Research Article
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Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 19 - 32, 30.04.2025

Abstract

Türkiye has emerged as one of the most active players in African politics under the administration of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party) governments which came to power in November 2002. The AK Party governments have developed new strategies to increase their political, economic, social and security relations with African countries. While Türkiye prioritized soft power policies towards Africa from 2005 to 2016, it began to give precedence to defense and security relations after 2016. This research aims to analyze and explore the main dynamics and driving factors behind Türkiye’s evolving defense and security policy with the continent. This study argues that the shifting internal dynamics in Türkiye, and the West’s inconsistent policies towards Türkiye became the major reasons and the factors shaping Türkiye’s defense and security policy in Africa. This study states that Türkiye's internal and international factors shape Türkiye's defense and security policy in Africa. The main research question in this study is as follows: What factors and dynamics affect and shape Türkiye's African defense and security policy?

References

  • Akpınar, P. (2013). Türkiye's peacebuilding in Somalia: The limits of humanitarian diplomacy. Turkish Studies, 14(4), 735-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.863448
  • Alemdar, A. (2021). Rekabetçi Afrika pazarında Türk savunma sanayiinin artan varlığı. Kriter, 6(63).
  • Aljazeera. (2023, March 15). Twelve years on from the beginning of Syria's war. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/15/twelve-years-on-from-the-beginning-of-syrias-war
  • Anadolu Agency. (2014). Barbaros Türk deniz görev grubu yurda döndü. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/barbaros-turk-deniz-gorev-grubu-yurda-dondu/147508
  • Aran, A., & Kutlay, M. (2024). Türkiye's quest for strategic autonomy in an era of multipolarity. Istanbul Policy Center (IPC) Policy Brief, 1-18.
  • Argun, S. (2005). The life and contribution of the Osmanli scholar, Abu Bakr Effendi: Towards Islamic thought and culture in South Africa [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Johannesburg.
  • Ataman, M. (2002). Leadership change: Özal leadership and restructuring in Turkish foreign policy. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 1(1), 120-153.
  • Balcı, A. (2021). Türkiye dış politikası: İlkeler, aktörler ve uygulamalar. ALFA.
  • Baldwin, D. A. (1997). The concept of security. Review of International Studies, 23, 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210597000053
  • Baylis, J. (2008). Uluslararası ilişkilerde güvenlik kavramı. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 5(18), 69-85.
  • BBC. (2022). Türkiye's Bayraktar TB2 drones: Why African states are buying them? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62485325
  • Buzan, B. (1991). New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. International Affairs, 67(3), 431-451. https://doi.org/10.2307/2621945
  • Cizre, Ü. (2003). Demythologyzing the natinal security concept: The case of Türkiye. Middle East Journal, 57(2), 213-229.
  • Dailysabah. (2021). Türkiye to resume energy exploration in East Med: Erdoğan. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkiye-to-resume-energy-exploration-in-east-med-erdogan
  • Dal, E. P., & Dipama, S. (2023). Assessing Türkiye-Africa engagements. APRI Policy Brief, 2, 1-44.
  • Daştan, D. (2024). Türkiye looks to cement strategic influence in Africa. Dailysabah. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/turkiye-looks-to-cement-strategic-influence-in-africa
  • Dedet, J. (2023). Türkiye's arms industry takes off in Africa. The Africareport. https://www.theafricareport.com/325048/turkiyes-arms-industry-takes-off-in-africa/
  • Defence Türkiye. (2014). Barbaros Turkish Maritime Task Group and the Turkish defence industry land in Africa. https://www.defenceturkiye.com/tr/icerik/barbaros-turkish-maritime-task-group-and-the-turkish-defence-industry-land-in-africa-1647
  • Development Initiatives. (2017). Global humanitarian assistance report 2017. https://devinit.org/media/documents/GHA-Report-2017-Full-report.pdf
  • Ekonomim. (2023). Türk müteahhitler Afrika'da 85,4 milyar dolarlık proje üstlendi. https://www.ekonomim.com/ekonomi/turk-muteahhitler-afrikada-854-milyar-dolarlik-proje-ustlendi-haberi-712447
  • Federico, D. (2023). From humanitarianism to drones: The pragmatic flexibility of Türkiye's policy toward Sub-Saharan Africa. Poliarchie/Polyarchies, 6(1), 4-21. https://doi.org/10.13137/2611-2914/34446
  • Fridolin, A., & Kitio, K. (2020). The rising security cooperation of Türkiye in Africa: An assessment from the military perspective. Journal of Rising Powers and Global Governance, 1(2), 43-59.
  • Göktepe, C., & Süleyman, S. (2015). Turkish foreign policy in the early Cold War era. Bilig, 72, 197-222.
  • Gül, M. (2016). The conceptual change in security and its implications over Türkiye's security approach and policies. SDU Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 21(1), 303-320.
  • Hazar, N. (2024). Afrika açılımlarının Türk dış politikası açısından önemi ve yansımaları nedir? In E. Sıvış & H. Aydın (Eds.), 50 soruda Türkiye-Afrika ilişkileri. Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Heukelingen, N. V., & Deen, B. (2022). Beyond Türkiye's 'zero problems' policy. Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations Policy Brief, 1-10.
  • International Crisis Group. (2023). Türkiye's growing drone exports. International Crisis Group Commentary, 1-9.
  • İncesu, S. (2020). Afrika açılım politikası. Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/olaylar-ve-gorusler/afrika-acilim-politikasi-1717211
  • Kanat, K. B. (2010). AK Party's foreign policy: Is Türkiye turning away from the West? Insight Türkiye, 12(1), 205-225.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, L. A. (2000). The evolution of the national security culture and the military in Türkiye. Journal of International Affairs, 54(1), 199-216.
  • Kavas, A. (2015). Osmanlı-Afrika ilişkileri. Kitabevi.
  • Kirişci, K. (2009). The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The rise of the trading state. New Perspectives on Türkiye, 40, 29-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0896634600005264
  • Kurç, Ç. (2023). No strings attached: Understanding Türkiye's arms exports to Africa. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 26(3), 378-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2023.2254531
  • McDonald, M. (2002). Human security and the construction of security. Global Society, 16(3), 277-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320220148076
  • Miller, B. (2001). The concept of security: Should it be redefined? The Journal of Strategic Studies, 24(2), 13-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390108565553
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye. (n.d.). Türkiye-Africa relations. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-africa-relations.en.mfa
  • Müftüler-Bac, M. (1996). Türkiye's predicament in the post-Cold War era. Futures, 28(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(96)00002-5
  • Oğuzlu, H. T. (2020). Turkish foreign policy in a changing world order. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace, 9(1), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.647385
  • Orhonlu, C. (1969). Osmanlı-Bornu münasebetine aid belgeler. Tarih Belgesi, 23, 111-130.
  • Ozkan, M. (2012). A new actor or passer-by? The political economy of Türkiye's engagement with Africa. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 14(1), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2012.656968
  • Özkan, M. (2008). Türkiye discovers Africa: Implications and prospects. SETA Policy Brief, 22, 1-8.
  • Rossiter, A., & Cannon, B. J. (2019). Re-examing the "base": The political and security dimensions of Türkiye's military presence in Somalia. Insight Türkiye, 21(1), 167-188.
  • Sancak, K. (2013). Güvenlik kavramı etrafındaki tartışmalar ve uluslararası güvenliğin dönüşümü. KATÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6, 123-134.
  • Sıradağ, A. (2018). Türkiye-Africa alliance: Evolving patterns in security relations. African Security Review, 27(3-4), 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2018.1546599
  • Sıradağ, A. (2020). Türkiye's engagement with the African organizations: Partner or competitor? India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, 76(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928420961771
  • Sıradağ, A. (2022). The rise of Türkiye's soft power in Africa: Reasons, dynamics, and constraints. International Journal of Political Studies, 8(2), 1-14.
  • T.C. Milli Savunma Bakanlığı. (2024). Yurtdışındaki askeri ateşelikler. https://www.msb.gov.tr/SavunmaGuvenlik/icerik/yurt-disindaki-asker-ataselikler
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2023). Afrika ülkeleri ile ticari ve ekonomik ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi stratejisi ile ticaret hacmimiz son 20 yılda yüzde 800 arttı. https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/afrika-ulkeleri-ile-ticari-ve-ekonomik-iliskilerin-gelistirilmesi-stratejisi-ile-ticaret-hacmimiz-son-20-yilda-yuzde-800-artti
  • Tian, N., Silva, D. L. D., Liang, X., & Scarazzato, L. (2023). Trends in world military expenditure. SIPRI Fact Sheet, 1-12.
  • TİKA. (2017). Türkiye'nin yaptığı hastanelerde şifa buluyorlar. https://tika.gov.tr/detail-turkiye_nin_yaptigi_hastanelerde_sifa_buluyorlar/
  • Time Aerospace. (2022). Turkish drones emerge as Middle East game-changer. https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/turkish-drones-emerge-as-middle-east-game-changer
  • Turhan, Y. (2024). Türkiye's foreign aid to Africa: An analysis of the post-July 15 era. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23(5), 795-812. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.1888026
  • Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi. (2024). İhracat raporu 2024. https://tim.org.tr/files/downloads/Strateji_Raporlari/ihracat_2024_raporu-2.pdf
  • Yaşar, N. T. (2022). Unpacking Türkiye's security footprint in Africa. SWP Comment, 42, 1-7.
  • Yılmaz, A., & Ekiz, A. (2024). Türk askerinin Aden Körfezi'ndeki görev süresi uzatıldı. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/turk-askerinin-aden-korfezindeki-gorev-suresi-uzatildi/3111735

Türkiye'nin Afrika'ya Yönelik Yeni Savunma ve Güvenlik Politikasını Anlamak: Yeni Dinamikler ve Yeni Yaklaşımlar

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 19 - 32, 30.04.2025

Abstract

Türkiye, Kasım 2002'de iktidara gelen Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AK Parti) yönetimi altında Afrika siyasetinde aktif bir dış politika izlemektedir. AK Parti hükümetleri, Afrika ülkeleriyle siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal ve güvenlik ilişkilerini artırmak için yeni stratejiler geliştirmiştir. Türkiye, 2005'ten 2016'ya kadar Afrika'ya yönelik yumuşak güç politikalarına öncelik verirken, 2016'dan sonra savunma ve güvenlik ilişkilerine öncelik vermeye başlamıştır. Bu araştırma, Türkiye'nin kıta ile gelişen güvenlik ve savunma politikalarının arkasındaki temel dinamikleri ve faktörleri analiz edecektir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki değişen iç dinamiklerin ve Batı'nın Türkiye'ye yönelik çelişkili politikaların, Türkiye'nin Afrika'daki güvenlik politikasını şekillendiren başlıca nedenler ve faktörler olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, içerik analizi kullanılarak Türkiye'nin Afrika ile güvenlik ve savunma ilişkilerini neden güçlendirdiği sorusuna bütünsel bir yöntem içinde cevap aranacaktır.

References

  • Akpınar, P. (2013). Türkiye's peacebuilding in Somalia: The limits of humanitarian diplomacy. Turkish Studies, 14(4), 735-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.863448
  • Alemdar, A. (2021). Rekabetçi Afrika pazarında Türk savunma sanayiinin artan varlığı. Kriter, 6(63).
  • Aljazeera. (2023, March 15). Twelve years on from the beginning of Syria's war. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/15/twelve-years-on-from-the-beginning-of-syrias-war
  • Anadolu Agency. (2014). Barbaros Türk deniz görev grubu yurda döndü. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/barbaros-turk-deniz-gorev-grubu-yurda-dondu/147508
  • Aran, A., & Kutlay, M. (2024). Türkiye's quest for strategic autonomy in an era of multipolarity. Istanbul Policy Center (IPC) Policy Brief, 1-18.
  • Argun, S. (2005). The life and contribution of the Osmanli scholar, Abu Bakr Effendi: Towards Islamic thought and culture in South Africa [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Johannesburg.
  • Ataman, M. (2002). Leadership change: Özal leadership and restructuring in Turkish foreign policy. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 1(1), 120-153.
  • Balcı, A. (2021). Türkiye dış politikası: İlkeler, aktörler ve uygulamalar. ALFA.
  • Baldwin, D. A. (1997). The concept of security. Review of International Studies, 23, 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210597000053
  • Baylis, J. (2008). Uluslararası ilişkilerde güvenlik kavramı. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 5(18), 69-85.
  • BBC. (2022). Türkiye's Bayraktar TB2 drones: Why African states are buying them? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62485325
  • Buzan, B. (1991). New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. International Affairs, 67(3), 431-451. https://doi.org/10.2307/2621945
  • Cizre, Ü. (2003). Demythologyzing the natinal security concept: The case of Türkiye. Middle East Journal, 57(2), 213-229.
  • Dailysabah. (2021). Türkiye to resume energy exploration in East Med: Erdoğan. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkiye-to-resume-energy-exploration-in-east-med-erdogan
  • Dal, E. P., & Dipama, S. (2023). Assessing Türkiye-Africa engagements. APRI Policy Brief, 2, 1-44.
  • Daştan, D. (2024). Türkiye looks to cement strategic influence in Africa. Dailysabah. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/turkiye-looks-to-cement-strategic-influence-in-africa
  • Dedet, J. (2023). Türkiye's arms industry takes off in Africa. The Africareport. https://www.theafricareport.com/325048/turkiyes-arms-industry-takes-off-in-africa/
  • Defence Türkiye. (2014). Barbaros Turkish Maritime Task Group and the Turkish defence industry land in Africa. https://www.defenceturkiye.com/tr/icerik/barbaros-turkish-maritime-task-group-and-the-turkish-defence-industry-land-in-africa-1647
  • Development Initiatives. (2017). Global humanitarian assistance report 2017. https://devinit.org/media/documents/GHA-Report-2017-Full-report.pdf
  • Ekonomim. (2023). Türk müteahhitler Afrika'da 85,4 milyar dolarlık proje üstlendi. https://www.ekonomim.com/ekonomi/turk-muteahhitler-afrikada-854-milyar-dolarlik-proje-ustlendi-haberi-712447
  • Federico, D. (2023). From humanitarianism to drones: The pragmatic flexibility of Türkiye's policy toward Sub-Saharan Africa. Poliarchie/Polyarchies, 6(1), 4-21. https://doi.org/10.13137/2611-2914/34446
  • Fridolin, A., & Kitio, K. (2020). The rising security cooperation of Türkiye in Africa: An assessment from the military perspective. Journal of Rising Powers and Global Governance, 1(2), 43-59.
  • Göktepe, C., & Süleyman, S. (2015). Turkish foreign policy in the early Cold War era. Bilig, 72, 197-222.
  • Gül, M. (2016). The conceptual change in security and its implications over Türkiye's security approach and policies. SDU Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 21(1), 303-320.
  • Hazar, N. (2024). Afrika açılımlarının Türk dış politikası açısından önemi ve yansımaları nedir? In E. Sıvış & H. Aydın (Eds.), 50 soruda Türkiye-Afrika ilişkileri. Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Heukelingen, N. V., & Deen, B. (2022). Beyond Türkiye's 'zero problems' policy. Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations Policy Brief, 1-10.
  • International Crisis Group. (2023). Türkiye's growing drone exports. International Crisis Group Commentary, 1-9.
  • İncesu, S. (2020). Afrika açılım politikası. Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/olaylar-ve-gorusler/afrika-acilim-politikasi-1717211
  • Kanat, K. B. (2010). AK Party's foreign policy: Is Türkiye turning away from the West? Insight Türkiye, 12(1), 205-225.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, L. A. (2000). The evolution of the national security culture and the military in Türkiye. Journal of International Affairs, 54(1), 199-216.
  • Kavas, A. (2015). Osmanlı-Afrika ilişkileri. Kitabevi.
  • Kirişci, K. (2009). The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The rise of the trading state. New Perspectives on Türkiye, 40, 29-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0896634600005264
  • Kurç, Ç. (2023). No strings attached: Understanding Türkiye's arms exports to Africa. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 26(3), 378-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2023.2254531
  • McDonald, M. (2002). Human security and the construction of security. Global Society, 16(3), 277-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320220148076
  • Miller, B. (2001). The concept of security: Should it be redefined? The Journal of Strategic Studies, 24(2), 13-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390108565553
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye. (n.d.). Türkiye-Africa relations. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-africa-relations.en.mfa
  • Müftüler-Bac, M. (1996). Türkiye's predicament in the post-Cold War era. Futures, 28(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(96)00002-5
  • Oğuzlu, H. T. (2020). Turkish foreign policy in a changing world order. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace, 9(1), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.647385
  • Orhonlu, C. (1969). Osmanlı-Bornu münasebetine aid belgeler. Tarih Belgesi, 23, 111-130.
  • Ozkan, M. (2012). A new actor or passer-by? The political economy of Türkiye's engagement with Africa. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 14(1), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2012.656968
  • Özkan, M. (2008). Türkiye discovers Africa: Implications and prospects. SETA Policy Brief, 22, 1-8.
  • Rossiter, A., & Cannon, B. J. (2019). Re-examing the "base": The political and security dimensions of Türkiye's military presence in Somalia. Insight Türkiye, 21(1), 167-188.
  • Sancak, K. (2013). Güvenlik kavramı etrafındaki tartışmalar ve uluslararası güvenliğin dönüşümü. KATÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6, 123-134.
  • Sıradağ, A. (2018). Türkiye-Africa alliance: Evolving patterns in security relations. African Security Review, 27(3-4), 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2018.1546599
  • Sıradağ, A. (2020). Türkiye's engagement with the African organizations: Partner or competitor? India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, 76(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928420961771
  • Sıradağ, A. (2022). The rise of Türkiye's soft power in Africa: Reasons, dynamics, and constraints. International Journal of Political Studies, 8(2), 1-14.
  • T.C. Milli Savunma Bakanlığı. (2024). Yurtdışındaki askeri ateşelikler. https://www.msb.gov.tr/SavunmaGuvenlik/icerik/yurt-disindaki-asker-ataselikler
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2023). Afrika ülkeleri ile ticari ve ekonomik ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi stratejisi ile ticaret hacmimiz son 20 yılda yüzde 800 arttı. https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/afrika-ulkeleri-ile-ticari-ve-ekonomik-iliskilerin-gelistirilmesi-stratejisi-ile-ticaret-hacmimiz-son-20-yilda-yuzde-800-artti
  • Tian, N., Silva, D. L. D., Liang, X., & Scarazzato, L. (2023). Trends in world military expenditure. SIPRI Fact Sheet, 1-12.
  • TİKA. (2017). Türkiye'nin yaptığı hastanelerde şifa buluyorlar. https://tika.gov.tr/detail-turkiye_nin_yaptigi_hastanelerde_sifa_buluyorlar/
  • Time Aerospace. (2022). Turkish drones emerge as Middle East game-changer. https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/turkish-drones-emerge-as-middle-east-game-changer
  • Turhan, Y. (2024). Türkiye's foreign aid to Africa: An analysis of the post-July 15 era. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23(5), 795-812. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.1888026
  • Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi. (2024). İhracat raporu 2024. https://tim.org.tr/files/downloads/Strateji_Raporlari/ihracat_2024_raporu-2.pdf
  • Yaşar, N. T. (2022). Unpacking Türkiye's security footprint in Africa. SWP Comment, 42, 1-7.
  • Yılmaz, A., & Ekiz, A. (2024). Türk askerinin Aden Körfezi'ndeki görev süresi uzatıldı. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/turk-askerinin-aden-korfezindeki-gorev-suresi-uzatildi/3111735
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Abdurrahim Sıradağ 0000-0003-0778-9211

Early Pub Date April 25, 2025
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date March 4, 2025
Acceptance Date April 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sıradağ, A. (2025). Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches. Turkish Journal of African Studies, 2(1), 19-32.
AMA Sıradağ A. Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches. TUJAS. April 2025;2(1):19-32.
Chicago Sıradağ, Abdurrahim. “Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches”. Turkish Journal of African Studies 2, no. 1 (April 2025): 19-32.
EndNote Sıradağ A (April 1, 2025) Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches. Turkish Journal of African Studies 2 1 19–32.
IEEE A. Sıradağ, “Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches”, TUJAS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19–32, 2025.
ISNAD Sıradağ, Abdurrahim. “Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches”. Turkish Journal of African Studies 2/1 (April 2025), 19-32.
JAMA Sıradağ A. Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches. TUJAS. 2025;2:19–32.
MLA Sıradağ, Abdurrahim. “Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches”. Turkish Journal of African Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, 2025, pp. 19-32.
Vancouver Sıradağ A. Understanding Türkiye’s New Defense and Security Policy towards Africa: New Dynamics, and New Approaches. TUJAS. 2025;2(1):19-32.