Turist Rehberliğinde Hikayeleştirme ve Mekanların Tüketimi

Year 2020, , 1 - 17, 30.06.2020

Burhan Çınar , Derya Toksöz

https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.732214

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Amaç ve Önem: Bu çalışmada turist rehberinin hikâyeleştirme teknikleri incelenmiş ve hikâyeleştirme yoluyla turistik deneyim sürecinde mekânların tüketilmesine yönelik turist bakışını nasıl oluşturulduğu analiz edilmiştir.

Yöntem: Bu amaçla 14 profesyonel turist rehber ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği yoluyla veri toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilere içerik analizi ve betimsel analiz uygulanmıştır.

Bulgular: Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular, rehberlerin hikâyeleştirme temel düzeyde bilgi verme, farklı anlatım teknikleri kullanma, anlatım dışı faaliyetler ve yardımcı kaynak kullanımı tekniklerinden yararlandıklarını göstermektedir. Rehberlerin mekân veya nesnenin hikâyeleştirmesinde anlatımı güçlendirme, tur grubunu hikâyeye katma ve beden dilini kullanmaya çok dikkat ettikleri bulgulanmıştır. Ek olarak rehberlerin hikâyeleştirme tekniğiyle anlatımında tur grubunda mekâna ve nesneye yönelik merakın uyanması, tur grubunun mekân ve nesne ile ilişki kurması ve tur sonrası için anı ve kaynak biriktirmesi, mekânların tüketilmesine yönelik inşa edilen bakışın bazı özelliklerini ortaya koymaktadır.

Özgünlük/Bilimsel Katkı: Araştırma öncellikle turist rehberlerinin hikâyeleştirme tekniklerini inceleyerek mesleğin pratik alanına yönelik olarak katkı sunmaktadır. Ayrıca mekanların tüketilmesi kuramını ampirik olarak inceleyerek turist bakışının deneyim anında ve yerinde nasıl oluşturulduğunu araştırarak turizm ve turist rehberliği literatürünü zenginleştirmektedir.

Keywords

Turist rehberi, hikayeleştirme, mekan tüketimi

Storytelling in Tour Guiding and Consuming Places

Abstract

Purpose and Importance: This study aims to examine the storytelling techniques of the tour guides and to analyze how the tourist gaze for consuming places is formed through storytelling in situ of experience.

Methodology: For this purpose, data were collected through semi-structured interview technique with 14 professional tourist guides. Content analysis and descriptive analysis were applied to the obtained data.

Findings: Findings show that guides use basic information level in storytelling, use different narrative techniques, non-narrative activities and use of auxiliary resources. It has been found that the guides pay much attention to the narration of the space or object, to reinforce the narration, to include the tour group to the storytelling and to use the body language. In addition, in the narration of the guides with the storytelling technique, the awakening of the curiosity towards the place and the object in the tour group, the interaction of the tour group with the place and the object, and the accumulation of memories and resources for the post-tour reveals some features of the tourist gaze built for consuming places.

Originality/Value: The research primarily contributes to the practical field of the profession by examining the storytelling techniques of tourist guides. It also enriches the tourism and tour guiding literature by empirically examining the consuming places theory and by analyzing how the tourist gaze is created at the time of experience and in situ of experience.

Keywords

Tour guide, storytelling, place consumption

References

• Alasuutari, P. (1997). The Discursive Construction of Personality, In: Narrative Study of Lives, (Ed: A. Lieblich ve R. Josselson), 1–20, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2007). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: SPSS Uygulamalı. Adapazarı: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
• Avni, S. (2013). Homeland Tour Guide Narratives and the Discursive Construction of the Diasporic. Narrative Inquiry, 23 (2), 227-244.
• Aytaç, Ö. (2006). Tüketimcilik ve Metalaşma Kıskacında Boş Zaman. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11, 27-53.
• Ballantyne, R. and Uzzell, D. (1999). International Trends in Heritage and Environmental Interpretation: Future Directions for Australian Research and Practice. Journal of Interpretation Research, 14 (1), 59–75.
• Beck, L. and Cable, T. (1998). Interpretation for the 21st Century: Fifteen Principles for Interpreting Nature and Culture. Champaign: Sagamore Publishing.
• Bilgin, N. (2014). Sosyal Bilimlerde İçerik Analizi: Teknikler ve Örnek Çalışmalar. Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara.
• Black, R. and Weiler, B. (2005). Quality Assurance and Regulatory Mechanisms in the Tour Guiding Industry: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 16, 24–37.
• Bowman, G. (1992). The Politics of Tour Guiding: Israeli and Palestinian Guides in Israel and the Occupied Territories, In: Tourism and the Less-Developed Countries, (Ed: D. Harrison). 121–134, London: Belhaven Press.
• Bruner, J. S. (1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Bryon, J. (2012). Tour Guides as Storytellers – From Selling to Sharing. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12 (1), 27–43.
• Chronis, A. (2012). Tourists as Story-Builders: Narrative Construction at a Heritage Museum. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29 (5), 444-459.
• Dahles, H. (2002). The Politics of Tour Guiding: Image Management in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (3), 783–800.
• Davidson, P. and Black, R. (2007). Voices from the Profession: Principles of Successful Guided Cave Interpretation. Journal of Interpretation Research, 12 (2), 25–44.
• Escalas, J. E. (1997). The Positive Effects of Narrative Thought in Response to Advertising, Advances in Advances in Consumer Research, 24, 67-68.
• Gubrium, J. F. and Holstein, J. A. (1998). Narrative Practice and the Coherence of Personal Stories. The Sociological Quarterly, 39 (1), 163–187.
• Güzel, F. Ö. (2014). Postmodern Çağ Tatil Deneyimlerinde Hazcı Tepki Basamağı Çıktısı Olarak Temalı Oteller. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi,13, 1-16.
• Ham, S. H. (1992). Environmental Interpretation: A Practical Guide for People with Big Ideas and Small Budgets.
• Ham, S. H. and Weiler, B. (2003). Toward a Theory of Quality in Cruise-Based Interpretive Interpretation’s Best Practices. Journal of Interpretation Research, 17 (1), 25–44.
• Karamustafa, K. ve Örnek, N. (2019). Modernite ve Postmodernite Etrafında Şekillenen Turizm Olgusu ve Gelişimi. Tüketici ve Tüketim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11 (2), 259-290.
• Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Kozak, M. (2014). Bilimsel Araştırma: Tasarım, Yazım ve Yayım Teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Mathisen, L. (2019). Storytelling: A Way for Winter Adventure Guides to Manage Emotional Labour. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19 (1), 66-68.
• Mossberg, L. L. (1995). Tour Leaders and Their Importance in Charter Tours. Tourism Management, 16 (6), 437–445.
• Pagenstecher, C. (2003). The Construction of The Tourist Gaze. How Industrial Was Post-War German Tourism? In: Development of a Tourist Industry in the 19th and 20th Centuries. International Perspectives/Construction d'une industrie touristique aux 19ème et 20ème siècles. Perspectives Internationales, (Ed: L. Tissot). pp. 373-389, Neuchâtel: Editions Alphil.
• Pastorelli, J. (2003). Enriching the Experience – An Interpretive Approach to Tour Guiding. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education Australia.
• Scherle, N. and Kung, H. (2010). Cosmopolitans of the 21st Century? Conceptualising Tour Guides As Intercultural Mediators, in First International Research Forum on Guided Tours, Halmstad University, Sweden, 2009.
• Scherle, N. and Nonnenmann, A. (2008). Swimming in Cultural Flows: Conceptualising Tour Guides As Intercultural Mediators and Cosmopolitans. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 6 (2), 120–137.
• Skanavis, C. and Giannoulis, C. (2010). Improving Quality of Ecotourism through Advancing Education and Training for Eco-tourism Guides. Tourismos, 5 (2), 49–68.
• Skibins, J.C., Powell, R.B. & Stern, M.J. (2012). Exploring Empirical Support for Interpretation’s Best Practices. Journal of Interpretation Research, 17 (1), 25–44.
• Tilden, F. (1977). Interpreting our heritage (3rd edition). Chapel Hill, NC: North Carolina Press.
• Tilkin, G. (2016). Narratives for Interpretation. Inherit, Newsletter 6: June 2016.
• Türker, A. (2019). Tur Yönetimi ve Uygulaması, İçinde: Ö. Köroğlu ve Ö. Güzel (Ed.) Kavramdan Uygulamaya Turist Rehberliği Mesleği, 275-295, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Urry, J. (1988). Cultural Change and Contemporary Holiday-Making. Theory, Culture & Society, 5 (1), 35-55.
• Urry, J. (1990). The Consumption of Tourism. Sociology, 24 (1), 23-35.
• Urry, J. (1992). The Tourist Gaze “Revisited”. American Behavioral Scientist, 36 (2), 172–186.
• Urry, J. (2009). Turist Bakışı. Ankara: Bilgesu Yayıncılık.
• Urry, J. (2018). Mekânları Tüketmek. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
• Uzzell, D.L. (1989). Heritage Interpretation. Belhaven Press.
• Waitt, G. (2000). Consuming Heritage: Perceived Historical Authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (4), 835-862.
• Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (2), 349–370.
• Weiler, B. And Black, R. (2015). Tour Guiding Research: Insights, Issues and Implications. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
• Weiler, B. and Yu, X. (2007). Dimensions of Cultural Mediation in Guiding Chinese Tour Groups: Implications for Interpretation. Tourism Recreation Research, 32 (3), 13-22.
• Weiler, B. and Ham, S. H. (2001). Tour Guides and Interpretation, In: Encyclopedia of Ecotourism, (Ed: D. Weaver). 549–563, Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
• Weiler, B. and Kim, A.K. (2011). Tour Guides as Agents of Sustainability: Rhetoric, Reality and Implications for Research. Tourism Recreation Research, 36 (2), 113–125.
• Young, M. (1999). The Social Construction of Tourist Places, Australian Geographer, 30 (3), 373-389.
• TUREB (2020). “Rehber istatistikleri”, http://tureb.org.tr/tr/RehberIstatistik/ (Erişim Tarihi: 08.03.2020).