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Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-commerce and Social Networks between Dakar and Istanbul

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 67 - 83, 30.04.2025

Abstract

This paper analyzes the forms of agencies, social networks, and transnational e-commerce between Dakar and İstanbul, and the people involved, including migrants, GPs –gratis passengers, grouping networks, and traders. First, it considers the recent economic “charm offensive” by the Turkish state with a view to expanding into the “open African market” at diplomatic, industrial, and commercial levels; then, it describes relations between Türkiye and Senegal. After that, it discusses the visa policy between the two countries, before reviewing the literature on African migration, in general, and Senegalese migration to Türkiye, in particular; and mobility between Senegal and Türkiye, to and from cities such as İstanbul and Izmir. Finally, the paper analyzes the transnational mobility of Senegalese traders. Interviews were carried out in the Senegalese capital Dakar, where most Turkish products transit before being distributed within Senegal or to neighboring countries. The interviews mainly focused on traders who travel back and forth between Dakar and İstanbul, GPs-, and Senegalese businesspeople. Using the power of social networks such as Viber, WhatsApp, and Facebook, they regularly trade with Türkiye while residing in Senegal: indeed, some of them never leave the country.

References

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  • Amar, M. (2020, January 29). Turquie-Sénégal, le commerce inéquitable. SenePlus. https://www.seneplus.com/economie/turquie-senegal-le-commerce-inequitable
  • Ambassade de Sénégal en Turquie. (n.d.-a). Les septs raisons. http://senegalbuyukelciligi.com/tr/invest/seven_reasons
  • Ambassade de Sénégal en Turquie. (n.d.-b). Visa. http://senegalbuyukelciligi.com/tr/consular/visa_registration
  • Balcı, A. (2024). Determinants of Türkiye's relations with Africa: Insights from high-level leader visits. Turkish Journal of African Studies, 1(1), 64-90.
  • Bendhaou, F. (2022, February 13). Interview de Ahmet Kavas, Ambassadeur de Turquie à Dakar-Sénégal. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/ahmet-kavas-nous-saluons-les-perc%C3%A9es-%C3%A9conomiques-de-lafrique/2501802
  • Biehl, K. S. (2014). Exploring migration, diversification and urban transformation in contemporary Istanbul: The case of Kumkapı [MMG Working Paper 14-11]. Max-Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity.
  • Binaté, I. (2019). La présence turque en Côte d'Ivoire contemporaine: Entreprises transnationales au service de l'éducation, l'humanitaire et L'Islam. Revue Canadienne des études Africaines, 53(2), 215-233.
  • Binaté, I. (2021). Les étudiants ouest-africains en Turquie: Mobilité estudiantine et circulation de compétences. Diasporas, 37, 103-120.
  • Binaté, I. (2022). Les produits Made in Turkey en Afrique de l'Ouest. Acteurs, circulations et dynamique entrepreneuriale des jeunes. Afrıque(s) en mouvement.
  • Brewer, K. T., & Yükseker, D. (2006). A survey on African migrants and asylum seekers in Istanbul. Migration Research Program at Koç University (MiReKoc).
  • Chahed, N. (2017, October 31). La Turquie décide de régulariser 1444 Sénégalais vivant sur son sol; selon un communiqué de l'Ambassade du Sénégal à Ankara. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/turquie/la-turquie-d%C3%A9cide-de-r%C3%A9gulariser-1444-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galais-vivant-sur-son-sol/952781
  • Coulon, C. (1985). Prophets of God or of history? Muslim messianic movements and anti-colonialism in Senegal. In W. Van Binsbergen & M. Schofferleers (Eds.), Theoretical explorations in African religion (pp. 346-366). Routledge and Keegan Paul.
  • Coulon, C. (1988). Charisma and brotherhood in African Islam. Clarendon Press.
  • Coulon, C. (1991). Les réformistes, les marabouts et l'état au Sénégal. In Les Musulmans et le pouvoir en Afrique noire (pp. 91-106). Karthala.
  • DakarActu. (2020, June 18). Mobilisation des Sénégalais en Turquie. https://www.dakaractu.com/Turquie-Des-Senegalais-se-sont-mobilises-contre-la-Covid-19_a189771.html
  • Dany, F. (2012, August 1). La Turquie, nouveau hub des migrations clandestines vers l'Europe? Anatoli. https://doi.org/10.4000/anatoli.442
  • De Clerck, H. M-L. (2013). Sub-Saharan African migrants in Turkey: A case study on Senegalese migrants in Istanbul. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 68(1), 39-58.
  • De Clerck, H. M-L. (2015). Europe is no longer the only 'El Dorado' for sub-Saharan Africans: The case of contemporary Senegalese migration to Turkey. Migration and Development, 4(2), 272-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1022086
  • Dedet, J. (2021, November 28). Turquie-Afrique. L'offensive de charme de Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Jeune Afrique. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1262863/politique/turquie-afrique-loffensive-de-charme-de-recep-tayyip-erdogan/
  • Diallo, A. (2014). Yakaar, Dakar-Dubaï-Guangzhou: Trajectoires des commerçantes de Dakar. Revue Tiers Monde, 1(217), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.3917/rtm.217.0097
  • Dietz, T., & Burns, T. (1992). Human agency and the evolutionary dynamics of culture. Acta Sociologica, 35(3), 187-200.
  • Diop, M. (2015, January 29). Dans l'univers des « GP », les factrices clandestines entre Paris et Dakar. Le Monde Afrique. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/01/30/dans-l-univers-des-gp-les-facteurs-clandestins-entre-paris-et-dakar_4567083_3212.html
  • Diop, M-C. (1980). La confrérie mouride: Organisation politique et mode d'implantation urbaine [Doctoral dissertation, Université de Lyon II].
  • Djamanca, A., & Çağlar, A. (2024). Türkiye and West Africa relations: Senegal, Ivory Coast, Niger and Guinea-Bissau. Transnational Press London.
  • Doğuş, Ş., & Salman, Y. (2019). Çabuk çabuk: İstanbul'daki Afrikalılar – Africans in İstanbul. Pencere Yayınları.
  • Dönmez, Ü. (2021, December 31). 3e Sommet de Partenariat Turquie-Afrique: Des ambitions confortées l'Agence Anadolu a interrogé des spécialistes de l'Afrique sur l'état et évolution des relations turco-africaines au cours des années passées. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/turquie/3e-sommet-de-partenariat-turquie-afrique-des-ambitions-confort%C3%A9es/2461644
  • Donelli, F. (2020). Turkey in Africa: Turkey's strategic involvement in sub-Saharan Africa. I.B. Tauris, Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Fédération des Sénégalais de la Turquie. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. https://www.facebook.com/people/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration-Des-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galais-De-La-Turquie/100064422832831/
  • Fédior, O. (2020, December 20). Sénégal: Vente de vêtements et accessoires – Quand le « made in Turkey » bouscule le « made in China ». Le Soleil. https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202012280646.html
  • Hewson, M. (2010). Agency. In A. Mills, G. Durepos, & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research (pp. 13-17). SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Isreb, D., Le Noane, V., Mascheroni, P., & Nemiri, M. (2021). Les manœuvres géoéconomiques de la Turquie [Report]. Ecole de Guerre Economique.
  • Kaplan, M. (2015, March 20). Going cold Turkey: African migrants in Istanbul see hopes turn sour. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/101259/going-cold-turkey-african-migrants-istanbul-see-hopes-turn-sour
  • Kaplan, E. (2022, February 22). Cinq accords bilatéraux signés entre le Sénégal et la Turquie. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/cinq-accords-bilat%C3%A9raux-sign%C3%A9s-entre-le-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-et-la-turquie/2510404
  • Kılıç, M. A., & Bodur, M. Y. (2024). Between empowerment and surveillance: Forced migration and information and communication technologies. Humanitas - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(23), 287-312. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1388211
  • L'Agence Sénégalaise de Promotion des Exportations (ASEPEX). (2016). Fiche pays Turquie.
  • Lea, R. D. V. (2021). Les paradoxes du nationalisme turc: La construction de l'identité de 1869 au néo-ottomanisme de Recep Erdogan. L'Harmattan.
  • Mbabia, O. (2011). Ankara en Afrique: Stratégies d'expansion. Outre-Terre, 3(29), 107-119.
  • Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Türkiye and Mediterranean Basin. (2022). Annotated bibliography: Sub-Saharan African migration to Turkey. African Migration Research Project, Istanbul Ticaret University. https://afrmig2tr.com/en/recources/annotated-bibliography-sub-saharan-african-migration-to-turkey/
  • Mosaic Visa. (n.d.). Bienvenue à Mosaic Visa. https://mosaicvisa.com/senegal/
  • Ndiaye, Z. (2020, September 13). A la rencontre des Sénégalais en Turquie. Dakar-Echo.com. https://www.dakar-echo.com/a-la-rencontre-des-senegalais-vivant-en-turquie/
  • Öcal, A. (2005). Les migrants issus de l'Afrique noire à İstanbul [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. Galatasaray University, Department of Sociology.
  • Salem, G. (1983). De la brousse sénégalaise au Boul'Mich: Le système commercial mouride en France. Cahiers d'Études africaines, 81-83, 267-283.
  • Şaul, M. (2014). A different kargo: Sub-Saharan migrants in Istanbul and African commerce. Urban Anthropology, 43(1-3).
  • Şaul, M., & Pelican, M. (2014). Global African entrepreneurs: A new research perspective on contemporary African migration. Urban Anthropology, 43(1-3), 1-16.
  • Schwikowski, M., & Tiassou, K. (2021, December 17). La Turquie en quête de nouveaux marchés en Afrique. DW.com. https://www.dw.com/fr/la-turquie-en-qu%C3%AAte-de-nouveaux-march%C3%A9s-en-afrique/a-60174878
  • SenePlus. (2022, March 23). Vers la ratification de 17 accords de coopération entre Dakar et Ankara. https://www.seneplus.com/developpement/vers-la-ratification-de-17-accords-de-cooperation-entre-dakar-et
  • Sow, P. (2004). Prácticas transnacionales y espacios de acción – wáar – de los senegaleses en España. In Á. Escrivá & N. Ribas (Eds.), Migración y desarrollo (pp. 235-254). CSIC-Politeya.
  • Sow, P., & Tete, K. (2007). African popular savings and fundraising in Catalonia, Spain: Types and forms of underground economy [Report]. Fundació Jaume Bofill.
  • Suter, B. (2017). Migration and the formation of transnational economic networks between Africa and Turkey: The socio-economic establishment of migrants in situ and in mobility. African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal, 10(3), 313-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2016.1157931
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Bagassu Turkii: Dakar ve İstanbul Arasında Senegalli Ulusötesi E-Ticaret ve Sosyal Ağlar

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 67 - 83, 30.04.2025

Abstract

Bu makale, Dakar ile İstanbul arasındaki acenta, sosyal ağlar ve transnasyonel e-ticaret biçimlerini – göçmenler, GP-Ücretsiz Yolcular, grupajlar, tüccarlar – analiz etmektedir. İlk olarak, Türk Devleti'nin diplomatik, sanayi ve ticaret düzeyinde "açık Afrika pazarı"na açılmayı hedefleyen son ekonomik "cazibe kampayasını" ele almaktadır. Ardından, Türkiye ile Senegal arasındaki işbirliği ilişkilerini anlatmaktadır. Sonrasında, Dakar ile Ankara arasındaki vize politikasını tartışmakta, ardından genel olarak Afrika göçü üzerine, özellikle de Senegal göçmenlerinin Türkiye'deki durumu ve/veya Senegal ile Türkiye arasındaki hareketlilik hakkında literatürü incelemektedir; İstanbul ve İzmir gibi şehirlerdeki durum da buna dahildir. Son olarak, makale, Senegalli tüccarlarının transnasyonel hareketliliğini analiz etmektedir. Görüşmeler, Senegal'in başkenti Dakar'da gerçekleştirilmiş olup, burada çoğu Türk ürünü, iç bölgelere ya da bazı komşu ülkelere gönderilmeden önce transit geçmektedir. Görüşmeler, esas olarak Dakar ile İstanbul arasında gidip gelen tüccarları, göçmenleri, GP'leri ve Senegalese iş insanlarını (hommes et femmes d’affaire) konu almaktadır. Sosyal ağların (Viber, WhatsApp, Facebook) güçlü etkisiyle, bu kişiler, Senegal'de ikamet ederken sıklıkla Türkiye ile ticaret yürütüyor ve bazıları ülkeyi hiç terk etmeden bunu yapabiliyor.

References

  • Africanews. (2022, February 21). Le Sénégal et la Turquie engagés à booster leurs échanges. https://fr.africanews.com/2022/02/22/le-senegal-et-la-turquie-engages-a-booster-leurs-echanges/
  • Akca, A. (2019). Neo-Ottomanism: Turkey's foreign policy approach to Africa. New Perspectives in Foreign Policy, 17, 1-23. https://www.csis.org/analysis/new-perspectives-foreign-policy-issue-17
  • Amar, M. (2020, January 29). Turquie-Sénégal, le commerce inéquitable. SenePlus. https://www.seneplus.com/economie/turquie-senegal-le-commerce-inequitable
  • Ambassade de Sénégal en Turquie. (n.d.-a). Les septs raisons. http://senegalbuyukelciligi.com/tr/invest/seven_reasons
  • Ambassade de Sénégal en Turquie. (n.d.-b). Visa. http://senegalbuyukelciligi.com/tr/consular/visa_registration
  • Balcı, A. (2024). Determinants of Türkiye's relations with Africa: Insights from high-level leader visits. Turkish Journal of African Studies, 1(1), 64-90.
  • Bendhaou, F. (2022, February 13). Interview de Ahmet Kavas, Ambassadeur de Turquie à Dakar-Sénégal. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/ahmet-kavas-nous-saluons-les-perc%C3%A9es-%C3%A9conomiques-de-lafrique/2501802
  • Biehl, K. S. (2014). Exploring migration, diversification and urban transformation in contemporary Istanbul: The case of Kumkapı [MMG Working Paper 14-11]. Max-Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity.
  • Binaté, I. (2019). La présence turque en Côte d'Ivoire contemporaine: Entreprises transnationales au service de l'éducation, l'humanitaire et L'Islam. Revue Canadienne des études Africaines, 53(2), 215-233.
  • Binaté, I. (2021). Les étudiants ouest-africains en Turquie: Mobilité estudiantine et circulation de compétences. Diasporas, 37, 103-120.
  • Binaté, I. (2022). Les produits Made in Turkey en Afrique de l'Ouest. Acteurs, circulations et dynamique entrepreneuriale des jeunes. Afrıque(s) en mouvement.
  • Brewer, K. T., & Yükseker, D. (2006). A survey on African migrants and asylum seekers in Istanbul. Migration Research Program at Koç University (MiReKoc).
  • Chahed, N. (2017, October 31). La Turquie décide de régulariser 1444 Sénégalais vivant sur son sol; selon un communiqué de l'Ambassade du Sénégal à Ankara. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/turquie/la-turquie-d%C3%A9cide-de-r%C3%A9gulariser-1444-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galais-vivant-sur-son-sol/952781
  • Coulon, C. (1985). Prophets of God or of history? Muslim messianic movements and anti-colonialism in Senegal. In W. Van Binsbergen & M. Schofferleers (Eds.), Theoretical explorations in African religion (pp. 346-366). Routledge and Keegan Paul.
  • Coulon, C. (1988). Charisma and brotherhood in African Islam. Clarendon Press.
  • Coulon, C. (1991). Les réformistes, les marabouts et l'état au Sénégal. In Les Musulmans et le pouvoir en Afrique noire (pp. 91-106). Karthala.
  • DakarActu. (2020, June 18). Mobilisation des Sénégalais en Turquie. https://www.dakaractu.com/Turquie-Des-Senegalais-se-sont-mobilises-contre-la-Covid-19_a189771.html
  • Dany, F. (2012, August 1). La Turquie, nouveau hub des migrations clandestines vers l'Europe? Anatoli. https://doi.org/10.4000/anatoli.442
  • De Clerck, H. M-L. (2013). Sub-Saharan African migrants in Turkey: A case study on Senegalese migrants in Istanbul. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 68(1), 39-58.
  • De Clerck, H. M-L. (2015). Europe is no longer the only 'El Dorado' for sub-Saharan Africans: The case of contemporary Senegalese migration to Turkey. Migration and Development, 4(2), 272-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1022086
  • Dedet, J. (2021, November 28). Turquie-Afrique. L'offensive de charme de Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Jeune Afrique. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1262863/politique/turquie-afrique-loffensive-de-charme-de-recep-tayyip-erdogan/
  • Diallo, A. (2014). Yakaar, Dakar-Dubaï-Guangzhou: Trajectoires des commerçantes de Dakar. Revue Tiers Monde, 1(217), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.3917/rtm.217.0097
  • Dietz, T., & Burns, T. (1992). Human agency and the evolutionary dynamics of culture. Acta Sociologica, 35(3), 187-200.
  • Diop, M. (2015, January 29). Dans l'univers des « GP », les factrices clandestines entre Paris et Dakar. Le Monde Afrique. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/01/30/dans-l-univers-des-gp-les-facteurs-clandestins-entre-paris-et-dakar_4567083_3212.html
  • Diop, M-C. (1980). La confrérie mouride: Organisation politique et mode d'implantation urbaine [Doctoral dissertation, Université de Lyon II].
  • Djamanca, A., & Çağlar, A. (2024). Türkiye and West Africa relations: Senegal, Ivory Coast, Niger and Guinea-Bissau. Transnational Press London.
  • Doğuş, Ş., & Salman, Y. (2019). Çabuk çabuk: İstanbul'daki Afrikalılar – Africans in İstanbul. Pencere Yayınları.
  • Dönmez, Ü. (2021, December 31). 3e Sommet de Partenariat Turquie-Afrique: Des ambitions confortées l'Agence Anadolu a interrogé des spécialistes de l'Afrique sur l'état et évolution des relations turco-africaines au cours des années passées. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/turquie/3e-sommet-de-partenariat-turquie-afrique-des-ambitions-confort%C3%A9es/2461644
  • Donelli, F. (2020). Turkey in Africa: Turkey's strategic involvement in sub-Saharan Africa. I.B. Tauris, Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Fédération des Sénégalais de la Turquie. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. https://www.facebook.com/people/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration-Des-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galais-De-La-Turquie/100064422832831/
  • Fédior, O. (2020, December 20). Sénégal: Vente de vêtements et accessoires – Quand le « made in Turkey » bouscule le « made in China ». Le Soleil. https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202012280646.html
  • Hewson, M. (2010). Agency. In A. Mills, G. Durepos, & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research (pp. 13-17). SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Isreb, D., Le Noane, V., Mascheroni, P., & Nemiri, M. (2021). Les manœuvres géoéconomiques de la Turquie [Report]. Ecole de Guerre Economique.
  • Kaplan, M. (2015, March 20). Going cold Turkey: African migrants in Istanbul see hopes turn sour. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/101259/going-cold-turkey-african-migrants-istanbul-see-hopes-turn-sour
  • Kaplan, E. (2022, February 22). Cinq accords bilatéraux signés entre le Sénégal et la Turquie. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/cinq-accords-bilat%C3%A9raux-sign%C3%A9s-entre-le-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-et-la-turquie/2510404
  • Kılıç, M. A., & Bodur, M. Y. (2024). Between empowerment and surveillance: Forced migration and information and communication technologies. Humanitas - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(23), 287-312. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1388211
  • L'Agence Sénégalaise de Promotion des Exportations (ASEPEX). (2016). Fiche pays Turquie.
  • Lea, R. D. V. (2021). Les paradoxes du nationalisme turc: La construction de l'identité de 1869 au néo-ottomanisme de Recep Erdogan. L'Harmattan.
  • Mbabia, O. (2011). Ankara en Afrique: Stratégies d'expansion. Outre-Terre, 3(29), 107-119.
  • Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Türkiye and Mediterranean Basin. (2022). Annotated bibliography: Sub-Saharan African migration to Turkey. African Migration Research Project, Istanbul Ticaret University. https://afrmig2tr.com/en/recources/annotated-bibliography-sub-saharan-african-migration-to-turkey/
  • Mosaic Visa. (n.d.). Bienvenue à Mosaic Visa. https://mosaicvisa.com/senegal/
  • Ndiaye, Z. (2020, September 13). A la rencontre des Sénégalais en Turquie. Dakar-Echo.com. https://www.dakar-echo.com/a-la-rencontre-des-senegalais-vivant-en-turquie/
  • Öcal, A. (2005). Les migrants issus de l'Afrique noire à İstanbul [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. Galatasaray University, Department of Sociology.
  • Salem, G. (1983). De la brousse sénégalaise au Boul'Mich: Le système commercial mouride en France. Cahiers d'Études africaines, 81-83, 267-283.
  • Şaul, M. (2014). A different kargo: Sub-Saharan migrants in Istanbul and African commerce. Urban Anthropology, 43(1-3).
  • Şaul, M., & Pelican, M. (2014). Global African entrepreneurs: A new research perspective on contemporary African migration. Urban Anthropology, 43(1-3), 1-16.
  • Schwikowski, M., & Tiassou, K. (2021, December 17). La Turquie en quête de nouveaux marchés en Afrique. DW.com. https://www.dw.com/fr/la-turquie-en-qu%C3%AAte-de-nouveaux-march%C3%A9s-en-afrique/a-60174878
  • SenePlus. (2022, March 23). Vers la ratification de 17 accords de coopération entre Dakar et Ankara. https://www.seneplus.com/developpement/vers-la-ratification-de-17-accords-de-cooperation-entre-dakar-et
  • Sow, P. (2004). Prácticas transnacionales y espacios de acción – wáar – de los senegaleses en España. In Á. Escrivá & N. Ribas (Eds.), Migración y desarrollo (pp. 235-254). CSIC-Politeya.
  • Sow, P., & Tete, K. (2007). African popular savings and fundraising in Catalonia, Spain: Types and forms of underground economy [Report]. Fundació Jaume Bofill.
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There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects African Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Papa Sow

Early Pub Date April 29, 2025
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date February 5, 2025
Acceptance Date April 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sow, P. (2025). Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-commerce and Social Networks between Dakar and Istanbul. Turkish Journal of African Studies, 2(1), 67-83.
AMA Sow P. Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-commerce and Social Networks between Dakar and Istanbul. TUJAS. April 2025;2(1):67-83.
Chicago Sow, Papa. “Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-Commerce and Social Networks Between Dakar and Istanbul”. Turkish Journal of African Studies 2, no. 1 (April 2025): 67-83.
EndNote Sow P (April 1, 2025) Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-commerce and Social Networks between Dakar and Istanbul. Turkish Journal of African Studies 2 1 67–83.
IEEE P. Sow, “Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-commerce and Social Networks between Dakar and Istanbul”, TUJAS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67–83, 2025.
ISNAD Sow, Papa. “Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-Commerce and Social Networks Between Dakar and Istanbul”. Turkish Journal of African Studies 2/1 (April 2025), 67-83.
JAMA Sow P. Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-commerce and Social Networks between Dakar and Istanbul. TUJAS. 2025;2:67–83.
MLA Sow, Papa. “Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-Commerce and Social Networks Between Dakar and Istanbul”. Turkish Journal of African Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, 2025, pp. 67-83.
Vancouver Sow P. Bagassu Turkii: Senegalese Transnational E-commerce and Social Networks between Dakar and Istanbul. TUJAS. 2025;2(1):67-83.