatic experience of road accident victims. Transportation Research Procedia, 36, 826–832. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.070.

Trafik Kazalarından Sonra Çocuklarda Görülen Psikososyal Etkiler ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 72 - 85, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.646136

Abstract

Trafik kazası, kamuya açık veya özel bir karayolu üzerinde ya da çevresinde en az bir kişinin yaralanmasına veya ölmesine neden olan, hareket halindeki bir veya daha fazla aracın karıştığı bir çarpışma sonrası meydana gelen durum olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Her yıl bir milyondan fazla ölümle sonuçlanan, dünya çapında en önde gelen morbidite ve mortalite nedenlerinden biri olarak belirtilmektedir. Trafik kazalarının sıklığının yüksek olması önemli bir sorun olmaya devam etmesine neden olmakta ve konuya ilişkin ciddi önlemler alınmasını zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Trafik kazalarının olumsuz sonuçlarından etkilenen gruplardan biri de çocuklar ve ergenlerdir. Bu çalışmada, alanyazında konuya ilişkin yayınlanmış araştırmalar tespit edilip gözden geçirilerek, trafik kazaları sonrasında risk grubunda yer alan çocuk ve ergenlerde meydana gelebilecek psikososyal etkilerin belirlenmesi, trafik kazalarıyla ilgili toplumsal farkındalığın artmasına yardımcı olunması ve kısıtlı literatüre katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, PubMed ve Science Direct veri tabanlarında “travma”, “travma sonrası stres”, “trafik kazası”, “yaralanma”, “psikososyal etki”, “çocuk” anahtar kelimeleri taranmıştır. Yapılan tarama sonucunda 1997-2019 yılları arasında yayınlanmış 10 makale tespit edilmiştir. Derlemeye alınan çalışmaların hedef kitlesi çocuk katılımcılardan oluşmuştur. İncelenen çalışma sonuçlarında trafik kazalarının çok sayıda ölüm, yaralanma ve sakatlıklara yol açması nedeniyle özellikle çocukların ciddi ve olumsuz, akut ve uzun süreli psikolojik sorunlar yaşayabileceklerine dair önemli kanıtlar olduğu belirtilmiştir. Trafik kazaları ve yaralanmaları sonrasında çocuk ve ailelerinin yakın takibi yaşanabilen bu tür psikososyal etkilerin erken dönemde tanımlanmasını kolaylaştırarak, yaşanabilecek olumsuzlukların önlenmesini sağlayacaktır.

References

  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (1994). Mental bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı. E. Köroğlu (Çev. ve Ed.), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV içinde (4. cilt, s. 37-886). http://books.google.com/books (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1994).
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). Mental bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı. E. Köroğlu (Çev. ve Ed.), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-V içinde (5. cilt, s. 6-991). http://books.google.com/books (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2013).
  • Bay, N., Gültekin Akduman, G. ve Alisinanoğlu, F. (2009). Trafik kazalarının çocuklar üzerindeki etkisi. Ulaşım ve Trafik Güvenliği Dergisi, 3, 16–24.
  • Berg, H.-Y., Ifver, J. ve Hasselberg, M. (2016). Public health consequences of road traffic injuries–Estimation of seriously injured persons based on risk for permanent medical impairment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 38, 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2015.12.007.
  • Bockholdt, B. ve Schneider, V. (2003). The injury pattern to children involved in lethal traffic accidents in Berlin. Legal Medicine, 5, S390–S392. doi: 10.1016/S1344-6223(02)00139-6.
  • Bui, E., Brunet, A., Allenou, C., Camassel, C., Raynaud, J.-P., Claudet, I., … Birmes, P. (2010). Peritraumatic reactions and posttraumatic stress symptoms in school-aged children victims of road traffic accident. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 330–333. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.01.014.
  • Caffo, E. ve Belaise, C. (2003). Psychological aspects of traumatic injury in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 493–535. doi: 10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00004-x.
  • Crocq, M-A. (2015). A history of anxiety: from Hippocrates to DSM. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17, 319–325.
  • Çelik İnanç, D., Uğur Baysal, S., Coşkun, L., Taviloğlu, K. ve Ünüvar, E. (2008). Çocukluk çağı yaralanmalarında hazırlayıcı nedenler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 43, 84–88.
  • de Vries, A. P. J., Kassam-Adams, N., Cnaan, A., Sherman-Slate, E., Gallagher, P. R. ve Winston, F. K. (1999). Looking beyond the physical injury: Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and parents after pediatric traffic injury. Pediatrics, 104, 1293–1299. doi: 10.1542/peds.104.6.1293.
  • Deniz, M. E., Dilmaç, B. ve Arıcak, O. T. (2009). An analysis of life satisfaction and state-trait anxiety of the parents with handicapped children. International Journal of Human Sciences, 6, 953–968.
  • Di Gallo, A., Barton, J. ve Parry-Jones, W. L. (1997). Road traffic accidents: Early psychological consequences in children and adolescents. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 358–362. doi: 10.1192/bjp.170.4.358.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2004). World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018. Erişim Adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/277370/WHO-NMH-NVI-18.20-eng.pdf?ua=1. Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020.
  • İnce, T., Songül Yalçın, S. ve Yurdakök, K. (2014). Çocukluk çağında ciddi kaza sıklığı ve risk faktörleri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 57, 173–182.
  • Jacobs, G., Aeron-Thomas, A. ve Astrop, A. (2000). Estimating global road fatalities. TRL report 445. Erişim Adresi: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.174.5207&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020.
  • Kenardy, J., Edmed, S. L., Shourie, S., Warren, J., Crothers, A., Brown, E. A., … Heron-Delaney, M. (2018). Changing patterns in the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder over 24 months following a road traffic crash: Results from the UQ SuPPORT study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 236, 172–179. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.090.
  • Keppel-Benson, J. M., Ollendick, T. H. ve Benson, M. J. (2002). Post-traumatic stress in children following motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 203–212. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00013.
  • Kovacevic, J., Miskulin, M., Degmecic, D., Vcev, A., Leovic, D., Sisljagic, V., … Miskulin, I. (2020). Predictors of mental health outcomes in road traffic accident survivors. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, 309. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020309.
  • Landolt, M. A., Vollrath, M., Timm, K., Gnehm, H. E. ve Sennhauser, F. H. (2005). Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after road traffic accidents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1276–1283. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000181045.13960.67.
  • Másilková, M. (2017). Health and social consequences of road traffic accidents. Kontakt, 19, e43–e47. doi: 10.1016/j.kontakt.2017.01.007.
  • Mayou, R., Bryant, B. ve Duthie, R. (1993). Psychiatric consequences of road traffic accidents. British Medical Journal, 307, 647–651. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6905.647.
  • Meiser-Stedman, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., Glucksman, E. ve Dalgleish, T. (2005). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents involved in assaults or motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1381–1383. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1381.
  • Mirza, K. A. H., Bhadrinath, B. R., Goodyer, I. M. ve Gilmour, C. (1998). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents following road traffic accidents. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 443–447. doi: 10.1192/bjp.172.5.443.
  • Olofsson, E., Bunketorp, O. ve Andersson, A.-L. (2009). Children and adolescents injured in traffic-associated psychological consequences: A literature review. Acta Paediatrica, 98, 17–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00998.x.
  • Rivana, F. ve Grossman, D. (2008). Injury control. R. M. Kliegman, R. E. Behrman, H. B. Jenson ve B. F. Stanton (Ed.), Nelson textbook of pediatrics içinde (s. 256–263). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
  • Schäfer, I., Barkmann, C., Riedesser, P. ve Schulte-Markwort, M. (2004). Peritraumatic dissociation predicts posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents following road traffic accidents. The Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5, 79–92. doi: 10.1300/J229v05n04_05.
  • Singh, D., Singh, S. P., Kumaran, M. ve Goel, S. (2016). Epidemiology of road traffic accident deaths in children in Chandigarh zone of North West India. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 6, 255–260. doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2015.01.008.
  • Winston, F. K., Kassam-Adams, N., Vivarelli-ONeill, C., Ford, J., Newman, E., Baxt, C., … Cnaan, A. (2002). Acute stress disorder symptoms in children and their parents after pediatric traffic injury. Pediatrics, 109, e90. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.6.e90.
  • Yaprak, Ş. ve Akbulut, A. M. (2019). Trafik kaza ve denetim istatistikleri. Ankara: Polis Akademisi Yayınları.
  • Zashchirinskaia, O. (2018). Post-traumatic experience of road accident victims. Transportation Research Procedia, 36, 826–832. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.070.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Abdullah Sarman 0000-0002-5081-4593

Emine Sarman 0000-0002-4671-9315

Publication Date April 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sarman, A., & Sarman, E. (2020). Trafik Kazalarından Sonra Çocuklarda Görülen Psikososyal Etkiler ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Trafik Ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 72-85. https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.646136