Medikal Turizmde Estetik Cerrahi Operasyonlarıyla İlgili Mikobakteri Vakaları

Year 2024, , 96 - 119, 31.05.2024

Gamze Alp

https://doi.org/10.7460/turar.1446753

Abstract

Medikal turizmin popülerlik kazanmaya başlaması, gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sağlık maliyetlerinin artmasıyla medikal turizme katılanların sayısı da her geçen artmaktadır. Artan medikal turist sayıları bazı bakteri çeşitlerinin de yayılmasına sebebiyet vermektedir. Hızla çoğalan bakteriler kategorisinde yer alan mikobakteriler, bu yayılımın sebepleri arasında yer almaktadır. Literatürde, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde alınan medikal tedaviler sonrasında mikobakteri enfeksiyonlarının giderek arttığı dikkati çekmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışma medikal turizm sonrasında mikobakteri teşhisi alan hastaların yaşlarını, hangi yıl işlem gördüklerini, tedavi sürelerini, nerede estetik yaptırdıklarını ve hangi medikal tedavileri aldıklarını derlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda medikal turistlerin en çok Dominik Cumhuriyeti’nde estetik işlem yaptırdıktan sonra rahatsızlık yaşadıkları ve 19 – 58 yaş aralığında oldukları görülmektedir. Mikobakteri türleri arasında mikobakteri apsesine oldukça yaygın olarak rastlandığı belirlenmiştir. Mikobakteriye, özellikle göğüs operasyonları, karın germe ve yağ aldırma estetik işlemleri sonrası rastlandığı belirlenmiştir. Hastaların tedavi sürelerinin ise 2 hafta ile 16 ay arasında değişiklik göstermektedir.

Keywords

Mikobakteri, Medikal Turizm, Medikal Tedaviler

Mycobacteria Cases Related to Aesthetic Surgery Operations in Medical Tourism

Abstract

As medical tourism has started to gain popularity and health costs in developed countries have increased, the number of people participating in medical tourism is increasing day by day. The increasing number of medical tourists also causes the spread of some types of bacteria. Mycobacteria, which are in the category of rapidly multiplying bacteria, are among the causes of this spread. In the literature, it is noteworthy that mycobacterial infections are increasing after medical treatments, especially in developing countries. In this context, the study aims to compile the ages patients diagnosed with mycobacteria after medical tourism, the year of the procedure, the duration of treatment, where they had aesthetic surgery and which medical treatments they received. As a result of the study, it is seen that medical tourists most often experience discomfort after having aesthetic procedures in the Dominican Republic and are between the ages of 19 - 58. Among mycobacteria species, mycobacteria abscess was found to be quite common. It was determined that mycobacteria were encountered especially after breast operations, tummy tuck and liposuction aesthetic procedures. The duration of treatment varies between 2 weeks and 16 months.

Keywords

Mycobacterium, Medical Tourism, Medical Treatments

References

• Ata, B., & Urman, B. (2008). Sistematik derlemelerin kritik analizi. Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology, 5(4), 233-240.
• Barone, A. A. L., Grzelak, M. J., Frost, C., Ngaage, L. M., Ge, S., Kolegraff, K., ... & Rasko, Y. (2020). Atypical mycobacterial infections after plastic surgery procedures abroad: a multidisciplinary algorithm for diagnosis and treatment. Annals of plastic surgery, 84(3), 257-262.
• Bechara, C., Macheras, E., Heym, B., Pages, A., & Auffret, N. (2010). Mycobacterium abscessus skin infection after tattooing: first case report and review of the literature. Dermatology, 221(1), 1-4.
• Birch, J., Caulfield, R., & Ramakrishnan, V. (2007). The complications of ‘cosmetic tourism’–an avoidable burden on the NHS. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 60(9), 1075-1077.
• Brown-Elliott, B. A., & Wallace Jr, R. J. (2002). Clinical and taxonomic status of pathogenic nonpigmented or late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clinical microbiology reviews, 15(4), 716-746.
• Cai, S. S., Chopra, K., & Lifchez, S. D. (2016). Management of Mycobacterium abscessus infection after medical tourism in cosmetic surgery and a review of literature. Annals of plastic surgery, 77(6), 678-682.
• Cusumano, L. R., Tran, V., Tlamsa, A., Chung, P., Grossberg, R., Weston, G., & Sarwar, U. N. (2017). Rapidly growing Mycobacterium infections after cosmetic surgery in medical tourists: the Bronx experience and a review of the literature. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 63, 1-6.
• Cutay, A. M., Horowitz, H. W., Pooley, R. W., Horn, K. V., & Wormser, G. P. (1998). Infection of epicardial pacemaker wires due to Mycobacterium abscessus. Clinical infectious diseases, 26(2), 520-521.
• De Groote, M. A., & Huitt, G. (2006). Infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clinical infectious diseases, 42(12), 1756-1763.
• Duarte, R. S., Lourenço, M. C. S., Fonseca, L. D. S., Leao, S. C., Amorim, E. D. L. T., Rocha, I. L., ... & Sampaio, J. L. M. (2009). Epidemic of postsurgical infections caused by Mycobacterium massiliense. Journal of clinical microbiology, 47(7), 2149-2155.
• Engdahl, R., Cohen, L., Pouch, S., & Rohde, C. (2014). Management of Mycobacterium abscessus post abdominoplasty. Aesthetic plastic surgery, 38, 1138-1142.
• Franzblau, L. E., & Chung, K. C. (2013). Impact of medical tourism on cosmetic surgery in the United States. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, 1(7).
• Furuya, E. Y., Paez, A., Srinivasan, A., Cooksey, R., Augenbraun, M., Baron, M., ... & Granowitz, E. V. (2008). Outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus wound infections among “lipotourists” from the United States who underwent abdominoplasty in the Dominican Republic. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46(8), 1181-1188.
• Gaines, J., Poy, J., Musser, K. A., Benowitz, I., Leung, V., Carothers, B., ... & Esposito, D. H. (2018). Notes from the field: nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in US medical tourists associated with plastic surgery—Dominican Republic, 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(12), 369.
• Gheorghe, C. M., Purcărea, V. L., & Gheorghe, I. R. (2022). Medical tourism in ophthalmology-review. Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology, 66(2), 108.
• Global Healtthcare Accreditation, 2022, Medical Tourism Statistics and Facts, https://www.globalhealthcareaccreditation.com/medical-tourism-statistics-and-facts 28.09.2023
• Griffith, D. E., Aksamit, T., Brown-Elliott, B. A., Catanzaro, A., Daley, C., Gordin, F., et al. (2007). An official ATS/IDSA statement: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 175:367–416.
• Hanefeld, J., Smith, R., Horsfall, D., & Lunt, N. (2014). What do we know about medical tourism? A review of the literature with discussion of its implications for the UK National Health Service as an example of a public health care system. Journal of Travel Medicine, 21(6), 410-417.
• Hanefeld, J., Lunt, N., Smith, R., & Horsfall, D. (2015). Why do medical tourists travel to where they do? The role of networks in determining medical travel. Social Science & Medicine, 124, 356-363.
• Hui, S. H., Noonan, L., & Chavada, R. (2015). Post liposuction Mycobacterium abscessus surgical site infection in a returned medical tourist complicated by a paradoxical reaction during treatment. Infectious Disease Reports, 7(4), 6304.
• Jensen, E., Holst-Albrechtsen, S., Christensen, K. Ø., Birk-Sørensen, L., & Juel, J. (2018). Mycobacterium abscessus infection after cosmetic breast surgery in India. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 180(7).
• Karaçam, Z. (2013). Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 26-33.
• Kothavade, R. J., Dhurat, R. S., Mishra, S. N., & Kothavade, U. R. (2013). Clinical and laboratory aspects of the diagnosis and management of cutaneous and subcutaneous infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases, 32, 161-188.
• Lee, J. C., Morrison, K. A., Maeng, M. M., Ascherman, J. A., & Rohde, C. H. (2018). Financial implications of atypical mycobacterial infections after cosmetic tourism: is it worth the risk?. Annals of plastic surgery, 81(3), 269-273.
• Leonard, A. L., & Brown, L. H. (2004). Atypical mycobacterial outbreaks associated with cosmetic surgery and aesthetic procedures. Cosmetıc Dermatology-Cedar Knolls, 17(10), 636-644.
• Li, T., Abebe, L. S., Cronk, R., & Bartram, J. (2017). A systematic review of waterborne infections from nontuberculous mycobacteria in health care facility water systems. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 220(3), 611-620.
• Martin, R. S., Sumarah, R. K., & Robart, E. M. (1975). Comparison of four culture media for the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a 2-year study. Journal of clinical microbiology, 2(5), 438-440.
• Maurer, F. P., Castelberg, C., Von Braun, A., Wolfensberger, A., Bloemberg, G. V., Böttger, E. C., & Somoskovi, A. (2014). Postsurgical wound infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria in Swiss medical tourists following cosmetic surgery in Latin America between 2012 and 2014. Eurosurveillance, 19(37), 20905.
• Melendez, M. M., & Alizadeh, K. (2011). Complications from international surgery tourism. Aesthetic surgery journal, 31(6), 694-697.
• Miyagi, K., Auberson, D., Patel, A. J., & Malata, C. M. (2012). The unwritten price of cosmetic tourism: an observational study and cost analysis. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 65(1), 22-28.
• Nessar, R., Cambau, E., Reyrat, J. M., Murray, A., & Gicquel, B. (2012). Mycobacterium abscessus: a new antibiotic nightmare. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 67(4), 810-818.