Research Article
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Compiling and designing maps for primary school pupils based on children's cognitive development: A case study of North Macedonia

Year 2024, , 1 - 13, 05.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.56130/tucbis.1361260

Abstract

Cartography, serving as a medium of interpretation and visualization, assumes a vital role as a mechanism for proficient communication. Its prevalent utilization is notably evident within the educational sphere, predominantly in primary educational institutions such as schools. The visual portrayal facilitated by maps enables young learners to assimilate knowledge and cultivate proficiencies related to their immediate surroundings and spatial cognition. The creation and formulation of such maps demand meticulous scrutiny and contemplation of a myriad of factors that wield influence over children, encompassing facets pertinent to their cognitive maturation and development. Within the context of this research, a comprehensive set of 16 maps were curated and devised. Among these, 8 maps constitute the primary category, encompassing the political map delineating municipalities, the administrative map showcasing cities, the regions map, the physical geographical map, the tourism and economy map, the agriculture map, the farming map, and the climate map. The remaining 8 maps belong and focus on tourism and economy, with particular emphasis placed on each of the 8 regions comprising the Republic of North Macedonia. These maps were carried out as part of the realization of the "Atlas of North Macedonia for primary school pupils" project. This atlas has been compiled and designed for pupils aged 6 to 10.

References

  • Anderson, J. M., & Vasconcellos, R. (1995, September). Maps for and by children: possible contributions by cartographers. 17th International Cartographic Conference, Barcelona, Spain
  • Bartz, B. (1965). Map design for children. Field Research Corporation.
  • Blaut J M (1997). The Mapping Abilities of Young Children. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 87(1), 152–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00045
  • Blaut, J. M. (1991). Natural mapping. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 55-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/622906
  • Brewer, C. A. (1989). The development of process-printed Munsell charts for selecting map colors. The American Cartographer, 16(4), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304089783813945
  • Brewer, C. A. (1992). Review of colour terms and simultaneous contrast research for cartography. Cartographica. The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 29(3-4), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.3138/80ML-3K54-0204-6172
  • Brewer, C. A. (1994). Guidelines for use of the perceptual dimensions of color for mapping and visualization. Proccedings Book of Color hard copy and graphic arts III, 2171, 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.175328
  • Brewer, C. A. (1996). Guidelines for selecting colors for diverging schemes on maps. The Cartographic Journal, 33(2), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1179/caj.1996.33.2.79
  • Brewer, C. A. (1997a). Spectral color schemes: Controversial color use on maps. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 24(4) 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304097782439231
  • Brewer, C. A. (1997b). Evaluation of a model for predicting simultaneous contrast on color maps. Professional Geographer 49(3), 280-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00077
  • Brewer, C. A. (2003). A transition in improving maps: The ColorBrewer example. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 30(2), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100011126
  • Brewer, C. A., Hatchard, G. W., & Harrower, M. A. (2003). ColorBrewer in print: a catalog of color schemes for maps. Cartography and geographic information science, 30(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100010929
  • Brule, E., Bailly, G., Brock, A., Valentin, F., Denis, G., & Jouffrais, C. (2016). MapSense: multi-sensory interactive maps for children living with visual impairments. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, San Jose California, USA, 445-457. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858375
  • Bugdayci, I., & Selvi, H. Z. (2021). Do maps contribute to pupils’ learning skills in primary schools? The Cartographic Journal, 58(2), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2020.1760625
  • Crawford, P. V. (1971). Perception of grey‐tone symbols. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 61(4), 721-735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1971.tb00821.x
  • Dent, B. (1999). Thematic map design. WCB/McGraw-Hill.
  • Downs, R. M., & Stea, D. (1973). Image and environment. Aldine.
  • Erwin, K. (2011). Consumer insight maps: Te map as story platform in the design process. Parsons journal for information mapping and parsons institute for information mapping.
  • ESRI. (2003). A road map for schools and libraries. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from https://sambusgeospatial.com/arcgis-solutions-2024-product-roadmap/
  • Gerber, R. (1984). Factors affecting the competence and performance in map language for children at the concrete level of map-reasoning. Cartography, 13(3), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00690805.1984.10438268
  • Hardwick, D. A., McIntyre, C. W., & Pick, Jr. H, L. (1976). The content and manipulation of cognitive maps in children and adults. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 1-55. https://doi.org/10.2307/1165952
  • Herman, J. F., & Siegel, A. W. (1978). The development of cognitive mapping of the large-scale environment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 26(3), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(78)90120-0
  • Holland, P. (2005). Young children learning about maps at school and in the neighbourhood. [Master’s Thesis, University of Wellington]. https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.16922854.v1
  • Imhof, E. (2015). Cartographic relief presentation. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
  • Jenks, G. F., & Knos, D. S. (1961). The use of shading patterns in graded series. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 51(3), 316-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1961.tb00381.x
  • Jonuzi, E., & Selvi, H. Z. (2023). Enhancing map comprehension via symbols: Developing symbols for thematic maps based on children’s cognitive development. Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of Science and Engineering, 5(2), 50-71. https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2023.12
  • Kimerling, J. A. (1980). Color specification in cartography. The American Cartographer, 7(2), 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304080784523143
  • Kitchin, R. M., & Jacobson, R. D. (1997). Techniques to collect and analyze the cognitive map knowledge of persons with visual impairment or blindness: Issues of validity. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 91(4), 360-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X9709100405
  • Klonari, A. (2012). Primary school pupils’ ability to use aerial photographs and maps in the subject of geography. European Journal of Geography, 3(2), 42-53.
  • Liben, L. S., & Downs, R. M. (1989). Understanding maps as symbols: The development of map concepts in children. Advances in child development and behavior, 22, 145-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2407(08)60414-0
  • Liben, L. S., & Downs, R. M. (1991). The role of graphic representations in understanding the world. Visions of aesthetics, the environment, and development. Psychology Press, 139-180.
  • Liben, L. S., & Downs, R. M. (1993). Understanding person-space-map relations: Cartographic and developmental perspectives. Developmental psychology, 29(4), 739–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.739
  • Liben, L. S., Kastens, K. A., & Stevenson, L. M. (2002). Real-world knowledge through real-world maps: A developmental guide for navigating the educational terrain. Developmental Review, 22(2), 267-322. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2002.0545
  • Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. MIT Press.
  • MacEachren, A. M. (1995). How maps work: Representation, visualization and design. Guilford.
  • MacEachren, A. M., Brewer, C. A., & Pickle, L. W. (1998). Visualizing georeferenced data: Representing reliability of health statistics. Environment and planning A, 30(9), 1547-1561. https://doi.org/10.1068/a301547
  • Myridis, M., Christodoulou, A., Kalyva E, Karanikolas, N., & Lafazani, P. (2007, August 4-10). Cartography and children. designing a multimedia educational tool [Conference presentation]. 23rd International Cartographic Conference. Moscow, Russia.
  • Okada, A., & Buckingham Shum, S. (2008). Evidence‐based dialogue maps as a research tool to investigate the quality of school pupils’ scientific argumentation. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 31(3), 291-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437270802417184
  • Olson, D. R. (1994). The world on paper: The conceptual and cognitive implications of reading and writing. Cambridge University Press.
  • Olson, J. M. (1981). Spectrally encoded two-variable maps. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 71(2), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1981.tb01352.x
  • Ordnance Survey. (2002). The GIS files. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/gis-files/
  • Owen, D. (2005). Primary children’s collaborative cartography. Communication and Mapping Processes.
  • Peter, M., Glück, J., & Beiglböck, W. (2010). Map understanding as a developmental marker in childhood. Journal of Individual Differences, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000011
  • Piaget, J. (2000). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Childhood cognitive development. The essential readings, 2(7), 33-47.
  • Piaget, J. (1929). The child’s conception of the world. Routledge.
  • Robertson, M., & Gerber, R. (2000). The child's world: Triggers for learning. Aust Council for Ed Research.
  • Robinson, A. (1952). The looks of maps: An examination of cartographic design. University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Sorrell, P. (1978). Map design—with the young in mind. The Cartographic Journal, 11(2), 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1179/caj.1974.11.2.82
  • Stea, D., & Blaut, J. (1973). Some preliminary observation on spatial learning in school children. Aldine.
  • Uttal, D. H. (2000). Seeing the big picture: Map use and the development of spatial cognition. Developmental Science, 3(3), 247-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00119
  • Uttal, D. H. (2005). Spatial symbols and spatial thought: Cross-Cultural, developmental, and historical perspectives on the relation between map use and spatial cognition. Proceedings Book of Emory Symposia in Cognition Atlanta, GA, US.
  • Uttal, D. H., & Sheehan, K. J. (2014). The development of children’s understanding of maps and models: A prospective cognition perspective. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 13(2), 188-200.
  • Whitefield, R. (1997). Charting a better course: Improving map use for the study of society and the environment. The New Zealand Journal of Social Studies, 6 (2), 20-25.

Compiling and designing maps for primary school pupils based on children's cognitive development: A case study of North Macedonia

Year 2024, , 1 - 13, 05.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.56130/tucbis.1361260

Abstract

Cartography, serving as a medium of interpretation and visualization, assumes a vital role as a mechanism for proficient communication. Its prevalent utilization is notably evident within the educational sphere, predominantly in primary educational institutions such as schools. The visual portrayal facilitated by maps enables young learners to assimilate knowledge and cultivate proficiencies related to their immediate surroundings and spatial cognition. The creation and formulation of such maps demand meticulous scrutiny and contemplation of a myriad of factors that wield influence over children, encompassing facets pertinent to their cognitive maturation and development. Within the context of this research, a comprehensive set of 16 maps were curated and devised. Among these, 8 maps constitute the primary category, encompassing the political map delineating municipalities, the administrative map showcasing cities, the regions map, the physical geographical map, the tourism and economy map, the agriculture map, the farming map, and the climate map. The remaining 8 maps belong and focus on tourism and economy, with particular emphasis placed on each of the 8 regions comprising the Republic of North Macedonia. These maps were carried out as part of the realization of the "Atlas of North Macedonia for primary school pupils" project. This atlas has been compiled and designed for pupils aged 6 to 10.

Thanks

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Necmettin Erbakan University for providing financial support for the Atlas Project.

References

  • Anderson, J. M., & Vasconcellos, R. (1995, September). Maps for and by children: possible contributions by cartographers. 17th International Cartographic Conference, Barcelona, Spain
  • Bartz, B. (1965). Map design for children. Field Research Corporation.
  • Blaut J M (1997). The Mapping Abilities of Young Children. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 87(1), 152–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00045
  • Blaut, J. M. (1991). Natural mapping. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 55-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/622906
  • Brewer, C. A. (1989). The development of process-printed Munsell charts for selecting map colors. The American Cartographer, 16(4), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304089783813945
  • Brewer, C. A. (1992). Review of colour terms and simultaneous contrast research for cartography. Cartographica. The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 29(3-4), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.3138/80ML-3K54-0204-6172
  • Brewer, C. A. (1994). Guidelines for use of the perceptual dimensions of color for mapping and visualization. Proccedings Book of Color hard copy and graphic arts III, 2171, 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.175328
  • Brewer, C. A. (1996). Guidelines for selecting colors for diverging schemes on maps. The Cartographic Journal, 33(2), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1179/caj.1996.33.2.79
  • Brewer, C. A. (1997a). Spectral color schemes: Controversial color use on maps. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 24(4) 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304097782439231
  • Brewer, C. A. (1997b). Evaluation of a model for predicting simultaneous contrast on color maps. Professional Geographer 49(3), 280-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00077
  • Brewer, C. A. (2003). A transition in improving maps: The ColorBrewer example. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 30(2), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100011126
  • Brewer, C. A., Hatchard, G. W., & Harrower, M. A. (2003). ColorBrewer in print: a catalog of color schemes for maps. Cartography and geographic information science, 30(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100010929
  • Brule, E., Bailly, G., Brock, A., Valentin, F., Denis, G., & Jouffrais, C. (2016). MapSense: multi-sensory interactive maps for children living with visual impairments. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, San Jose California, USA, 445-457. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858375
  • Bugdayci, I., & Selvi, H. Z. (2021). Do maps contribute to pupils’ learning skills in primary schools? The Cartographic Journal, 58(2), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2020.1760625
  • Crawford, P. V. (1971). Perception of grey‐tone symbols. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 61(4), 721-735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1971.tb00821.x
  • Dent, B. (1999). Thematic map design. WCB/McGraw-Hill.
  • Downs, R. M., & Stea, D. (1973). Image and environment. Aldine.
  • Erwin, K. (2011). Consumer insight maps: Te map as story platform in the design process. Parsons journal for information mapping and parsons institute for information mapping.
  • ESRI. (2003). A road map for schools and libraries. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from https://sambusgeospatial.com/arcgis-solutions-2024-product-roadmap/
  • Gerber, R. (1984). Factors affecting the competence and performance in map language for children at the concrete level of map-reasoning. Cartography, 13(3), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00690805.1984.10438268
  • Hardwick, D. A., McIntyre, C. W., & Pick, Jr. H, L. (1976). The content and manipulation of cognitive maps in children and adults. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 1-55. https://doi.org/10.2307/1165952
  • Herman, J. F., & Siegel, A. W. (1978). The development of cognitive mapping of the large-scale environment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 26(3), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(78)90120-0
  • Holland, P. (2005). Young children learning about maps at school and in the neighbourhood. [Master’s Thesis, University of Wellington]. https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.16922854.v1
  • Imhof, E. (2015). Cartographic relief presentation. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
  • Jenks, G. F., & Knos, D. S. (1961). The use of shading patterns in graded series. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 51(3), 316-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1961.tb00381.x
  • Jonuzi, E., & Selvi, H. Z. (2023). Enhancing map comprehension via symbols: Developing symbols for thematic maps based on children’s cognitive development. Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of Science and Engineering, 5(2), 50-71. https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2023.12
  • Kimerling, J. A. (1980). Color specification in cartography. The American Cartographer, 7(2), 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304080784523143
  • Kitchin, R. M., & Jacobson, R. D. (1997). Techniques to collect and analyze the cognitive map knowledge of persons with visual impairment or blindness: Issues of validity. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 91(4), 360-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X9709100405
  • Klonari, A. (2012). Primary school pupils’ ability to use aerial photographs and maps in the subject of geography. European Journal of Geography, 3(2), 42-53.
  • Liben, L. S., & Downs, R. M. (1989). Understanding maps as symbols: The development of map concepts in children. Advances in child development and behavior, 22, 145-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2407(08)60414-0
  • Liben, L. S., & Downs, R. M. (1991). The role of graphic representations in understanding the world. Visions of aesthetics, the environment, and development. Psychology Press, 139-180.
  • Liben, L. S., & Downs, R. M. (1993). Understanding person-space-map relations: Cartographic and developmental perspectives. Developmental psychology, 29(4), 739–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.739
  • Liben, L. S., Kastens, K. A., & Stevenson, L. M. (2002). Real-world knowledge through real-world maps: A developmental guide for navigating the educational terrain. Developmental Review, 22(2), 267-322. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2002.0545
  • Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. MIT Press.
  • MacEachren, A. M. (1995). How maps work: Representation, visualization and design. Guilford.
  • MacEachren, A. M., Brewer, C. A., & Pickle, L. W. (1998). Visualizing georeferenced data: Representing reliability of health statistics. Environment and planning A, 30(9), 1547-1561. https://doi.org/10.1068/a301547
  • Myridis, M., Christodoulou, A., Kalyva E, Karanikolas, N., & Lafazani, P. (2007, August 4-10). Cartography and children. designing a multimedia educational tool [Conference presentation]. 23rd International Cartographic Conference. Moscow, Russia.
  • Okada, A., & Buckingham Shum, S. (2008). Evidence‐based dialogue maps as a research tool to investigate the quality of school pupils’ scientific argumentation. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 31(3), 291-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437270802417184
  • Olson, D. R. (1994). The world on paper: The conceptual and cognitive implications of reading and writing. Cambridge University Press.
  • Olson, J. M. (1981). Spectrally encoded two-variable maps. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 71(2), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1981.tb01352.x
  • Ordnance Survey. (2002). The GIS files. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/gis-files/
  • Owen, D. (2005). Primary children’s collaborative cartography. Communication and Mapping Processes.
  • Peter, M., Glück, J., & Beiglböck, W. (2010). Map understanding as a developmental marker in childhood. Journal of Individual Differences, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000011
  • Piaget, J. (2000). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Childhood cognitive development. The essential readings, 2(7), 33-47.
  • Piaget, J. (1929). The child’s conception of the world. Routledge.
  • Robertson, M., & Gerber, R. (2000). The child's world: Triggers for learning. Aust Council for Ed Research.
  • Robinson, A. (1952). The looks of maps: An examination of cartographic design. University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Sorrell, P. (1978). Map design—with the young in mind. The Cartographic Journal, 11(2), 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1179/caj.1974.11.2.82
  • Stea, D., & Blaut, J. (1973). Some preliminary observation on spatial learning in school children. Aldine.
  • Uttal, D. H. (2000). Seeing the big picture: Map use and the development of spatial cognition. Developmental Science, 3(3), 247-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00119
  • Uttal, D. H. (2005). Spatial symbols and spatial thought: Cross-Cultural, developmental, and historical perspectives on the relation between map use and spatial cognition. Proceedings Book of Emory Symposia in Cognition Atlanta, GA, US.
  • Uttal, D. H., & Sheehan, K. J. (2014). The development of children’s understanding of maps and models: A prospective cognition perspective. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 13(2), 188-200.
  • Whitefield, R. (1997). Charting a better course: Improving map use for the study of society and the environment. The New Zealand Journal of Social Studies, 6 (2), 20-25.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cartography and Digital Mapping
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Edmond Jonuzi 0000-0002-0388-9242

Hüseyin Zahit Selvi 0000-0001-7486-0992

Early Pub Date June 5, 2024
Publication Date June 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Jonuzi, E., & Selvi, H. Z. (2024). Compiling and designing maps for primary school pupils based on children’s cognitive development: A case study of North Macedonia. Türkiye Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Dergisi, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.56130/tucbis.1361260

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