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Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-profit and Non-profit International Schools in China

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 65 - 73, 14.07.2023

Clayton Lehman

https://doi.org/10.55236/tuara.1112406

Abstract

Over the years, there have been accusations of widespread discrimination in the hiring practices of various educational establishments in China, and it seems that these accusations are continuing to intensify. This research study aimed to explore race and ethnicity in the hiring process in K-12 international schools in China and provide data that can be used to discuss and further study race and ethnicity in international schools. Using the context of for-profit and non-profit international schools, the researcher used an observational quantitative research design to explore international school staff perceptions of racial demographics, hiring practices, and the projection of equal opportunity in the hiring process of foreign staff in China. This study revealed few statistically significant differences between for-profit and non-profit international schools in China in the areas mentioned above. Additionally, the data revealed similar percentages of blacks and whites between the survey participants and the demographic data for those groups in the United States. Further, the data showed that foreign administrators are the primary decision-making agents in the hiring process at most international schools. Furthermore, only one-fourth of the participants were aware that their school maintained an equal opportunity clause in the hiring document or on the school's website. The findings from this study may be used to counter accusations of widespread discrimination in the hiring practices of international schools in China and elsewhere. Further, findings from this study should motivate administrators of international schools to examine staff perceptions of the hiring process in their schools.

Keywords

employment discrimination hiring practices international schools

References

  • Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). China 2010 Census of Township, Town, and Sub-district Information (1 ed.). China Statistics Print.
  • China Daily. (2014, May 13). China’s laws against employment discrimination. China Daily. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-05/13/content_17503812.htm
  • Cornell Law School. (n.d.). 41 CFR § 60-1.4 - Equal opportunity clause. Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/41/60-1.4
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Dwyer, C. (2019). Amid blackface backlash, Ralph Northam tells staff he has no plans to step down. NPR. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2019/02/08/692764332/amid-blackface-backlash-ralph-northam-tells-staff-he-has-no-plans-to-step-down
  • Equal Opportunities Commission. (n.d.). What does equal opportunities mean? EOC. Retrieved from https://www.eoc.org.uk/ Guangzhou District Statistical Bureau. (2016). Major social and economic indicators in main years. Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook, 2012–2015.
  • Joffe-Block, J. & Chacon, M.M. (2020, October 10). Biden did not eulogize former KKK “grand wizard.” AP News. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9545480195
  • Lehman, C. (2021). Resources for ELLs in international schools: A non-profit and for-profit comparison. The Universal Academic Research Journal, 2(2), 83-95. doi:10.17220/tuara.2021.01.5
  • Marsh, J. (2021, March 18). China says it has a 'zero-tolerance policy for racism, but discrimination towards Africans goes back decades. CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/asia/china-anti-african-attacks-history-hnk-intl/index.html
  • McHugh, M. L. (2013). The Chi-square test of independence. Biochemia Medica, 23(2), 143-149. doi:10.11613/BM.2013.018
  • Panetta, G. (2021, September 14). A genealogist says there’s evidence Joe Biden’s 19th century ancestors owned 3 slaves: report.
  • Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/genealogist-finds-evidence-that-Biden-ancestors-owned-slaves-politico-2021-9
  • Penny, J., Leaver, N., Friedberg, B. & Donovan, J. (2019). Trudeau’s blackface: The chilling effects of disinformation on political engagement. NiemanReports. Retrieved from https://niemanreports.org/articles/trudeaus-blackface-the-chilling-effects-of-disinformation-on-political-engagement/
  • Pinghui, Z. (2014, November 1). Guangzhou clarifies size of African community amid fears over Ebola virus. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1629415/Guangzhou-clarifies-size-African-community-amid-fears-over-ebola-virus
  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 29(5), 489-497. doi:10.1002/nur.20147
  • Scarborough, W. (2015, February 19). For-profit and non-profit schools: A view from Singapore American School. The International Educator. Retrieved from https://www.tieonline.com/article/1536/for-profitand-non-profit-schools-a-view-from-singapore-american-school
  • Sharpe, D. (2015). Chi-square test is statistically significant: Now what? Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 20(1), 8. doi:10.7275/tbfa-x148
  • The Economist Staff. (2014, December 20). The new local; international schools. The Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com
  • United States Census Bureau. (2019). Quick facts: Population estimates, July 1, 2019, (V2019). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219
  • Wang, Y. (2021, February 17). From Covid to blackface on TV, China’s racism problem runs deep. MSNBC. Retrieved from https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/covid-blackface-tv-china-s-racism-problem-runs-deep-n1258125
  • Waterson, M. (2015). An analysis of the growth of transnational corporations operating international schools and the potential impact of this growth on the nature of the education offered. University of Bath Department of Education Working Papers Series, No. 2015/12. Retrieved from https://www.bath.ac.uk/publications/department-of-education-working-papers/attachments/ analysis-of-growth-transnational-corporations-operating-international-schools.pdf
  • Zhou, D. (2018). A summary of research on Africans at SYSU in Guangzhou, China. The Newsletter 81 Autumn 2018. Retrieved from https://www.iias.asia

Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-profit and Non-profit International Schools in China

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 65 - 73, 14.07.2023

Clayton Lehman

https://doi.org/10.55236/tuara.1112406

Abstract

Over the years, there have been accusations of widespread discrimination in the hiring practices of various educational establishments in China, and it seems that these accusations are continuing to intensify. This research study aimed to explore race and ethnicity in the hiring process in K-12 international schools in China and provide data that can be used to discuss and further study race and ethnicity in international schools. Using the context of for-profit and non-profit international schools, the researcher used an observational quantitative research design to explore international school staff perceptions of racial demographics, hiring practices, and the projection of equal opportunity in the hiring process of foreign staff in China. This study revealed few statistically significant differences between for-profit and non-profit international schools in China in the areas mentioned above. Additionally, the data revealed similar percentages of blacks and whites between the survey participants and the demographic data for those groups in the United States. Further, the data showed that foreign administrators are the primary decision-making agents in the hiring process at most international schools. Furthermore, only one-fourth of the participants were aware that their school maintained an equal opportunity clause in the hiring document or on the school's website. The findings from this study may be used to counter accusations of widespread discrimination in the hiring practices of international schools in China and elsewhere. Further, findings from this study should motivate administrators of international schools to examine staff perceptions of the hiring process in their schools.

Keywords

empleoyment discrimination hiring practise international schools

References

  • Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). China 2010 Census of Township, Town, and Sub-district Information (1 ed.). China Statistics Print.
  • China Daily. (2014, May 13). China’s laws against employment discrimination. China Daily. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-05/13/content_17503812.htm
  • Cornell Law School. (n.d.). 41 CFR § 60-1.4 - Equal opportunity clause. Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/41/60-1.4
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Dwyer, C. (2019). Amid blackface backlash, Ralph Northam tells staff he has no plans to step down. NPR. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2019/02/08/692764332/amid-blackface-backlash-ralph-northam-tells-staff-he-has-no-plans-to-step-down
  • Equal Opportunities Commission. (n.d.). What does equal opportunities mean? EOC. Retrieved from https://www.eoc.org.uk/ Guangzhou District Statistical Bureau. (2016). Major social and economic indicators in main years. Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook, 2012–2015.
  • Joffe-Block, J. & Chacon, M.M. (2020, October 10). Biden did not eulogize former KKK “grand wizard.” AP News. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9545480195
  • Lehman, C. (2021). Resources for ELLs in international schools: A non-profit and for-profit comparison. The Universal Academic Research Journal, 2(2), 83-95. doi:10.17220/tuara.2021.01.5
  • Marsh, J. (2021, March 18). China says it has a 'zero-tolerance policy for racism, but discrimination towards Africans goes back decades. CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/asia/china-anti-african-attacks-history-hnk-intl/index.html
  • McHugh, M. L. (2013). The Chi-square test of independence. Biochemia Medica, 23(2), 143-149. doi:10.11613/BM.2013.018
  • Panetta, G. (2021, September 14). A genealogist says there’s evidence Joe Biden’s 19th century ancestors owned 3 slaves: report.
  • Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/genealogist-finds-evidence-that-Biden-ancestors-owned-slaves-politico-2021-9
  • Penny, J., Leaver, N., Friedberg, B. & Donovan, J. (2019). Trudeau’s blackface: The chilling effects of disinformation on political engagement. NiemanReports. Retrieved from https://niemanreports.org/articles/trudeaus-blackface-the-chilling-effects-of-disinformation-on-political-engagement/
  • Pinghui, Z. (2014, November 1). Guangzhou clarifies size of African community amid fears over Ebola virus. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1629415/Guangzhou-clarifies-size-African-community-amid-fears-over-ebola-virus
  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 29(5), 489-497. doi:10.1002/nur.20147
  • Scarborough, W. (2015, February 19). For-profit and non-profit schools: A view from Singapore American School. The International Educator. Retrieved from https://www.tieonline.com/article/1536/for-profitand-non-profit-schools-a-view-from-singapore-american-school
  • Sharpe, D. (2015). Chi-square test is statistically significant: Now what? Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 20(1), 8. doi:10.7275/tbfa-x148
  • The Economist Staff. (2014, December 20). The new local; international schools. The Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com
  • United States Census Bureau. (2019). Quick facts: Population estimates, July 1, 2019, (V2019). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219
  • Wang, Y. (2021, February 17). From Covid to blackface on TV, China’s racism problem runs deep. MSNBC. Retrieved from https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/covid-blackface-tv-china-s-racism-problem-runs-deep-n1258125
  • Waterson, M. (2015). An analysis of the growth of transnational corporations operating international schools and the potential impact of this growth on the nature of the education offered. University of Bath Department of Education Working Papers Series, No. 2015/12. Retrieved from https://www.bath.ac.uk/publications/department-of-education-working-papers/attachments/ analysis-of-growth-transnational-corporations-operating-international-schools.pdf
  • Zhou, D. (2018). A summary of research on Africans at SYSU in Guangzhou, China. The Newsletter 81 Autumn 2018. Retrieved from https://www.iias.asia
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Educational Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Clayton Lehman

Publication Date July 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Lehman, C. (2023). Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-profit and Non-profit International Schools in China. The Universal Academic Research Journal, 5(2), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.55236/tuara.1112406
AMA Lehman C. Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-profit and Non-profit International Schools in China. The Universal Academic Research Journal. July 2023;5(2):65-73. doi:10.55236/tuara.1112406
Chicago Lehman, Clayton. “Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-Profit and Non-Profit International Schools in China”. The Universal Academic Research Journal 5, no. 2 (July 2023): 65-73. https://doi.org/10.55236/tuara.1112406.
EndNote Lehman C (July 1, 2023) Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-profit and Non-profit International Schools in China. The Universal Academic Research Journal 5 2 65–73.
IEEE C. Lehman, “Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-profit and Non-profit International Schools in China”, The Universal Academic Research Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 65–73, 2023, doi: 10.55236/tuara.1112406.
ISNAD Lehman, Clayton. “Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-Profit and Non-Profit International Schools in China”. The Universal Academic Research Journal 5/2 (July 2023), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.55236/tuara.1112406.
JAMA Lehman C. Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-profit and Non-profit International Schools in China. The Universal Academic Research Journal. 2023;5:65–73.
MLA Lehman, Clayton. “Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-Profit and Non-Profit International Schools in China”. The Universal Academic Research Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, 2023, pp. 65-73, doi:10.55236/tuara.1112406.
Vancouver Lehman C. Race and Ethnicity: A Comparison of Hiring Practices in For-profit and Non-profit International Schools in China. The Universal Academic Research Journal. 2023;5(2):65-73.