Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil with Carbon Nano-Particle

Mohammed Hassan Jabal; Arshad Abdul Jaleil Hameed; Abdulrahman Shakir Mahmood

doi:10.31127/tuje.1713826

Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil with Carbon Nano-Particle

Abstract

The escalating environmental concerns associated with petroleum-based lubricants have intensified the search for sustainable alternatives. While vegetable oils offer promising biodegradability and renewability, their tribological performance often falls short of mineral oils. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the performance of soybean oil by blending it with Carbon Nano Particles (CNPs), addressing a critical research gap in the application of nano-additives to this specific bio-oil. The primary motivation is to develop an environmentally friendly lubricant with performance characteristics that rival or surpass conventional mineral oil. The methodology involved an experimental investigation using a four-ball tribotester according to ASTM D4172 standards. Soybean oil was blended with CNP additives at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 wt.%, and its performance was compared to both neat soybean oil and a commercial mineral oil. Key findings reveal that the 3.0 wt.% CNP blend (SOC3) demonstrated superior performance: it yielded the smallest wear scar diameter (WSD) (364.01 µm), the lowest coefficient of friction (0.0133), and the highest flash temperature parameter (164.62), significantly outperforming both neat soybean oil and the mineral oil benchmark. The significance of these results is profound, demonstrating that CNP additives can effectively mitigate the inherent limitations of soybean oil. This study conclusively shows that soybean-CNP blends are not merely eco-friendly alternatives but are high-performance lubricants capable of reducing wear and friction, thereby offering a viable and sustainable substitute for petroleum-based products in industrial applications.

Keywords

References

Kantoğlu, B., & Argun, İ. D. (2023). Evaulation of renewable energy source alternatives prioritization. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 7(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1001488
Savcı, S. (2017). Treatment of biodiesel wastewater using yellow mustard seeds. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 1(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.315927
Pachaiyappan, K., Sengodan, N., Sekar, P., Ramalingam, V., & Periyasamy, S. (2024). Enhancing combustion efficiency: utilizing graphene oxide nanofluids as fuel additives with tomato oil methyl ester in CI engines. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 8(4), 720-728. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1480190
Vural, U. (2020). Waste mineral oils re-refining with physicochemical methods. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 4(2), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.616960
Baş, H. (2023). Tribological properties of MoS2 particles as lubricant additive on the performance of statically loaded radial journal bearings. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 7(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1016153
Veeraraghavan, S. M., Kaliyaperumal, G., Sampath, S., Jayabal, R., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Manickaraj, P., ... & Dillikannan, D. (2025). Optimized Injection Strategy for Hydrogen-Waste Transformer Oil Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Engines: A Novel Waste-to-Energy Solution Towards Environmental Protection. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 107749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107749
Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011). Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(3), 1513-1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.037
Wichmann, H., Stache, H., Schmidt, C., Winter, M., Bock, R., Herrmann, C., & Bahadir, M. (2013). Ecological and economic evaluation of a novel glycerol based biocide-free metalworking fluid. Journal of Cleaner Production, 43, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.042

Jaafar, I. H., Venkatachalam, A., Joshi, K., Ungureanu, A. C., De Silva, N., Rouch, K. E., Dillon Jr, O. W., & Jawahir, I. S. (2007). Product design for sustainability: a new assessment methodology and case studies. Environmentally conscious mechanical design, 5, 25-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470168202.ch2
Saini, A., Dhiman, S., Sharma, R., & Setia, S. (2014). Experimental estimation and optimization of process parameters under minimum quantity lubrication and dry turning of AISI-4340 with different carbide inserts. Journal of mechanical science and Technology, 28, 2307-2318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-014-0521-8
Yuvarajan, D., & Venkata Ramanan, M. (2016). Experimental analysis on neat mustard oil methyl ester subjected to ultrasonication and microwave irradiation in four stroke single cylinder Diesel engine. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 30, 437-446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-1248-x
Honary, L. A. (1996). An investigation of the use of soybean oil in hydraulic systems. Bioresource Technology, 56(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(95)00184-0
Bari, S., Lim, T. H., & Yu, C. W. (2002). Effects of preheating of crude palm oil (CPO) on injection system, performance and emission of a diesel engine. Renewable energy, 27(3), 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00010-1
Ahmed, H. I., Hassan, X. M., & Abdul, C. A. (2011). Performance changes for window type air-conditioner unit chemically treated to work in an industrial petrochemical environment. Engineering and Technology Journal, 29(9), 430-447. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.29.9.19
Nik, W. W., Ani, F. N., & Masjuki, H. H. (2005). Thermal stability evaluation of palm oil as energy transport media. Energy Conversion and Management, 46(13-14), 2198-2215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.10.008
Nik, W. W., Ani, F. N., Masjuki, H. H., & Giap, S. E. (2005). Rheology of bio-edible oils according to several rheological models and its potential as hydraulic fluid. Industrial Crops and Products, 22(3), 249-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.01.005
Wan Nik, W. B., Maleque, M. A., Ani, F. N., & Masjuki, H. H. (2007). Experimental investigation on system performance using palm oil as hydraulic fluid. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 59(5), 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1108/00368790710776784
Jabal, M. H., Khlefia, M. Z., Ahmed, I. S., & Salman, H. D. (2020). Performance features of the sunflower seeds oil as a hydraulic bio fluid under various normal loads. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 82(2). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v82.13354
Syahrullail, S., Zubil, B. M., Azwadi, C. S. N., & Ridzuan, M. J. M. (2011). Experimental evaluation of palm oil as lubricant in cold forward extrusion process. International journal of mechanical sciences, 53(7), 549-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2011.05.002
Altammar, K. A. (2023). A review on nanoparticles: characteristics, synthesis, applications, and challenges. Frontiers in microbiology, 14, 1155622. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155622
Jabal, M. H., & Khalefa, M. Z. (2018). Tribological characteristics evaluation of mustard oil blends. Journal of Engineering, 24(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.03.01
Fattah, F. A., Ariff, M. M., Hassan, J. M., & Nasir, A. F. (2017). The tribological characteristics of rubber seed oil with mineral oil blends. Malaysian Journal of Industrial Technology, 2(2), 17-22. https://ejournal.unikl.edu.my/index.php/mjit/article/view/538
Jabal, M. H., Khudhair, A. A., & Ani, F. N. (2022). Thermal characteristic of corn fluid blends as renewable bio-fluid. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2415, No. 1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0092271
Jabal, M. H., Hassoun, E. O., Abdulmunem, A. R., & Ani, F. N. (2019). Experimental investigation of the neat rubber seed oil as a hydraulic fluid using four-ball tribotester. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 14(5), 2670-2680. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229330793
Ibraheem, D. J., Jabal, M. H., & Ismael, S. J. (2024). Thermal performance characteristics of sunflower seed oil as a renewable bio fluid. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3002, No. 1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0205863
Jabal, M.H., Abdulmunem, A.R., & Abd, H.S. (2021). As a potential hydraulic fluid: Corn oil behavior characteristics examination. Journal of Thermal Engineering, 7(2), 215-221. https://doi.org/10.18186/thermal.871628
Khudhair, A. A., Jabal, M. H., & Ismail, S. J. (2022). Corn Oil Performance’s A Bio Cooling Fluid in Electric Distribution Transformer. Engineering and Technology Journal, 40(1), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v40i1.2031
Saweecht, F. J., Ismael, S. J., & Jabal, M. H. (2024). Implement a water pumps intelligent controller for industrial applications. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3002, No. 1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0205860
Saweecht, F. J., Jabal, M. H., & Ismael, S. J. (2024). Performance characteristics a photovoltaic liquid pumping system under various operation conditions. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3002, No. 1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0205861
Ibraheem, D. J., Ismail, S. J., & Jabal, M. H. (2024). Thermal performance features of the bio-pumping unit with automatic controller based on neural network. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3002, No. 1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0205862
Prasetiawan, H., Fardhyanti, D. S., Fatrisari, W., & Hadiyanto, H. (2023). Preliminary study on the bio-oil production from multi feed-stock biomass waste via fast pyrolysis process. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 103, 216-27. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.103.2.216227
Teh, J. S., Teoh, Y. H., Idroas, M. Y., & How, H. G. (2022). Estimation of higher heating value of biomass from proximate and ultimate analysis: a novel approach. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 94, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.94.2.99109

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Bio-Fluids

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mohammed Hassan Jabal
0000-0001-5774-5212
Iraq

Arshad Abdul Jaleil Hameed
0000-0003-2599-8316
Iraq

Abdulrahman Shakir Mahmood ^*
0000-0002-5729-6776
Iraq

Early Pub Date

November 13, 2025

Publication Date

December 16, 2025

Submission Date

June 4, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 6, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1713826

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA56DD78ZU

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Hassan Jabal, M., Abdul Jaleil Hameed, A., & Shakir Mahmood, A. (2025). Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil with Carbon Nano-Particle. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 10(1), 197-203. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1713826

AMA

1.Hassan Jabal M, Abdul Jaleil Hameed A, Shakir Mahmood A. Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil with Carbon Nano-Particle. TUJE. 2025;10(1):197-203. doi:10.31127/tuje.1713826

Chicago

Hassan Jabal, Mohammed, Arshad Abdul Jaleil Hameed, and Abdulrahman Shakir Mahmood. 2025. “Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil With Carbon Nano-Particle”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 (1): 197-203. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1713826.

EndNote

Hassan Jabal M, Abdul Jaleil Hameed A, Shakir Mahmood A (December 1, 2025) Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil with Carbon Nano-Particle. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 1 197–203.

IEEE

[1]M. Hassan Jabal, A. Abdul Jaleil Hameed, and A. Shakir Mahmood, “Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil with Carbon Nano-Particle”, TUJE, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 197–203, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.31127/tuje.1713826.

ISNAD

Hassan Jabal, Mohammed - Abdul Jaleil Hameed, Arshad - Shakir Mahmood, Abdulrahman. “Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil With Carbon Nano-Particle”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10/1 (December 1, 2025): 197-203. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1713826.

JAMA

1.Hassan Jabal M, Abdul Jaleil Hameed A, Shakir Mahmood A. Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil with Carbon Nano-Particle. TUJE. 2025;10:197–203.

MLA

Hassan Jabal, Mohammed, et al. “Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil With Carbon Nano-Particle”. Turkish Journal of Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, Dec. 2025, pp. 197-03, doi:10.31127/tuje.1713826.

Vancouver

1.Mohammed Hassan Jabal, Arshad Abdul Jaleil Hameed, Abdulrahman Shakir Mahmood. Experimental Study of the Flash Temperature Parameter for the Blends of Soybean Oil with Carbon Nano-Particle. TUJE. 2025 Dec. 1;10(1):197-203. doi:10.31127/tuje.1713826