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Türkiye’deki Bisiklet Kullanıcılarının Trafikte Görünürlükleri ve Renk Değişkeninin Bu Bağlamda İncelenmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 86 - 108, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.773441

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki bisiklet kullanıcılarının, diğer yol kullanıcıları olan araba sürücüleri ve yayalar tarafından görünürlüklerinin tespiti ve renk değişkeninin bu görünürlüğe etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda iki farklı deney uygulanmıştır. Birinci çalışmada bisikletlilerin tespit edilmesinin karşılaştırılması amacıyla yaya, bisikletli ve sürücü olmak üzere 62 katılımcının olduğu bir deney yürütülmüştür. Araba sürücüleri ve yayaların bisikletleri tespit etmesinin, bisikletlilerin giydikleri tişörtlerin renklerine göre değişimini inceleyen ikinci deneyde, yaya ve sürücü olmak üzere 43 katılımcı yer almıştır. İlk deneyde katılımcılara rastgele olarak içerisinde farklı mesafelerde (yakın, orta ve uzak) araba, bisikletli veya hiçbir şey olmayan yol fotoğrafları gösterilmiş ve fotoğraflarda araç olup olmadığıyla ilgili karar vermeleri istenmiştir. İkinci deneyde katılımcılara sadece dört farklı renk (kırmızı, mavi, sarı ve yeşil) tişört giymiş bisikletliler ve boş yol fotoğrafları sunulmuştur. Ardından görülen yolda araç olup olmadığıyla ilgili karar vermeleri istenmiştir. Daha sonra katılımcıların reaksiyon zamanları ve doğru karar verme oranları değerlendirilmiştir. Bisikletlilerin bütün yol kullanıcıları tarafından, arabaya göre daha düşük görünürlüğe sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bütün yol kullanıcıları bisikletlilere, arabalara göre daha yavaş reaksiyon vermiştir. Ancak sürücüler ve bisikletliler arasında bisikletliyi algılamakta anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır. İkinci deneyde ise bisikletli kırmızı renk tişört ile uzak mesafede olduğu durumda, sarı renge göre daha yüksek görünürlüğe sahiptir. Bisikletlinin orta mesafede sunulduğu koşulda ise mavi renk tişörte verilen reaksiyon zamanlarının, yeşil renge verilen reaksiyon zamanlarından ve kırmızı renge verilen reaksiyon zamanlarının, yeşil renge verilen reaksiyon zamanlarından daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada, bisikletlilerin Türkiye’deki görünürlükleriyle ilgili deneysel yolla sonuçlar elde edilmiş ve bu görünürlüğün arttırılmasına yönelik çözümler tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Aldred, R. ve Jungnickel, K. (2014). Why culture matters for transport policy: the case of cycling in the UK. Journal of Transport Geography, 34, 78–87.
  • Bar, M. (2004). Visual objects in context. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 617–629.
  • Braun, L. M., Rodriguez, D. A., Cole-Hunter, T., Ambros, A., Donaire-Gonzalez, D., Jerrett, M., Mendez, M. A., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. ve Nazelle, A.D. (2016). Short-term planning and policy interventions to promote cycling in urban centers: Findings from a commute mode choice analysis in Barcelona, Spain. Transportation Research Part A, 89, 164–183.
  • Carlson, N. R. (2014). Fizyolojik Psikoloji: Davranışın Nörolojik Temelleri (1. Baskı). (M. Şahin, Çev.) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2011).
  • Chataway, E. S., Kaplan, S., Nielsen, T. A. S. ve Prato, C. G. (2014). Safety perceptions and reported behavior related to cycling in mixed traffic: A comparison between Brisbane and Copenhagen. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 23, 32–43.
  • Clabaux, N., Brenac, T., Perrin, C., Magnin, J., Canu, B. ve Van Elslande, P. (2012). Motorcyclists’ speed and “looked-but-failed-to-see” accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 49, 73–77.
  • Clifton, K. J., Burnier, C. V. ve Akar, G. (2009). Severity of injury resulting from pedestrian-vehicle crashes: What can we learn from examining the built environment? Transportation Research Part D, 14, 425–436.
  • Crundall, D., Howard, A. ve Young, A. (2017). Perceptual training to increase drivers’ ability to spot motorcycles at T-junctions. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 48, 1–12.
  • Crundall, D., Humphrey, K., ve Clarke, D. (2008). Perception and appraisal of approaching motorcycles at junctions. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(3), 159–167.
  • Ducheyne, F., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Lenoir, M. ve Cardon, G. (2013). Does a cycle training course improve cycling skills in children? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 59, 38–45.
  • Elliot, A. J. ve Maier, M. A. (2007). Color and psychological functioning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 250–254.
  • Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., Binser, M. J., Friedman, R. ve Pekrun, R. (2009). The effect of red on avoidance behavior in achievement contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(3), 365–375.
  • Gegenfurtner, K. R. ve Kiper, D. C. (2003). Color Vision. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 26, 181–206.
  • Gershon, P., Ben-Asher, N. ve Shinar, D. (2012). Attention and search conspicuity of motorcycles as a function of their visual context. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 44, 97–103.
  • Handy, S. L., Xing, Y. ve Buehler, T. J. (2010). Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use: a study of six small U.S. cities. Transportation, 37(6), 967–985.
  • Herslund, M. B. ve Jorgensen, N, O. (2003). Looked-but-failed-to-see-errors in traffic. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35, 885–891.
  • Hills, B. L. (1980). Vision, visibility, and perception in driving. Perception, 9, 183–216.
  • Hooshmand, J., Hotz, G., Neilson, V. ve Chandler, L. (2014). BikeSafe: Evaluating a bicycle safety program for middle school aged children. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 66, 182–186.
  • Hupka, R. B., Zaleski, Z., Otto, J., Reidl, L. ve Tarabrina, N. V. (1997). The colors of anger, envy, fear, and jealousy: A cross cultural study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 156–170.
  • Ioan, S., Sandulache, M., Avramescu, S., Illie, A., Neacsu, A., Zagrean, L. ve Moldovan, M. (2007). Red is a distractor for men in competition. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 285–293.
  • Johnson, M., Charlton, J., Oxley, J. ve Newstead, S. (2010). Naturalistic cycling study: identifying risk factors for on-road commuter cyclists. Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, 54, 275–283.
  • Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. (2020). Trafik Kazaları Özeti 2019. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Trafik/TrafikKazalariOzeti2019.pdf
  • Kenrick, D. T. ve Shiota, M. N. (2008). Approach and avoidance motivation(s): An evolutionary perspective. Elliot, J. A. (Ed.). Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation içinde (s. 273-288). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Koçak, S., Uçar, K., Bayır, A. ve Ertekin, B. (2010). Acil servise başvuran motosiklet ve bisiklet kazası olgularının karakteristikleri. Türkiye Acil Tıp Dergisi, 10(3), 112–118.
  • Lachapelle, U., Noland, R. B. ve Von Hagen, L. A. (2013). Teaching children about bicycle safety: An evaluation of the New Jersey Bike School program. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 52, 237–249.
  • Lacherez, P., Wood, J. M., Young, R. P. ve King, M. J. (2013). Visibility-related characteristics of crashes involving bicyclists and motor vehicles – Responses from an online questionnaire study. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 20, 52–58.
  • Lanzendorf, M. ve Busch-Geertsema, A. (2014). The cycling boom in large German cities—Empirical evidence for successful cycling campaigns. Transport Policy, 36, 26–33.
  • Laureshyn, A., de Goede, M., Saunier, N. ve Fyhri, A. (2017). Cross-comparison of three surrogate safety methods to diagnose cyclist safety problems at intersections in Norway. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 105, 11–20.
  • Lee, Y. M., Sheppard, E. ve Crundall, D. (2015). Cross-cultural effects on the perception and appraisal of approaching motorcycles at junctions. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 31, 77–86.
  • Lindsey, D. T., Brown, A. M., Reijnen, E., Rich, A. N., Kuzmova, Y. I. ve Wolfe, J. M. (2010). Color channels, not color appearance or color categories, guide visual search for desaturated color targets. Psychological Science, 21(9), 1208–1214.
  • Lovelace, R., Roberts, H. ve Kellar, I. (2016). Who, where, when: the demographic and geographic distribution of bicycle crashes in West Yorkshire. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 41, 277–293.
  • Magazzu, D., Comelli, M. ve Marinoni, A. (2006). Are car drivers holding a motorcycle licence less responsible for motorcycle—Car crash occurrence? A non-parametric approach. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38, 365–370.
  • Malacara, D. (2011). Color Vision and Colorimetry: Theory and Applications (2nd ed). Washington, SPIE Press. Mandic, S., Flaherty, C., Pocock, T., Mintoft-Jones, A., Frater, J., Chillon, P. ve Bengoechea, E. G. (2016). Attitudes towards cycle skills training in New Zealand adolescents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 217–226.
  • Mathot, S., Schreji, D. ve Theeuwes, J. (2012). OpenSesame: an open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 314–324.
  • Meier, B. P., D’Agostino, P. R., Elliot, A, J., Maier, M. A. ve Wilkowski, B. M. (2012). Color in Context: Psychological context moderates the influence of red on apporach- and avoidance- motivated behavior. PLoS ONE, 7(7), 1–5.
  • Özkan, S., Akdur, O., İkizceli, İ., Durukan, P., İpekci, A. ve Sözüer, E. M. (2012). Bicycle related injuries in adults and children in the Central Anatolian Region: analysis of 4 years. Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine, 35–40.
  • Palmer, S. E. (1975). The effects of contextual scenes on the identification of objects. Memory and Cognition, 3(5), 519–526.
  • Pucher, J., Buehler, R. ve Seinen, M. (2011). Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies. Transportation Research Part A, 45, 451–475.
  • Pucher, J., Dill, J. ve Handy, S. (2010). Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review. Preventive Medicine, 50, S106–S125.
  • Rasanen, M. ve Summala, H. (1998). Attention and expectation problems in bicycle-car collisions: an in-depth study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(5), 657–666.
  • Rogé, J., Ndiaye, D., Aillerie, I., Aillerie, S., Navarro, J. ve Vienne, F. (2017). Mechanisms underlying cognitive conspicuity in the detection of cyclists by car drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 104, 88–95.
  • Salmon, P.M., Young, K.L. ve Cornelissen, M. (2013). Compatible cognition amongst road users: The compatibility of driver, motorcyclist, and cyclist situation awareness. Safety Science, 56, 6–17.
  • Schepers, P., Twisk, D., Fishman, E., Fyhri, A. ve Jensen, A. (2017). The Dutch road to a high level of cycling safety. Safety Science, 92, 264–273.
  • Short, J. ve Caulfield, B. (2014). The safety challenge of increased cycling. Transport Policy, 33, 154–156.
  • Soldat, A. S., Sinclair, R. C. ve Mark, M. M. (1997). Color as an environmental processing cue: external affective cues can directly affect processing strategy without affecting mood. Social Cognition, 15(1), 55–71.
  • Stone, N. J. ve English, A. J. (1998). Task type, posters, and workspace color on mood, satisfaction and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 175–185.
  • Summala, H. ve Rasanen, M. (2000). Top-down and bottom-up processes in driver behavior at roundabouts and crossroads. Transportation Human Factors, 2(1), 29–37.
  • Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A. ve Salmon, P. M. (2011). Cognitive compatibility of motorcyclists and car drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 878–888.
  • Wegman, F., Zhang, F. ve Dijkstra, A. (2012). How to make more cycling good for road safety? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 44, 19–29.
  • Wood, J. M., Tyrrell, R. A., Marszalek, R., Lacherez, P., Carberry, T. ve Chu, B. S. (2012). Using reflective clothing to enhance the conspicuity of bicyclists at night. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 726–730.
  • Wood, J.M., Lacherez, P. F., Marszalek, R. P. ve King, M. J. (2009). Drivers’ and cyclists’ experiences of sharing the road: Incidents, attitudes and perceptions of visibility. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41, 772–776.

The Visibility of Cyclists in Traffic and Investigation Effect of Color in Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 86 - 108, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.773441

Abstract

In this study, detection of cyclists in Turkey by drivers and pedestrians and effect of a color variable was investigated. For this purpose, two different experiments were applied. There were 62 participants, including pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers, to compare detection cyclists in the first experiment. There were 43 participants, drivers, and pedestrians, in the second experiment, investigated to change of detection of cyclists according to colors of shirts they wore. In the first experiment, participants were presented with different road pictures of cars and bicycles placed at three different distances (near, middle, and far). Participants gave responses to vehicles' presence or absence in photographs and reaction times until these responses were collected in both experiments. In the second experiment, participants were presented cyclists who wear four different colors (red, blue, yellow, and green) in a shirt placed on same roads and distances. Cyclists have been found by all road users to have lower visibility and slow reactance than cars. However, there was no significant difference in the perception of cyclists between drivers and cyclists. It was found that the blue shirt's reaction times were higher than the green shirt's reaction times in the close distance. For medium, the blue shirt's reaction times were higher than the green shirt's reaction times, and the red shirt's reaction times were higher than the green shirt's reaction times. In this study, experimental results have obtained about cyclists' visibility in Turkey; furthermore, physical and social solutions that aimed to increase this visibility rate are discussed.

References

  • Aldred, R. ve Jungnickel, K. (2014). Why culture matters for transport policy: the case of cycling in the UK. Journal of Transport Geography, 34, 78–87.
  • Bar, M. (2004). Visual objects in context. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 617–629.
  • Braun, L. M., Rodriguez, D. A., Cole-Hunter, T., Ambros, A., Donaire-Gonzalez, D., Jerrett, M., Mendez, M. A., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. ve Nazelle, A.D. (2016). Short-term planning and policy interventions to promote cycling in urban centers: Findings from a commute mode choice analysis in Barcelona, Spain. Transportation Research Part A, 89, 164–183.
  • Carlson, N. R. (2014). Fizyolojik Psikoloji: Davranışın Nörolojik Temelleri (1. Baskı). (M. Şahin, Çev.) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2011).
  • Chataway, E. S., Kaplan, S., Nielsen, T. A. S. ve Prato, C. G. (2014). Safety perceptions and reported behavior related to cycling in mixed traffic: A comparison between Brisbane and Copenhagen. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 23, 32–43.
  • Clabaux, N., Brenac, T., Perrin, C., Magnin, J., Canu, B. ve Van Elslande, P. (2012). Motorcyclists’ speed and “looked-but-failed-to-see” accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 49, 73–77.
  • Clifton, K. J., Burnier, C. V. ve Akar, G. (2009). Severity of injury resulting from pedestrian-vehicle crashes: What can we learn from examining the built environment? Transportation Research Part D, 14, 425–436.
  • Crundall, D., Howard, A. ve Young, A. (2017). Perceptual training to increase drivers’ ability to spot motorcycles at T-junctions. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 48, 1–12.
  • Crundall, D., Humphrey, K., ve Clarke, D. (2008). Perception and appraisal of approaching motorcycles at junctions. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(3), 159–167.
  • Ducheyne, F., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Lenoir, M. ve Cardon, G. (2013). Does a cycle training course improve cycling skills in children? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 59, 38–45.
  • Elliot, A. J. ve Maier, M. A. (2007). Color and psychological functioning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 250–254.
  • Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., Binser, M. J., Friedman, R. ve Pekrun, R. (2009). The effect of red on avoidance behavior in achievement contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(3), 365–375.
  • Gegenfurtner, K. R. ve Kiper, D. C. (2003). Color Vision. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 26, 181–206.
  • Gershon, P., Ben-Asher, N. ve Shinar, D. (2012). Attention and search conspicuity of motorcycles as a function of their visual context. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 44, 97–103.
  • Handy, S. L., Xing, Y. ve Buehler, T. J. (2010). Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use: a study of six small U.S. cities. Transportation, 37(6), 967–985.
  • Herslund, M. B. ve Jorgensen, N, O. (2003). Looked-but-failed-to-see-errors in traffic. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35, 885–891.
  • Hills, B. L. (1980). Vision, visibility, and perception in driving. Perception, 9, 183–216.
  • Hooshmand, J., Hotz, G., Neilson, V. ve Chandler, L. (2014). BikeSafe: Evaluating a bicycle safety program for middle school aged children. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 66, 182–186.
  • Hupka, R. B., Zaleski, Z., Otto, J., Reidl, L. ve Tarabrina, N. V. (1997). The colors of anger, envy, fear, and jealousy: A cross cultural study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 156–170.
  • Ioan, S., Sandulache, M., Avramescu, S., Illie, A., Neacsu, A., Zagrean, L. ve Moldovan, M. (2007). Red is a distractor for men in competition. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 285–293.
  • Johnson, M., Charlton, J., Oxley, J. ve Newstead, S. (2010). Naturalistic cycling study: identifying risk factors for on-road commuter cyclists. Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, 54, 275–283.
  • Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. (2020). Trafik Kazaları Özeti 2019. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Trafik/TrafikKazalariOzeti2019.pdf
  • Kenrick, D. T. ve Shiota, M. N. (2008). Approach and avoidance motivation(s): An evolutionary perspective. Elliot, J. A. (Ed.). Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation içinde (s. 273-288). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Koçak, S., Uçar, K., Bayır, A. ve Ertekin, B. (2010). Acil servise başvuran motosiklet ve bisiklet kazası olgularının karakteristikleri. Türkiye Acil Tıp Dergisi, 10(3), 112–118.
  • Lachapelle, U., Noland, R. B. ve Von Hagen, L. A. (2013). Teaching children about bicycle safety: An evaluation of the New Jersey Bike School program. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 52, 237–249.
  • Lacherez, P., Wood, J. M., Young, R. P. ve King, M. J. (2013). Visibility-related characteristics of crashes involving bicyclists and motor vehicles – Responses from an online questionnaire study. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 20, 52–58.
  • Lanzendorf, M. ve Busch-Geertsema, A. (2014). The cycling boom in large German cities—Empirical evidence for successful cycling campaigns. Transport Policy, 36, 26–33.
  • Laureshyn, A., de Goede, M., Saunier, N. ve Fyhri, A. (2017). Cross-comparison of three surrogate safety methods to diagnose cyclist safety problems at intersections in Norway. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 105, 11–20.
  • Lee, Y. M., Sheppard, E. ve Crundall, D. (2015). Cross-cultural effects on the perception and appraisal of approaching motorcycles at junctions. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 31, 77–86.
  • Lindsey, D. T., Brown, A. M., Reijnen, E., Rich, A. N., Kuzmova, Y. I. ve Wolfe, J. M. (2010). Color channels, not color appearance or color categories, guide visual search for desaturated color targets. Psychological Science, 21(9), 1208–1214.
  • Lovelace, R., Roberts, H. ve Kellar, I. (2016). Who, where, when: the demographic and geographic distribution of bicycle crashes in West Yorkshire. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 41, 277–293.
  • Magazzu, D., Comelli, M. ve Marinoni, A. (2006). Are car drivers holding a motorcycle licence less responsible for motorcycle—Car crash occurrence? A non-parametric approach. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38, 365–370.
  • Malacara, D. (2011). Color Vision and Colorimetry: Theory and Applications (2nd ed). Washington, SPIE Press. Mandic, S., Flaherty, C., Pocock, T., Mintoft-Jones, A., Frater, J., Chillon, P. ve Bengoechea, E. G. (2016). Attitudes towards cycle skills training in New Zealand adolescents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 217–226.
  • Mathot, S., Schreji, D. ve Theeuwes, J. (2012). OpenSesame: an open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 314–324.
  • Meier, B. P., D’Agostino, P. R., Elliot, A, J., Maier, M. A. ve Wilkowski, B. M. (2012). Color in Context: Psychological context moderates the influence of red on apporach- and avoidance- motivated behavior. PLoS ONE, 7(7), 1–5.
  • Özkan, S., Akdur, O., İkizceli, İ., Durukan, P., İpekci, A. ve Sözüer, E. M. (2012). Bicycle related injuries in adults and children in the Central Anatolian Region: analysis of 4 years. Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine, 35–40.
  • Palmer, S. E. (1975). The effects of contextual scenes on the identification of objects. Memory and Cognition, 3(5), 519–526.
  • Pucher, J., Buehler, R. ve Seinen, M. (2011). Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies. Transportation Research Part A, 45, 451–475.
  • Pucher, J., Dill, J. ve Handy, S. (2010). Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review. Preventive Medicine, 50, S106–S125.
  • Rasanen, M. ve Summala, H. (1998). Attention and expectation problems in bicycle-car collisions: an in-depth study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(5), 657–666.
  • Rogé, J., Ndiaye, D., Aillerie, I., Aillerie, S., Navarro, J. ve Vienne, F. (2017). Mechanisms underlying cognitive conspicuity in the detection of cyclists by car drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 104, 88–95.
  • Salmon, P.M., Young, K.L. ve Cornelissen, M. (2013). Compatible cognition amongst road users: The compatibility of driver, motorcyclist, and cyclist situation awareness. Safety Science, 56, 6–17.
  • Schepers, P., Twisk, D., Fishman, E., Fyhri, A. ve Jensen, A. (2017). The Dutch road to a high level of cycling safety. Safety Science, 92, 264–273.
  • Short, J. ve Caulfield, B. (2014). The safety challenge of increased cycling. Transport Policy, 33, 154–156.
  • Soldat, A. S., Sinclair, R. C. ve Mark, M. M. (1997). Color as an environmental processing cue: external affective cues can directly affect processing strategy without affecting mood. Social Cognition, 15(1), 55–71.
  • Stone, N. J. ve English, A. J. (1998). Task type, posters, and workspace color on mood, satisfaction and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 175–185.
  • Summala, H. ve Rasanen, M. (2000). Top-down and bottom-up processes in driver behavior at roundabouts and crossroads. Transportation Human Factors, 2(1), 29–37.
  • Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A. ve Salmon, P. M. (2011). Cognitive compatibility of motorcyclists and car drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 878–888.
  • Wegman, F., Zhang, F. ve Dijkstra, A. (2012). How to make more cycling good for road safety? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 44, 19–29.
  • Wood, J. M., Tyrrell, R. A., Marszalek, R., Lacherez, P., Carberry, T. ve Chu, B. S. (2012). Using reflective clothing to enhance the conspicuity of bicyclists at night. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 726–730.
  • Wood, J.M., Lacherez, P. F., Marszalek, R. P. ve King, M. J. (2009). Drivers’ and cyclists’ experiences of sharing the road: Incidents, attitudes and perceptions of visibility. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41, 772–776.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özgün Özakay 0000-0003-0355-7800

Mehmet Koyuncu 0000-0002-7070-4607

Publication Date October 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özakay, Ö., & Koyuncu, M. (2020). Türkiye’deki Bisiklet Kullanıcılarının Trafikte Görünürlükleri ve Renk Değişkeninin Bu Bağlamda İncelenmesi. Trafik Ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 86-108. https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.773441