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Uluslararası Seyahatlerin Tarihi Gelişimi Ve Son Seyahat Trendleri Doğrultusunda Türkiye’nin Konumu

Year 2015, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 4 - 28, 01.01.2015

Didar Sari Çallı

Abstract

İnsanlık tarihi kadar eski olduğu kabul edilen seyahat olgusu, yer değiştirme anlayışından sıyrılarak son birkaç yüzyıldır turizmle birlikte anılır olmuştur. Tarihi çağlar değiştikçe, avlanma, merak, sağlık, din, ticaret, eğlence, boş zaman geçirme gibi birçok farklı nedenle gerçekleşen seyahat eylemlerinin günümüzde yarısına yakını tatil odaklı oluşmaktadır. Kıtalararasında köprü görevini gören Anadolu, tarih boyunca seyahatlerde ana rotalar içinde yer almış ve bu yolla doğan kervansaray, han gibi yapılaşmaları barındırmıştır. Cumhuriyet dönemiyle birlikte turizm ve seyahat adına kimi gelişmeler yaşansa da, Türkiye’nin seyahat pazarındaki yerinin temelleri, planlı kalkınma döneminde, özellikle de teşviklerin ardından 1982 sonrasında atılmıştır. Küresel bazda yaşanan kimi şoklara rağmen turizm ve seyahat; bugün dünyanın en hızlı büyüyen endüstrisi konumundadır. Türkiye’nin ise bu pastadan aldığı pay, her geçen yıl artmaktadır. Uluslararası seyahatlerin tarihi gelişimini ortaya koyarak günümüz seyahat trendlerine göre Türkiye’nin edindiği yerin ortaya konulmasının amaçlandığı, literatür tarama odaklı bu araştırma, teorik çerçevede yapılandırılan nitel bir çalışmanın ürünüdür. Seyahat faaliyetlerindeki tarihi değişimi göz önünde bulundurarak günümüz seyahat trendlerine yer verilen çalışma ile, Türkiye’nin seyahat sektöründeki konumunu söz konusu gelişmelerle ilişkilendirmesi bakımından literatüre katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın ilk bölümünde, tarihsel gelişim perspektifiyle uluslararası seyahatlerin tarih öncesi dönemden günümüze kadar gelişimine yer verilmiştir. Uluslararası seyahatler ve turizmin Türkiye’deki gelişiminin tarandığı ikinci bölümün ardından Türkiye Seyahat ve Turizm sektörünün günümüzdeki konumuna değinilerek son seyahat trendleri doğrultusunda önerilere yer verilmiştir

Keywords

Seyahat Uluslararası Seyahatler Turizm Tarihi Çağlar ve Seyahat

References

  • ATAY, Lütfi ve Hacı Mehmet Yıldırım (2009), “Türkiye’de Seyahat Acentacılığının Gelişimi”,
  • Editörler:ÇAVUŞ, Ş., Z. Ege ve O. Çolakoğlu, Türk Turizm Tarihi: Yapısal ve Sektörel Gelişim, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, s.119-136. AVCIKURT, Cevdet; Ahmet Köroğlu ve Mehmet Sarıoğlan (2009), “Türk Turizminin Dünya
  • Turizmindeki Yeri”, Editörler:ÇAVUŞ, Ş., Z. Ege ve O. Çolakoğlu, Türk Turizm Tarihi: Yapısal ve Sektörel Gelişim, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, s.1-14. BARROWS, Clayton W., ve Tom Powers (2009), Introduction to the Hospitality Industry, John
  • Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey. BHATIA, A.K (2002), Tourism Development: Principles, Practices, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
  • BONIFACE, Brian G. ve Chris Cooper (2005), Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of
  • Travel and Tourism, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Italy. BUHALIS, D. ve R. Law (2008). “Progress in information technology and tourism management: years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research”. Tourism
  • Management. Vol. 29, Issue 4, s. 609–623. CASSON, Lionel (1994), Travel in Ancient World, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Baryland.
  • CAVLEK, Nevenka (2002), “Tour Operators and Destination Safety”, Annals of Tourism
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  • GOELDNER, Charles ve Brent Ritchie (2006), Tourism, Principles, Practices, Philosophies,
  • John Wiley&Sons, New Jersey. ROWE, Ann; John D. Smith; Fiona Borein (2002), Career A GOELDNER, Charles ve Brent
  • Ritchie (2003), Tourism, Principles, Practices, Philosophies, John Wiley&Sons, New Jersey.
  • HITREC, Tomislav (2002), History of Tourism with Particular Reference to the Croatian
  • Adriatic, http://eh.net/XIIICongress/cd/papers/4Hitrec185.pdf, ET. 13.12.2010.
  • KAMGA, Camille (2014), “Emerging Travel Trends, High-Speed Rail, and the Public Reinvention of U.S. Transportation”, Transport Policy, Vol. 37 (2015), s. 111–120.
  • KAYA, İsmet (2009), “Türkiye’de Turizm Örgütlenmesi”, Editörler:ÇAVUŞ, Ş., Z. Ege ve O.
  • Çolakoğlu, Türk Turizm Tarihi: Yapısal ve Sektörel Gelişim, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, s.203- KOZAK, Nazmi; Meryem A. Kozak; Metin Kozak (2008), Genel Turizm: İlkeler-Kavramlar,
  • Gözden Geçirilmiş 7. Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara. KROESEN, M. Ve S. Handy (2015). “Is the Rise of the E-society Responsible for the Decline in
  • Car Use Among Young Adults? Results from the Netherlands”. Transportation Research Board th Annual Meeting. http://trid.trb.org/view/2015/C/1337706. ET.30.03.2015.
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  • Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. LOMINE, Loykie (2005), “Tourism in Augustan Society”, Editör: WALTON, John K., Histories of
  • Tourism:Representation, Identity and Conflict, Channel View Publications, s.71-88, UK. MASON, Peter (2003), Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management, Elsevier Butterworth
  • Heinemann, Burlington. PAGE, Stephen J. ve Alastair Durie (2009), Tourism in Wartime Britain 1914–18: Adaptation,
  • Innovation and the Role of Thomas Cook & Son, Editör: PAGE, Stephen J., Advances in Tourism Research, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, s.347-386. PAGE, Stephen J. (2007), Tourism Management: Managing for Change, Elsevier Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford.
  • RANDOLPH, Joanne (2003), Dennis Tito: First Space Tourist,The Rosen Publishing Group, New York.
  • RITCHIE, J. R. Brent ve Geoffrey Ian Crouch (2005), The Competitive Destination: a
  • Sustainable Tourism Perspective, Cabi Publishing, UK. ROWE, Ann; John D. Smith; Fiona Borein (2002), Career Award. Travel and Tourism,
  • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. SHACKLEY, Myra (2006), Atlas of Travel and Tourism Development, Elsevier Butterworth
  • Heinemann, Burlington. THEOBALD, F. William (2005),”The Meaning, Scope and Measurement of Travel and Tourism”,
  • Editör: THEOBALD, F. William, Global Tourism, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, s.5-25. THOMAS COOK (2010a), Thomas Cook History, http://www.thomascook.com/about-us/thomas- cook-history?intcmp=au_01_promo_history, ET.17.12.2010. THOMAS COOK (2010b), Annual Report, http://ara2009.thomascookgroup.com/pdf/thomascook_ara2009.pdf, ET.15.12.2010.
  • TOWNER, John (1985), The Grand Tour: A Key Phase in the History of Tourism, Annals of
  • Tourism Research, Vol:12, s.297-333. TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) (2014). İstatistik Göstergeler:1923-2013. Yayın No:4361. Ankara.
  • TÜRSAB (Türkiye Seyahat Acentaları Birliği) (2010a), Dünden Bugüne Seyahat Acentaları, http://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/seyahat-acentalari/dunden-bugune-seyahat-acentalari_501.html, ET.15.12.2010.
  • UN (United Nations) ve UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) (2008),
  • International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008, UN Publications, Madrid ve New York.
  • UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization), UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2014 Edition, http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition, ET.24.03.2014.
  • UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) (2015), UNWTO World Tourism
  • Barometer, January 2015, Vol. 13, http://mkt.unwto.org/barometer, ET.27.03.2015.
  • UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) (2007), Tourism Market Trends, 2007 Edition-Europe. http://www.eunwto.org/content/w17047/fulltext?p=d79d84df8546468f85fa6b2b48b660bc&pi=0# section=605785&page=1&locus=92. ET. 30.03.2015.
  • ÜNLÜÖNEN, Kurban ve A. Kılıçlar (2004), “Ekonomik Yansımalarıyla Türk Turizminin Seksen
  • Yılı”, Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:1, s.131-156. http://www.ttefdergi.gazi.edu.tr/makaleler/2004/Sayi1/131-156.pdf, ET.20.12.2010.
  • YEOMAN, I., T.L.Y. Rebecca, M. Mars, M. Wouters. (2012). 2050 - Tomorrow's Tourism.
  • Channel View Publications. YEOMAN, I. (2008). Tomorrow’s Tourist: Scenarios&Trends. Advances in Tourism Research
  • Series. Routledge, New York. ZENGİN, Burhanettin (2009), “Seyahat İşletmeleri”, Editörler: DEMİRKOL, Ş., Burhanettin
  • Zengin, “Turizm İşletmeleri”, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, s.47-89.

Year 2015, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 4 - 28, 01.01.2015

Didar Sari Çallı

Abstract

Travel, which’s accepted as old as human history, is eluding from the insight of translocation and calling with tourism in the last few centuries. Today, one half of the travel activities coming true holiday oriented while they’re occured for various reasons during historical ages; like hunting, curiosity, health, religion, trade, leisure. Anatolia which’s like an intercontinental bridge throughout the history, have taken place in the main traveling routes and thus hosted caravansaries and inns within. Although some improvements’ve actualized in the area of travel&tourism during republic preiod, the foundations of Turkey at the market of travel is laid in the planned development period, especially after the incentives were taken by 1982. Despite some shocks on a global basis, tourism and travel; today is the world 's fastest growing industry while Turkey's share of this pie is growing every year. While it is the product of a qualitative study of structured theoritical framework; this research, which’s revealing the historical development of international travels, aimed to put forward Turkey’s position according to current travel trends. Considering the historical changes in travel activities, the paper includes latest travel trends and correlating it Turkey’s position in travel sector and with this point of view, it’s thought to contribute to literature. In this context, at the first part of this research international travels from prehistoric times to the present day is handled with the perspective of historical developments. After examining the international travel and tourism development in Turkey in the second part, Turkish Travel and Tourism sector is covered in accordance with the recommendations of the latest travel trends referring to the current position

Keywords

Travel International Travels Tourism Historical Ages and Travel

References

  • ATAY, Lütfi ve Hacı Mehmet Yıldırım (2009), “Türkiye’de Seyahat Acentacılığının Gelişimi”,
  • Editörler:ÇAVUŞ, Ş., Z. Ege ve O. Çolakoğlu, Türk Turizm Tarihi: Yapısal ve Sektörel Gelişim, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, s.119-136. AVCIKURT, Cevdet; Ahmet Köroğlu ve Mehmet Sarıoğlan (2009), “Türk Turizminin Dünya
  • Turizmindeki Yeri”, Editörler:ÇAVUŞ, Ş., Z. Ege ve O. Çolakoğlu, Türk Turizm Tarihi: Yapısal ve Sektörel Gelişim, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, s.1-14. BARROWS, Clayton W., ve Tom Powers (2009), Introduction to the Hospitality Industry, John
  • Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey. BHATIA, A.K (2002), Tourism Development: Principles, Practices, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
  • BONIFACE, Brian G. ve Chris Cooper (2005), Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of
  • Travel and Tourism, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Italy. BUHALIS, D. ve R. Law (2008). “Progress in information technology and tourism management: years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research”. Tourism
  • Management. Vol. 29, Issue 4, s. 609–623. CASSON, Lionel (1994), Travel in Ancient World, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Baryland.
  • CAVLEK, Nevenka (2002), “Tour Operators and Destination Safety”, Annals of Tourism
  • Research, Vol: 29, Issue:2, Pages:478-496. DPT (Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı) (2010), Kalkınma Planları (1-9), http://www.dpt.gov.tr/DPT.portal, ET.20.12.2010.
  • DPT (Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı) (1963), Kalkınma Planı: Birinci Beş Yıl, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/plan1.pdf, ET.20.12.2010.
  • EUBEN, Roxanne L. (2006), (Colin Thubron’dan aktaran), Travel, Theory and The Search For
  • Knowledge: ‘Islamic’ And ‘Western’ Journeys To The Other Shore, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/programs/theory/euben.pdf, ET.18.12.2010.
  • GOELDNER, Charles ve Brent Ritchie (2006), Tourism, Principles, Practices, Philosophies,
  • John Wiley&Sons, New Jersey. ROWE, Ann; John D. Smith; Fiona Borein (2002), Career A GOELDNER, Charles ve Brent
  • Ritchie (2003), Tourism, Principles, Practices, Philosophies, John Wiley&Sons, New Jersey.
  • HITREC, Tomislav (2002), History of Tourism with Particular Reference to the Croatian
  • Adriatic, http://eh.net/XIIICongress/cd/papers/4Hitrec185.pdf, ET. 13.12.2010.
  • KAMGA, Camille (2014), “Emerging Travel Trends, High-Speed Rail, and the Public Reinvention of U.S. Transportation”, Transport Policy, Vol. 37 (2015), s. 111–120.
  • KAYA, İsmet (2009), “Türkiye’de Turizm Örgütlenmesi”, Editörler:ÇAVUŞ, Ş., Z. Ege ve O.
  • Çolakoğlu, Türk Turizm Tarihi: Yapısal ve Sektörel Gelişim, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, s.203- KOZAK, Nazmi; Meryem A. Kozak; Metin Kozak (2008), Genel Turizm: İlkeler-Kavramlar,
  • Gözden Geçirilmiş 7. Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara. KROESEN, M. Ve S. Handy (2015). “Is the Rise of the E-society Responsible for the Decline in
  • Car Use Among Young Adults? Results from the Netherlands”. Transportation Research Board th Annual Meeting. http://trid.trb.org/view/2015/C/1337706. ET.30.03.2015.
  • LICKORISH, Leonard J. ve Carson L. Jenkins (1997), An Introduction to Tourism, Elsevier
  • Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. LOMINE, Loykie (2005), “Tourism in Augustan Society”, Editör: WALTON, John K., Histories of
  • Tourism:Representation, Identity and Conflict, Channel View Publications, s.71-88, UK. MASON, Peter (2003), Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management, Elsevier Butterworth
  • Heinemann, Burlington. PAGE, Stephen J. ve Alastair Durie (2009), Tourism in Wartime Britain 1914–18: Adaptation,
  • Innovation and the Role of Thomas Cook & Son, Editör: PAGE, Stephen J., Advances in Tourism Research, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, s.347-386. PAGE, Stephen J. (2007), Tourism Management: Managing for Change, Elsevier Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford.
  • RANDOLPH, Joanne (2003), Dennis Tito: First Space Tourist,The Rosen Publishing Group, New York.
  • RITCHIE, J. R. Brent ve Geoffrey Ian Crouch (2005), The Competitive Destination: a
  • Sustainable Tourism Perspective, Cabi Publishing, UK. ROWE, Ann; John D. Smith; Fiona Borein (2002), Career Award. Travel and Tourism,
  • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. SHACKLEY, Myra (2006), Atlas of Travel and Tourism Development, Elsevier Butterworth
  • Heinemann, Burlington. THEOBALD, F. William (2005),”The Meaning, Scope and Measurement of Travel and Tourism”,
  • Editör: THEOBALD, F. William, Global Tourism, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, s.5-25. THOMAS COOK (2010a), Thomas Cook History, http://www.thomascook.com/about-us/thomas- cook-history?intcmp=au_01_promo_history, ET.17.12.2010. THOMAS COOK (2010b), Annual Report, http://ara2009.thomascookgroup.com/pdf/thomascook_ara2009.pdf, ET.15.12.2010.
  • TOWNER, John (1985), The Grand Tour: A Key Phase in the History of Tourism, Annals of
  • Tourism Research, Vol:12, s.297-333. TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) (2014). İstatistik Göstergeler:1923-2013. Yayın No:4361. Ankara.
  • TÜRSAB (Türkiye Seyahat Acentaları Birliği) (2010a), Dünden Bugüne Seyahat Acentaları, http://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/seyahat-acentalari/dunden-bugune-seyahat-acentalari_501.html, ET.15.12.2010.
  • UN (United Nations) ve UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) (2008),
  • International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008, UN Publications, Madrid ve New York.
  • UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization), UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2014 Edition, http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition, ET.24.03.2014.
  • UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) (2015), UNWTO World Tourism
  • Barometer, January 2015, Vol. 13, http://mkt.unwto.org/barometer, ET.27.03.2015.
  • UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) (2007), Tourism Market Trends, 2007 Edition-Europe. http://www.eunwto.org/content/w17047/fulltext?p=d79d84df8546468f85fa6b2b48b660bc&pi=0# section=605785&page=1&locus=92. ET. 30.03.2015.
  • ÜNLÜÖNEN, Kurban ve A. Kılıçlar (2004), “Ekonomik Yansımalarıyla Türk Turizminin Seksen
  • Yılı”, Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:1, s.131-156. http://www.ttefdergi.gazi.edu.tr/makaleler/2004/Sayi1/131-156.pdf, ET.20.12.2010.
  • YEOMAN, I., T.L.Y. Rebecca, M. Mars, M. Wouters. (2012). 2050 - Tomorrow's Tourism.
  • Channel View Publications. YEOMAN, I. (2008). Tomorrow’s Tourist: Scenarios&Trends. Advances in Tourism Research
  • Series. Routledge, New York. ZENGİN, Burhanettin (2009), “Seyahat İşletmeleri”, Editörler: DEMİRKOL, Ş., Burhanettin
  • Zengin, “Turizm İşletmeleri”, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, s.47-89.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA26RP64SJ
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Didar Sari Çallı This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çallı, D. S. (2015). Uluslararası Seyahatlerin Tarihi Gelişimi Ve Son Seyahat Trendleri Doğrultusunda Türkiye’nin Konumu. Turar Turizm Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 4(1), 4-28.

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