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Boncuklu Tarla Güneydoğu Alanı Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik A Evresi Mimarisi ve “Nemrik Kültürü” Sorunsalı

Year 2021, Issue: 3, 54 - 70, 25.12.2021

Abstract

Boncuklu Tarla yaklaşık 3 hektarlık bir alana yayılan ve Proto-Neolitik dönemden başlayarak Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem sonlarına değin kesintisiz yerleşim görmüş ender merkezlerden biridir. Ancak bu kesintisiz yerleşim durumu düşünüldüğünün aksine sürekli bir höyükleşme değil de geniş alanlarda aynı dönem ya da farklı dönemlerde tek tabakalı olarak da görülebilmektedir. Bu tek tabakalı alanlardan biride yerleşimin güneydoğusunda bulunan ve ÇÇNA (Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik A evresi) tarihlendirilen alandır. Keza bu Güneydoğu alanı tek tabakalı olmasının yanında kazılarla da farklılığını göstermiş ve Yukarı Dicle Vadisi dahil olmak üzere Şanlıurfa Bölgesi ve Kuzey Suriye topraklarında görülmeyen bir mimari örnekle kendini ön plana çıkarmıştır. Doğu Cezire Bölgesi ya da Kuzey Irak topraklarında bulunan Nemrik 9 yerleşiminin kendine has özel yapılarına benzer özellikler sergilemektedir. Sadece mimari olarak değil aynı zamanda buluntu topluluğu bakımından da benzerlikler söz konusudur. Nemrik 9 yerleşiminin ilk kazıldığı günlerden günümüze değin hem mimarisi hem de buluntu grupları (ok uçları, taş bastonlar, toprak/kil sütunlar gibi) karmaşıklığa ve bölgesel sınırlamalara neden olmaktaydı ancak Boncuklu Tarla’nın yeni verileri ile bu karmaşıklık çözülmeye başlanmış ve bölgesellik sorununa da yeni bir açıklama getirmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada hem Boncuklu Tarla’nın Güneydoğu alanında ortaya çıkarılan yeni verilerle bahsi geçen sorunsallara açıklık getirilmeye çalışılmış hem de Yukarı Mezopotamya Bölgesi’nin ÇÇNA’da birçok farklı kültürel boyutları irdelenmiştir. Özellikle ÇÇNA’da aynı amaçla inşa edilmiş ancak mimari özellikler bakımından farklılıklar teşkil eden yapılar karşılaştırılmıştır.

References

  • Abbès, 2014 F. Abbès, “Le Bal’as, un autre scénario de la néolithisation”. in C. Manen, T. Perrin & J. Guilaine (eds.) Transition Néolithique en Méditerranée. Errance, 13-26. Paris.
  • Abbès, 2016, F. Abbès “Quelques réflexions sur les débitages de lame de silex par pression”. http://archeorient.hypotheses.org/1672.
  • Altinbilek-Algül 2013. Ç. Altinbilek-Algül “The lithic assemblages of Gusir Höyük (Turkey): The preliminary results. The preliminary results”. in F. Borrell, J.J. Ibáñez and M. Molist (eds.), Stone tools in transition: From hunter-gatherers to farming societies in the Near East. Proceedings of the 7th conference on PPN chipped and ground stone industries of the Fertile Crescent: 289- 298. Bellaterra (Barcelona): Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions.
  • Aurenche - Kozlowski . 2000. O. Aurenche, O. and S.K. Kozlowski. La Naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient, Paris, Errance.
  • Aurenche - Kozlowski . 2005. O. Aurenche, O. and S.K. Kozlowski. Territories, Boundaries And Cultures in The Neolithic Near East. Bar International Series 1362. Oxford: Archaeopress.
  • Benz vd., 2015 M. Benz, K., Deckers, Rossner, C., Alexandrovskiy, A., Pustovoytov, K., Scheeres, M. Fecher, A. Coskun, S. Riehl, K.W. Alt and V. Özkaya. Prelude to Village Life. Environmental data and traditions of the Epipalaeolithic settlement at Körtik Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. Paléorient 41(2) : 9-30.
  • Betts Alison 1996 V.G. Betts Alison, “Qermez Dere: The Chipped Stone Assemblage”, in Kozłowski S.K. & Gebel H.G. (eds.), Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, and Their Contemporaries in Adjacent Regions: 189-203. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Ex-oriente, Berlin.
  • Cauvin 1977 J. Cauvin, “Les Fouilles de Mureybet (1971–1974) et Leur Signification Pour Les Origines de la Sédentarisation au Proche-Orient”. Annuals of the American School of Oriental Research, 44: 19–48.
  • Cauvin 1997 J. Cauvin, Naissance des divinités. Naissance de l’agriculture. Paris: CNRS Éditions.
  • Coqueugniot 2000 E. Coqueugniot, Dja’de, Syrie: un village `a la veille de la domestication (seconde moiti´e du IXe mill´enaire av. J.-C.), in J. Guilaine (ed.) Premiers paysans du monde: naissances des agricultures: 63-79. Paris: Errance.
  • Çiftçi vd., 2020 Y. Çiftçi, E. Kodaş ve B. Genç. 2020. “Çemka Höyük’te Açığa Çıkarılan Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem A Evresi Radyan Planlı Yapılar”. Anatolia/Anadolu, 46: 25–48.
  • Çiftçi (Baskıda) 2022 Y. Çiftçi “Çemka Höyük, Late Epipaleolithic and PPNA Phase Housing Architecture: Chronological and Typological Change”. Near Eastern Archaeology.
  • Fujii - Adachi 2013 S. Fujii ve T. Adachi, “Wadi al-Hajana 1: A Khiamian outpost in the northwestern piedmont of Mt. Bishri, Central Syria”. In: F. Borrell, J.J. Ibáñez and M. Molist (eds.), Stone tools in transition: From hunter-gatherers to farming societies in the Near East. Proceedings of the 7th conference on PPN chipped and ground stone industries of the Fertile Crescent: 45-58. Bellaterra (Barcelona): Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions.
  • İpek - Çiftçi 2020 B. İpek ve Y. Çiftçi. “Boncuklu Tarla Doğu Alanı Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem Mimarisi ve Köy-Mekan Organizasyonu”. Mukaddime, 11(1): 212–234 Kartal vd., 2018 M. Kartal, G. Kartal, A. Coşkun, T. Carter, F. Şahin and V. Özkaya, « Chipped stone assemblages of Körtik Tepe (Turkey)”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19: 92-99.
  • Karul 2011 N. Karul, “Gusir Höyük”, in M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen & P. Kuniholm (eds.), Neolithic in Turkey 1. The Tigris Basin: 1-19. Archaeology and Art Publications, Istanbul.
  • Karul 2020 N. Karul, ‘‘The Beginning of the Neolithic in Southeast Anatolia Upper Tigris Basin’’, Documenta Praehistorica XLVII, 76-95.
  • Kodaş 2018 E. Kodaş “Yukarı Dicle’de Yeni Bir Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Yerleşim Yeri: Boncuklu Tarla Kazıları ve İlk Gözlemler”. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi: 157–158.
  • Kodaş, 2019 E. Kodaş. “Un nouveau site du Néolithique précéramique dans la vallée du Haut Tigre: résultats préliminaires de Boncuklu Tarla”. Neo-Lithics 19 : 3-15.
  • Kodaş 2020 E. Kodaş, B. Genç, Y. Çiftçi, C. Labendan-Kodaş and Ç. Erdem. “Çemka Höyük: A Late Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site on the Upper Tigris, Southeast Anatolia”. Neo-Lithic 20 : 40-46.
  • Kodaş - Genç. 2019 E. Kodaş ve B. Genç, “Çemka Höyük: Yukarı Dicle Havzası’nda Bulunan Yeni Bir PPNA ve Geç Epipaleolitik Dönem Yerleşim Yeri”. Anadolu/Anatolia 45: 211–221.
  • Kozlowski 1996 S.K. Kozlowski. “From Zawi Chemi to M’lefaat”. in Kozłowski S.K. & Gebel H.G. (eds.), Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, and Their Contemporaries in Adjacent Regions: 175-182. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Ex-oriente, Berlin.
  • Kozlowski 1998 S.K. Kozlowski “M’lefaat. Early Neolithic site in northern Irak”, Chaiers de l’Euphrate 8, p. 179-273.
  • Kozlowski 1999 S.K. Kozlowski, The Eastern wing of the Fertile Cressent. BAR. 760 s.

The Architecture of the Pottery Neolithic Phase A of the Southeast Area of Boncuklu Tarla and the Problem of "Nemrik Culture"

Year 2021, Issue: 3, 54 - 70, 25.12.2021

Abstract

Boncuklu Tarla is one of the rare centers that spread over an area of ​​approximately 3 hectares and was inhabited continuously from the Proto-Neolithic period until the end of the Pottery-Pottery Neolithic Period. However, this uninterrupted settlement situation is not a continuous mound, but can be seen as a single layer in large areas in the same period or in different periods. One of these mono-layered areas is the area to the southeast of the settlement and dated to the ÇÇNA (Pottery-Pottery Neolithic A phase). Likewise, this Southeastern area, in addition to being single-layered, showed its difference with excavations and came to the fore with an architectural example that is not seen in the Şanlıurfa Region and Northern Syria, including the Upper Tigris Valley. It exhibits features similar to the specific structures of the Nemrik 9 settlement located in the Eastern Jazeera Region or Northern Iraq. There are similarities not only in terms of architecture but also in terms of assemblage. From the first days of Nemrik 9 settlement to the present day, both its architecture and finds (such as arrowheads, stone walking sticks, soil/clay columns) caused complexity and regional limitations, but with the new data of Boncuklu Tarla, this complexity has begun to be resolved and new data has been added to the problem of territoriality. began to offer an explanation. In this study, it has been tried to clarify the aforementioned problematics with the new data unearthed in the Southeast area of ​​Boncuklu Tarla, as well as many different cultural dimensions of the Upper Mesopotamian Region in the ÇNA. In particular, the structures built for the same purpose in the ÇNA but differing in terms of architectural features were compared.

References

  • Abbès, 2014 F. Abbès, “Le Bal’as, un autre scénario de la néolithisation”. in C. Manen, T. Perrin & J. Guilaine (eds.) Transition Néolithique en Méditerranée. Errance, 13-26. Paris.
  • Abbès, 2016, F. Abbès “Quelques réflexions sur les débitages de lame de silex par pression”. http://archeorient.hypotheses.org/1672.
  • Altinbilek-Algül 2013. Ç. Altinbilek-Algül “The lithic assemblages of Gusir Höyük (Turkey): The preliminary results. The preliminary results”. in F. Borrell, J.J. Ibáñez and M. Molist (eds.), Stone tools in transition: From hunter-gatherers to farming societies in the Near East. Proceedings of the 7th conference on PPN chipped and ground stone industries of the Fertile Crescent: 289- 298. Bellaterra (Barcelona): Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions.
  • Aurenche - Kozlowski . 2000. O. Aurenche, O. and S.K. Kozlowski. La Naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient, Paris, Errance.
  • Aurenche - Kozlowski . 2005. O. Aurenche, O. and S.K. Kozlowski. Territories, Boundaries And Cultures in The Neolithic Near East. Bar International Series 1362. Oxford: Archaeopress.
  • Benz vd., 2015 M. Benz, K., Deckers, Rossner, C., Alexandrovskiy, A., Pustovoytov, K., Scheeres, M. Fecher, A. Coskun, S. Riehl, K.W. Alt and V. Özkaya. Prelude to Village Life. Environmental data and traditions of the Epipalaeolithic settlement at Körtik Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. Paléorient 41(2) : 9-30.
  • Betts Alison 1996 V.G. Betts Alison, “Qermez Dere: The Chipped Stone Assemblage”, in Kozłowski S.K. & Gebel H.G. (eds.), Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, and Their Contemporaries in Adjacent Regions: 189-203. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Ex-oriente, Berlin.
  • Cauvin 1977 J. Cauvin, “Les Fouilles de Mureybet (1971–1974) et Leur Signification Pour Les Origines de la Sédentarisation au Proche-Orient”. Annuals of the American School of Oriental Research, 44: 19–48.
  • Cauvin 1997 J. Cauvin, Naissance des divinités. Naissance de l’agriculture. Paris: CNRS Éditions.
  • Coqueugniot 2000 E. Coqueugniot, Dja’de, Syrie: un village `a la veille de la domestication (seconde moiti´e du IXe mill´enaire av. J.-C.), in J. Guilaine (ed.) Premiers paysans du monde: naissances des agricultures: 63-79. Paris: Errance.
  • Çiftçi vd., 2020 Y. Çiftçi, E. Kodaş ve B. Genç. 2020. “Çemka Höyük’te Açığa Çıkarılan Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem A Evresi Radyan Planlı Yapılar”. Anatolia/Anadolu, 46: 25–48.
  • Çiftçi (Baskıda) 2022 Y. Çiftçi “Çemka Höyük, Late Epipaleolithic and PPNA Phase Housing Architecture: Chronological and Typological Change”. Near Eastern Archaeology.
  • Fujii - Adachi 2013 S. Fujii ve T. Adachi, “Wadi al-Hajana 1: A Khiamian outpost in the northwestern piedmont of Mt. Bishri, Central Syria”. In: F. Borrell, J.J. Ibáñez and M. Molist (eds.), Stone tools in transition: From hunter-gatherers to farming societies in the Near East. Proceedings of the 7th conference on PPN chipped and ground stone industries of the Fertile Crescent: 45-58. Bellaterra (Barcelona): Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions.
  • İpek - Çiftçi 2020 B. İpek ve Y. Çiftçi. “Boncuklu Tarla Doğu Alanı Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem Mimarisi ve Köy-Mekan Organizasyonu”. Mukaddime, 11(1): 212–234 Kartal vd., 2018 M. Kartal, G. Kartal, A. Coşkun, T. Carter, F. Şahin and V. Özkaya, « Chipped stone assemblages of Körtik Tepe (Turkey)”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19: 92-99.
  • Karul 2011 N. Karul, “Gusir Höyük”, in M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen & P. Kuniholm (eds.), Neolithic in Turkey 1. The Tigris Basin: 1-19. Archaeology and Art Publications, Istanbul.
  • Karul 2020 N. Karul, ‘‘The Beginning of the Neolithic in Southeast Anatolia Upper Tigris Basin’’, Documenta Praehistorica XLVII, 76-95.
  • Kodaş 2018 E. Kodaş “Yukarı Dicle’de Yeni Bir Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Yerleşim Yeri: Boncuklu Tarla Kazıları ve İlk Gözlemler”. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi: 157–158.
  • Kodaş, 2019 E. Kodaş. “Un nouveau site du Néolithique précéramique dans la vallée du Haut Tigre: résultats préliminaires de Boncuklu Tarla”. Neo-Lithics 19 : 3-15.
  • Kodaş 2020 E. Kodaş, B. Genç, Y. Çiftçi, C. Labendan-Kodaş and Ç. Erdem. “Çemka Höyük: A Late Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site on the Upper Tigris, Southeast Anatolia”. Neo-Lithic 20 : 40-46.
  • Kodaş - Genç. 2019 E. Kodaş ve B. Genç, “Çemka Höyük: Yukarı Dicle Havzası’nda Bulunan Yeni Bir PPNA ve Geç Epipaleolitik Dönem Yerleşim Yeri”. Anadolu/Anatolia 45: 211–221.
  • Kozlowski 1996 S.K. Kozlowski. “From Zawi Chemi to M’lefaat”. in Kozłowski S.K. & Gebel H.G. (eds.), Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, and Their Contemporaries in Adjacent Regions: 175-182. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Ex-oriente, Berlin.
  • Kozlowski 1998 S.K. Kozlowski “M’lefaat. Early Neolithic site in northern Irak”, Chaiers de l’Euphrate 8, p. 179-273.
  • Kozlowski 1999 S.K. Kozlowski, The Eastern wing of the Fertile Cressent. BAR. 760 s.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yunus Çiftçi 0000-0001-5547-7613

Kazım Özkan 0000-0003-1710-0019

Ergül Kodaş 0000-0001-8340-5828

Publication Date December 25, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çiftçi, Y., Özkan, K., & Kodaş, E. (2021). Boncuklu Tarla Güneydoğu Alanı Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik A Evresi Mimarisi ve “Nemrik Kültürü” Sorunsalı. Aras Türkiye Eski Yakın Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi(3), 54-70.