SWOT analysis of green building systems in real estate development

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 330 - 340, 30.04.2024

Münevver Çağan Fatma Bünyan Ünel

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1401233

Abstract

Sustainable and green facts are important for leaving a healthy environment for future generations. These facts are like sustainable development, sustainable city, green building, green economy, and so on. Green building is an innovative solution to sustainable urban planning problems. In this study, green building, sustainability, development processes are examined, and the opportunities and threats of green buildings with their strengths and weaknesses are determined by SWOT analysis. Besides, the construction cost and energy savings of a green building are compared to the traditional building. As a result of SWOT analysis, besides its significant strengths such as sustainability of green buildings, low energy consumption, and independence of energy consumption, high initial investment cost was determined as the most critical weakness. The increase in building values and the emergence of new business ventures are considered opportunities for green buildings, and the perception of green buildings as luxury is considered a threat. Ultimately, this study reveals the critical significance of transitioning towards sustainable construction practices, supported by compelling numerical evidence. Despite the initial higher investment costs, green buildings exhibit substantial long-term benefits, with the construction costs of the LEED gold-certified building calculated at 31,798,854.3 ₺ and the platinum-certified building at 32,390,841.0 ₺ in January 2024. Notably, energy savings of 47.7% and 61.6% were projected for the gold and platinum-certified buildings, respectively.

Keywords

Green building, Real estate development, SWOT analysis, Sustainability, Ecological city

References

• Resmî Gazete (2001). Türk Medeni Kanunu (22.11.2001), 5, 41, 24607. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.4721.pdf
• Karagöz, M. (2010). Haritacılıkta taşınmaz mal hukuku. Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası, Ankara.
• Erdede, S. B., & Bektaş, S. (2014). Ekolojik açıdan sürdürülebilir taşınmaz geliştirme ve yeşil bina sertifika sistemleri. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 1-12.
• Bulloch, B., & Sullivan, J. (2010). Information–the key to the real estate development process. Cornell Real Estate Review, 8, 78-87.
• Kuhlman, T., & Farrington, J. (2010). What is sustainability? Sustainability, 2(11), 3436-3448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2113436
• Borowy, I. (2013). Defining sustainable development for our common future: A history of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission). Routledge.
• Redclift, M. (2005). Sustainable development (1987–2005): an oxymoron comes of age. Sustainable Development, 13(4), 212-227. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.281
• Register, R. (1987). Ecocity Berkeley: building cities for a healthy future. North Atlantic Books.
• Keleş, R. (1980). Kentbilim terimleri sözlüğü. Sevinç Basımevi.
• Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., Shakouri, B., Salehi, H., & Fashandi, A. (2017). Sustainable development and ecological economics. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(8), 740-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1296506
• Pacheco Rocha, N., Dias, A., Santinha, G., Rodrigues, M., Rodrigues, C., Queirós, A., ... & Pavão, J. (2022). Systematic literature review of context-awareness applications supported by smart cities’ infrastructures. SN Applied Sciences, 4, 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-04979-0
• Öztopcu, A., & Salman, A. (2019). Sürdürülebilir Kalkinmada Akilli Kentler. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 41, 167-188. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.476335
• Zhang, X. (2015). Green real estate development in China: State of art and prospect agenda—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.012
• Song, Y. (2011). Ecological city and urban sustainable development. Procedia Engineering, 21, 142-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.1997
• Wang, R., Zhou, T., Hu, D., Li, F., & Liu, J. (2011). Cultivating eco-sustainability: Social–economic–natural complex ecosystem case studies in China. Ecological Complexity, 8(4), 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2011.03.003
• Atasoy, M. (2020). Characterizing spatial structure of urban tree cover (UTC) and impervious surface cover (ISC) density using remotely sensed data in Osmaniye, Turkey. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2154-0
• Asare, K. A., Ruikar, K. D., Zanni, M., & Soetanto, R. (2020). BIM-based LCA and energy analysis for optimised sustainable building design in Ghana. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03682-2
• Yildiz, H. (2016). Sürdürülebilirlik bağlamında sağlık sektöründe inovatif uygulamalar: Yeşil hastaneler. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(13), 323-340.
• Dwaikat, L. N., & Ali, K. N. (2018). The economic benefits of a green building–Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Building Engineering, 18, 448-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.04.017
• Çelik, E. (2009). Yeşil bina sertifika sistemlerinin incelenmesi Türkiye’de uygulanabilirliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. [Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Technical University].
• Erdede, S. B., Erdede, B., & Bektaş, S. (2014). Sürdürülebilir yeşil binalar ve sertifika sistemlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS 2014), 14(17), 17-32.
• Şenol, S. (2009). Gayrimenkul geliştirme sürecinde yeşil binaların sürdürülebilirlik kriterleri açısından incelenmesi. [Doctoral Dissertation, Istanbul Technical University].
• Talpur, B. D., Ullah, A., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Water consumption pattern and conservation measures in academic building: a case study of Jamshoro Pakistan. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03588-z
• Awadh, O. (2017). Sustainability and green building rating systems: LEED, BREEAM, GSAS and Estidama critical analysis. Journal of Building Engineering, 11, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.03.010
• Deligöz, D., Kabak, S., & Sağlam, A. İ. (2020). Türkiye’de Konut Yapılarında Kullanılmakta Olan Sertifika Sistemlerinin Kaynakların Korunumu Bağlamında İncelenmesi. GRID-Architecture Planning and Design Journal, 3(2), 222-245. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.743045
• Anbarcı, M., Giran, Ö., & Demir, İ. H. (2012). Uluslararasi yeşil bina sertifika sistemleri ile türkiyedeki bina enerji verimliliği uygulaması. Engineering Sciences, 7(1), 368-383.
• Uğur, L. O., & Leblebici, N. (2018). An examination of the LEED green building certification system in terms of construction costs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1476-1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.210
• Deniz, V., Kayalık, M., Kırtıloğlu, O. S., & Polat, Z. A. (2023). The public-private partnership (PPP) in the provision of land registry and cadastre services in Türkiye. Advanced Land Management, 3(1), 41-53.
• Pak, D. N. B., Kirtiloğlu, O. S., Kayalik, M., & Polat, Z. A. (2023). The transformation from e-government to e-land administration in Türkiye: A SWOT-based assessment analysis. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 8(3), 290-300. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1152715
• Razkenari, M., Fenner, A., Shojaei, A., Hakim, H., & Kibert, C. (2020). Perceptions of offsite construction in the United States: An investigation of current practices. Journal of Building Engineering, 29, 101138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101138
• Terrados, J., Almonacid, G., & Hontoria, L. (2007). Regional energy planning through SWOT analysis and strategic planning tools.: Impact on renewables development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(6), 1275-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.08.003
• Yontar, E. (2023). Challenges, threats and advantages of using blockchain technology in the framework of sustainability of the logistics sector. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 7(3), 186-195. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1094375
• Taktak, F., & Ilı, M. (2018). Güneş enerji santrali (GES) geliştirme: Uşak örneği. Geomatik, 3(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.29128/geomatik.329561
• Matthews, J. R. (2004). Technology planning: preparing and updating a library technology plan. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
• Paliwal, R. (2006). EIA practice in India and its evaluation using SWOT analysis. Environmental İmpact Assessment Review, 26(5), 492-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2006.01.004
• Nikolaou, E. I., Ierapetritis, D., & Tsagarakis, K. P. (2011). An evaluation of the prospects of green entrepreneurship development using a SWOT analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2011.543565
• Khoshbakht, M., Gou, Z., & Dupre, K. (2017). Cost-benefit prediction of green buildings: SWOT analysis of research methods and recent applications. Procedia Engineering, 180, 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.176
• Brophy, V., & Lewis, J. O. (2012). A green vitruvius: principles and practice of sustainable architectural design. Routledge.
• Liu, Y., Guo, X., & Hu, F. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis on green building energy efficiency technology application: A case in China. Energy and Buildings, 82, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.008
• Lam, P. T., Chan, E. H., Chau, C. K., Poon, C. S., & Chun, K. P. (2011). Environmental management system vs green specifications: How do they complement each other in the construction industry? Journal of Environmental Management, 92(3), 788-795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.030
• Glicksman, L. R., Norford, L. K., & Greden, L. V. (2001). Energy conservation in Chinese residential buildings: progress and opportunities in design and policy. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 26(1), 83-115. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.83
• Nelms, C. E., Russell, A. D., & Lence, B. J. (2007). Assessing the performance of sustainable technologies: a framework and its application. Building Research & Information, 35(3), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210601058139
• Huang, Y. H., & Wu, J. H. (2007). Technological system and renewable energy policy: a case study of solar photovoltaic in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(2), 345-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2004.12.004
• Shen, L. Y., Tam, V. W. Y., & Li, C. Y. (2009). Benefit analysis on replacing in situ concreting with precast slabs for temporary construction works in pursuing sustainable construction practice. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(3), 145-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.11.001
• Pacheco, R., Ordóñez, J., & Martínez, G. (2012). Energy efficient design of building: A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 16(6), 3559-3573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.045
• Vanegas, J. A., DuBose, J. R., & Pearce, A. R. (1996). Sustainable technologies for the building construction industry. In Proceedings, Symposium on Design for the Global Environment, Atlanta, GA.
• Hunt, D. V., Jefferson, I., & Rogers, C. D. (2011). Assessing the sustainability of underground space usage—A toolkit for testing possible urban futures. Journal of Mountain Science, 8, 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2093-8
• Zhang, Y., Kang, J., & Jin, H. (2018). A review of green building development in China from the perspective of energy saving. Energies, 11(2), 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020334
• Leblebici, N., & Uğur, L. (2015). Yeşil bina sertifikalandırma sistemlerinin inşaat maliyetleri ve taşınmaz değeri üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(2), 544-576.
• Öztürk, A. (2015). Yeşil bina sertifikasyon sistemlerinin analizi. [Master’s Thesis, İstanbul Teknik University].
• Uğur, L. O., & Leblebici, N. (2019). LEED Yeşil Bina Sertifika Sisteminin Taşınmaz Değeri Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İrdelenmesi. Teknik Dergi, 30(1), 8753-8776. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.312932
• Ruth, L., McGowan, E., Masciangioli, T., Wood-Black, F., & Anastas, P. (Eds.). (2007). Exploring opportunities in green chemistry and engineering education: A workshop summary to the chemical sciences roundtable. National Academies Press.