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Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, - , 06.05.2015

Nazan Akçalı , Ersin Nazlıcan , Muhsin Akbaba , Ramazan Azim Okyay

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the smoking prevalence and dependence levels as well as the associated factors in students at the Cukurova University Vocational School of Health Services (VSHS). Material and Method: We conducted a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Our study included 412 of the 507 students attending a 2-year program at the Cukurova University VSHS during the 2012-2013 academic year. The study data were collected by Fagerström nicotine dependence test including a questionnaire of 30 questions about sociodemographic characteristics and nicotine dependence, between September 2012 and November 2012. The statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS 19.0 package program. Each p value <0.05 was recognized as statistically significant. Results: Among the participants, 27.4% were current smokers. Male students exhibited higher smoking rates than males (χ²=33.755 sd=1 p<0.001). The smoking rate was observed to rise with increasing age (χ²=13.891, sd=2, p=0.001). Close friends of smoker students were also smokers (Χ2=69.754, p<0.001). According to the Fagerström test, 86 (76.1%) students showed mild level of nicotine dependence, whereas 27 (23.9%) exhibited moderate or severe level of nicotine dependence. Male participants demonstrated higher levels of nicotine dependence as compared to the females (χ2=4.586, sd=1, p=0.032). The level of dependence was lower in students acknowledging the harmful effects of smoking to health as compared to those regarding smoking as not harmful (χ2=7.865, sd=1, p=0.005). Conclusion: Although young people are aware of the harmful effects of smoking, they continue to start and use smoking. The most influential factors associated with smoking are male gender and peer influence. Keywords: Smoking, Students, Fagerström nicotine dependence test, Vocational School of Health Services, Turkey.

References

  • World HelthOrganization (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. The MPOWER package; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008
  • Atilla SM, Tufan N, Baştaş S (2007). Attitudes towards smoking and frequency of smoking among students of Düzce medical school. TAF Prev. Med. Bull. 6, 364–70.
  • Ilhan F, Aksakal N, İlhan MN, Aygün R (2005). Smoking prevalence among Gazi university faculty of medicine. TAF Prev. Med. Bull, 4, 188–98.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Tobacco Free Initiative. Building Blocks forTobacco Control: A Handbook; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 4–13.
  • Warren CW, Jones NR (2006). The global tobacco surveillance system. Tob. Control, 15 (Suppl. 2), 1–3.
  • Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, Asma S (2006). Global tobacco surveillance system (GTSS) collaborative group. Patterns of global
  • tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults. Lancet, 367, 749–53.
  • The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2008). Turkish Statistical Institute
  • GYTS 2009, Ministry of NationalEducationand WHO Turkey Office, unpublished data, 2010.
  • Erbaydar T, Dağlı E, Hayran O, Ayla F. Lawrence S, et al.(2002) Smoking paterns of YouthinTurkey.İstanbul.[http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-/12107777871Final_report-Jan14,2003.pdf] Last accessed 15.02.2013.
  • Buller DB, Borland R, Woodal WG (2003). Understanding factors that influence smoking uptake. Tob. Control, 12, 16–25.
  • Erbaydar T, Lawrence S, Dagli E, Hayran O, Collishaw NE (2005). Influence of social
  • environment in smoking among adolescents in Turkey. Eur J Public Health, 15, 404–10
  • Karlıkaya C, Öztuna F, Solak ZA, Özkan M, Örsel O (2006). Tütün kontrolü. Toraks Dergisi, 7, 51–64.
  • Salooje Y, Dagli E (2000). Tobacco industryt actics for resisting public policy on health.
  • Bull World Health Organ, 78, 902–10.
  • Wang MQ (2001). Social environment influences on adolescents smoking progression. Am. J. Health. Behav. 25, 418–25.
  • World Bank. Curbing the Epidemic: (1999). Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control. 1999. Washington, World Bank
  • Warren CW, Riley L, Asma S et al (2000). Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project. Bull World Health Organ, 78, 868-76.
  • Kocabas A (1988). Orta dereceli okul oğrencilerinde sigara icme alışkanlığı. Ankara Tıp Mecmuası, 41, 9-22.
  • Kıyak M, Dağoğlu T (1990). Lise oğrencileri arasında sigara kullanımı. İstanbul Halk Sağlığı Bulteni, 11, 14-7.
  • Dabakoglu T, Kukner S, Vicdan K et al (1993). Smoking, drinking and drug use in female adolescent. Tr J Med Sci, 19, 157-64.
  • Karlıkaya C (2002). Edirne’de orta oğretim oğrencilerinde sigara icme prevalansı. Toraks Dergisi, 3, 6-12.
  • Emri S, Başoğlu S, Turnagül H et al (2003). Epidemiology of smoking among turkish adults: national household survey,2002. The second international semposium on medical geology, nutrition, and canser abstract book March 31-April 03, İstanbul.
  • Dabak Ş (2004). Sigara ve sağlık. In “Sigaranın bilimsel yüzü”. Eds Tur A. İstanbul: Logos Yayıncılık, pp:1-32.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people: a report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Healthand Human Services, CDC, and National Center forChronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC.
  • Office of Smoking and Health (1994). Atlanta, Georgia,CDC.
  • Güneş G, Genç M, Pehlivan E et al (1998). Malatya Sümerbank ve tekel fabrikalarında çalışan işçilerin sigara içme davranışları, bağımlılık düzeyleri ve bırakmaya ilişkin tutumları. Sağlık İçin Sigara Alarmı Dergisi, 4, 73-80.
  • Buğdaycı R, Aytaç N, Saatçi E, Canpolat D (2001). Çukurova bölgesinde üç beden eğitimi ve spor yüksek okulunda sigara içme sıklığı ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. Sağlık ve Toplum, 11, 81-5.
  • Pıçakçıefe M, Keskinoğlu P, Bayar B, Bayar K (2007). Smoking prevalence among Muğla School of Health Sciences students and causes of leading increase in smoking. TAF Prev Med Bull, 6(4), 267-72.
  • Öğüş C, Özdemir T, Kara A, Şenol Y, Çilli A (2004). Smoking habits of class I and VI medical students at Akdeniz University Medical Faculty. Akciğer Arşivi, 5, 139-42.
  • Apaydın Kaya Ç, Akman M, Saçar K, Kaya, Sulukaya M (2010). Ergenlik çağındaki öğrenciler öğretmenlerinin sigara içmesinden etkileniyor mu? Marmara Med J, 23(1), 1-8.
  • Çelik P, Esen A, Yorgancıoglu A (2000). Manisa ilinde lise öğrencilerinin sigaraya karşı tutumları. Toraks Dergisi, 1(1), 61-7.
  • Göksel T, Cirit M, Bayındır Ü (2001). İzmir ili lise öğrencilerinin sigara alışkanlığını etkileyen faktörler. Toraks Dergisi, 2, 49-53.
  • Aykut M, Öztürk Y (1989). Erciyes Üniversitesi’nin çeşitli fakültelerinde okuyan öğrencilerin sigara içme durumu ve bunu etkileyen bazı faktörler. Sağlık Dergisi, 61, 60-72.
  • Şahin Ü, Öztürk M, Ünlü M et al (2000). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sigara kullanım ve bağımlılık düzeylerini etkileyen faktörlerin irdelenmesi. Akciğer Arşivi, 1, 73-9.
  • Valente TW, Unger BJ, Johnson CA (2005). Do popular students smoke? The association between popularity and smoking among middle school students. J. Adolesc. Health, 37, 323–29.
  • Marakoğlu K, Erdem D, Çivi S (2007). Konya’da İlköğretim Okullarındaki Öğretmenler Arasında Sigara İçme Durumu. Turk Toraks Dergisi, 7, 71-9.
  • Açıkel CH, Kılıç S, Uçar M, Yaren H, Türker T (2004). Sağlık Astsubay Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde sigara içme durumu ve etki eden faktörler. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 3(8), 178-85.
  • Gencer M, Ceylan E, Yengil E, Ethemoğlu G (2007). Şanlıurfa’da ilköğretim okulu öğretmenlerine uygulanan sigara anket sonuçları. Akciğer Arşivi, 8, 5-9
  • Pirinçci E, Erdem R (2003). Fırat üniversitesi sağlık hizmetleri meslek yüksek okulu öğrencilerinde sigara kullanım sıklığı. OMÜ Tıp Dergisi; 20(4), 193-201.
  • Kutlu R, Çivi S (2006). Seydişehir Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde sigara kullanma durumu veetkileyen faktörler. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 7(2), 71-79
  • Aksakal A, Khorshid L (2006). Adana Tekel Sigara Fabrikasında çalışan bireylerin sigara içme ve nikotin bağımlılıklarının incelenmesi. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 7(2), 57-64
  • World HelthOrganization (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. The MPOWER package; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008
  • Atilla SM, Tufan N, Baştaş S (2007). Attitudes towards smoking and frequency of smoking among students of Düzce medical school. TAF Prev. Med. Bull. 6, 364–70.
  • Ilhan F, Aksakal N, İlhan MN, Aygün R (2005). Smoking prevalence among Gazi university faculty of medicine. TAF Prev. Med. Bull, 4, 188–98.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Tobacco Free Initiative. Building Blocks forTobacco Control: A Handbook; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 4–13.
  • Warren CW, Jones NR (2006). The global tobacco surveillance system. Tob. Control, 15 (Suppl. 2), 1–3.
  • Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, Asma S (2006). Global tobacco surveillance system (GTSS) collaborative group. Patterns of global
  • tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults. Lancet, 367, 749–53.
  • The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2008). Turkish Statistical Institute
  • GYTS 2009, Ministry of NationalEducationand WHO Turkey Office, unpublished data, 2010.
  • Erbaydar T, Dağlı E, Hayran O, Ayla F. Lawrence S, et al.(2002) Smoking paterns of YouthinTurkey.İstanbul.[http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-/12107777871Final_report-Jan14,2003.pdf] Last accessed 15.02.2013.
  • Buller DB, Borland R, Woodal WG (2003). Understanding factors that influence smoking uptake. Tob. Control, 12, 16–25.
  • Erbaydar T, Lawrence S, Dagli E, Hayran O, Collishaw NE (2005). Influence of social
  • environment in smoking among adolescents in Turkey. Eur J Public Health, 15, 404–10
  • Karlıkaya C, Öztuna F, Solak ZA, Özkan M, Örsel O (2006). Tütün kontrolü. Toraks Dergisi, 7, 51–64.
  • Salooje Y, Dagli E (2000). Tobacco industryt actics for resisting public policy on health.
  • Bull World Health Organ, 78, 902–10.
  • Wang MQ (2001). Social environment influences on adolescents smoking progression. Am. J. Health. Behav. 25, 418–25.
  • World Bank. Curbing the Epidemic: (1999). Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control. 1999. Washington, World Bank
  • Warren CW, Riley L, Asma S et al (2000). Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project. Bull World Health Organ, 78, 868-76.
  • Kocabas A (1988). Orta dereceli okul oğrencilerinde sigara icme alışkanlığı. Ankara Tıp Mecmuası, 41, 9-22.
  • Kıyak M, Dağoğlu T (1990). Lise oğrencileri arasında sigara kullanımı. İstanbul Halk Sağlığı Bulteni, 11, 14-7.
  • Dabakoglu T, Kukner S, Vicdan K et al (1993). Smoking, drinking and drug use in female adolescent. Tr J Med Sci, 19, 157-64.
  • Karlıkaya C (2002). Edirne’de orta oğretim oğrencilerinde sigara icme prevalansı. Toraks Dergisi, 3, 6-12.
  • Emri S, Başoğlu S, Turnagül H et al (2003). Epidemiology of smoking among turkish adults: national household survey,2002. The second international semposium on medical geology, nutrition, and canser abstract book March 31-April 03, İstanbul.
  • Dabak Ş (2004). Sigara ve sağlık. In “Sigaranın bilimsel yüzü”. Eds Tur A. İstanbul: Logos Yayıncılık, pp:1-32.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people: a report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Healthand Human Services, CDC, and National Center forChronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC.
  • Office of Smoking and Health (1994). Atlanta, Georgia,CDC.
  • Güneş G, Genç M, Pehlivan E et al (1998). Malatya Sümerbank ve tekel fabrikalarında çalışan işçilerin sigara içme davranışları, bağımlılık düzeyleri ve bırakmaya ilişkin tutumları. Sağlık İçin Sigara Alarmı Dergisi, 4, 73-80.
  • Buğdaycı R, Aytaç N, Saatçi E, Canpolat D (2001). Çukurova bölgesinde üç beden eğitimi ve spor yüksek okulunda sigara içme sıklığı ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. Sağlık ve Toplum, 11, 81-5.
  • Pıçakçıefe M, Keskinoğlu P, Bayar B, Bayar K (2007). Smoking prevalence among Muğla School of Health Sciences students and causes of leading increase in smoking. TAF Prev Med Bull, 6(4), 267-72.
  • Öğüş C, Özdemir T, Kara A, Şenol Y, Çilli A (2004). Smoking habits of class I and VI medical students at Akdeniz University Medical Faculty. Akciğer Arşivi, 5, 139-42.
  • Apaydın Kaya Ç, Akman M, Saçar K, Kaya, Sulukaya M (2010). Ergenlik çağındaki öğrenciler öğretmenlerinin sigara içmesinden etkileniyor mu? Marmara Med J, 23(1), 1-8.
  • Çelik P, Esen A, Yorgancıoglu A (2000). Manisa ilinde lise öğrencilerinin sigaraya karşı tutumları. Toraks Dergisi, 1(1), 61-7.
  • Göksel T, Cirit M, Bayındır Ü (2001). İzmir ili lise öğrencilerinin sigara alışkanlığını etkileyen faktörler. Toraks Dergisi, 2, 49-53.
  • Aykut M, Öztürk Y (1989). Erciyes Üniversitesi’nin çeşitli fakültelerinde okuyan öğrencilerin sigara içme durumu ve bunu etkileyen bazı faktörler. Sağlık Dergisi, 61, 60-72.
  • Şahin Ü, Öztürk M, Ünlü M et al (2000). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sigara kullanım ve bağımlılık düzeylerini etkileyen faktörlerin irdelenmesi. Akciğer Arşivi, 1, 73-9.
  • Valente TW, Unger BJ, Johnson CA (2005). Do popular students smoke? The association between popularity and smoking among middle school students. J. Adolesc. Health, 37, 323–29.
  • Marakoğlu K, Erdem D, Çivi S (2007). Konya’da İlköğretim Okullarındaki Öğretmenler Arasında Sigara İçme Durumu. Turk Toraks Dergisi, 7, 71-9.
  • Açıkel CH, Kılıç S, Uçar M, Yaren H, Türker T (2004). Sağlık Astsubay Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde sigara içme durumu ve etki eden faktörler. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 3(8), 178-85.
  • Gencer M, Ceylan E, Yengil E, Ethemoğlu G (2007). Şanlıurfa’da ilköğretim okulu öğretmenlerine uygulanan sigara anket sonuçları. Akciğer Arşivi, 8, 5-9
  • Pirinçci E, Erdem R (2003). Fırat üniversitesi sağlık hizmetleri meslek yüksek okulu öğrencilerinde sigara kullanım sıklığı. OMÜ Tıp Dergisi; 20(4), 193-201.
  • Kutlu R, Çivi S (2006). Seydişehir Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde sigara kullanma durumu veetkileyen faktörler. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 7(2), 71-79
  • Aksakal A, Khorshid L (2006). Adana Tekel Sigara Fabrikasında çalışan bireylerin sigara içme ve nikotin bağımlılıklarının incelenmesi. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 7(2), 57-64

Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, - , 06.05.2015

Nazan Akçalı , Ersin Nazlıcan , Muhsin Akbaba , Ramazan Azim Okyay

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the smoking prevalence and dependence levels as well as the associated factors in students at the Cukurova University Vocational School of Health Services (VSHS). Material and Method: We conducted a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Our study included 412 of the 507 students attending a 2-year program at the Cukurova University VSHS during the 2012-2013 academic year. The study data were collected by Fagerström nicotine dependence test including a questionnaire of 30 questions about sociodemographic characteristics and nicotine dependence, between September 2012 and November 2012. The statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS 19.0 package program. Each p value <0.05 was recognized as statistically significant. Results: Among the participants, 27.4% were current smokers. Male students exhibited higher smoking rates than males (χ²=33.755 sd=1 p<0.001). The smoking rate was observed to rise with increasing age (χ²=13.891, sd=2, p=0.001). Close friends of smoker students were also smokers (Χ2=69.754, p<0.001). According to the Fagerström test, 86 (76.1%) students showed mild level of nicotine dependence, whereas 27 (23.9%) exhibited moderate or severe level of nicotine dependence. Male participants demonstrated higher levels of nicotine dependence as compared to the females (χ2=4.586, sd=1, p=0.032). The level of dependence was lower in students acknowledging the harmful effects of smoking to health as compared to those regarding smoking as not harmful (χ2=7.865, sd=1, p=0.005). Conclusion: Although young people are aware of the harmful effects of smoking, they continue to start and use smoking. The most influential factors associated with smoking are male gender and peer influence. Keywords: Smoking, Students, Fagerström nicotine dependence test, Vocational School of Health Services, Turkey.

References

  • World HelthOrganization (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. The MPOWER package; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008
  • Atilla SM, Tufan N, Baştaş S (2007). Attitudes towards smoking and frequency of smoking among students of Düzce medical school. TAF Prev. Med. Bull. 6, 364–70.
  • Ilhan F, Aksakal N, İlhan MN, Aygün R (2005). Smoking prevalence among Gazi university faculty of medicine. TAF Prev. Med. Bull, 4, 188–98.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Tobacco Free Initiative. Building Blocks forTobacco Control: A Handbook; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 4–13.
  • Warren CW, Jones NR (2006). The global tobacco surveillance system. Tob. Control, 15 (Suppl. 2), 1–3.
  • Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, Asma S (2006). Global tobacco surveillance system (GTSS) collaborative group. Patterns of global
  • tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults. Lancet, 367, 749–53.
  • The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2008). Turkish Statistical Institute
  • GYTS 2009, Ministry of NationalEducationand WHO Turkey Office, unpublished data, 2010.
  • Erbaydar T, Dağlı E, Hayran O, Ayla F. Lawrence S, et al.(2002) Smoking paterns of YouthinTurkey.İstanbul.[http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-/12107777871Final_report-Jan14,2003.pdf] Last accessed 15.02.2013.
  • Buller DB, Borland R, Woodal WG (2003). Understanding factors that influence smoking uptake. Tob. Control, 12, 16–25.
  • Erbaydar T, Lawrence S, Dagli E, Hayran O, Collishaw NE (2005). Influence of social
  • environment in smoking among adolescents in Turkey. Eur J Public Health, 15, 404–10
  • Karlıkaya C, Öztuna F, Solak ZA, Özkan M, Örsel O (2006). Tütün kontrolü. Toraks Dergisi, 7, 51–64.
  • Salooje Y, Dagli E (2000). Tobacco industryt actics for resisting public policy on health.
  • Bull World Health Organ, 78, 902–10.
  • Wang MQ (2001). Social environment influences on adolescents smoking progression. Am. J. Health. Behav. 25, 418–25.
  • World Bank. Curbing the Epidemic: (1999). Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control. 1999. Washington, World Bank
  • Warren CW, Riley L, Asma S et al (2000). Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project. Bull World Health Organ, 78, 868-76.
  • Kocabas A (1988). Orta dereceli okul oğrencilerinde sigara icme alışkanlığı. Ankara Tıp Mecmuası, 41, 9-22.
  • Kıyak M, Dağoğlu T (1990). Lise oğrencileri arasında sigara kullanımı. İstanbul Halk Sağlığı Bulteni, 11, 14-7.
  • Dabakoglu T, Kukner S, Vicdan K et al (1993). Smoking, drinking and drug use in female adolescent. Tr J Med Sci, 19, 157-64.
  • Karlıkaya C (2002). Edirne’de orta oğretim oğrencilerinde sigara icme prevalansı. Toraks Dergisi, 3, 6-12.
  • Emri S, Başoğlu S, Turnagül H et al (2003). Epidemiology of smoking among turkish adults: national household survey,2002. The second international semposium on medical geology, nutrition, and canser abstract book March 31-April 03, İstanbul.
  • Dabak Ş (2004). Sigara ve sağlık. In “Sigaranın bilimsel yüzü”. Eds Tur A. İstanbul: Logos Yayıncılık, pp:1-32.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people: a report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Healthand Human Services, CDC, and National Center forChronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC.
  • Office of Smoking and Health (1994). Atlanta, Georgia,CDC.
  • Güneş G, Genç M, Pehlivan E et al (1998). Malatya Sümerbank ve tekel fabrikalarında çalışan işçilerin sigara içme davranışları, bağımlılık düzeyleri ve bırakmaya ilişkin tutumları. Sağlık İçin Sigara Alarmı Dergisi, 4, 73-80.
  • Buğdaycı R, Aytaç N, Saatçi E, Canpolat D (2001). Çukurova bölgesinde üç beden eğitimi ve spor yüksek okulunda sigara içme sıklığı ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. Sağlık ve Toplum, 11, 81-5.
  • Pıçakçıefe M, Keskinoğlu P, Bayar B, Bayar K (2007). Smoking prevalence among Muğla School of Health Sciences students and causes of leading increase in smoking. TAF Prev Med Bull, 6(4), 267-72.
  • Öğüş C, Özdemir T, Kara A, Şenol Y, Çilli A (2004). Smoking habits of class I and VI medical students at Akdeniz University Medical Faculty. Akciğer Arşivi, 5, 139-42.
  • Apaydın Kaya Ç, Akman M, Saçar K, Kaya, Sulukaya M (2010). Ergenlik çağındaki öğrenciler öğretmenlerinin sigara içmesinden etkileniyor mu? Marmara Med J, 23(1), 1-8.
  • Çelik P, Esen A, Yorgancıoglu A (2000). Manisa ilinde lise öğrencilerinin sigaraya karşı tutumları. Toraks Dergisi, 1(1), 61-7.
  • Göksel T, Cirit M, Bayındır Ü (2001). İzmir ili lise öğrencilerinin sigara alışkanlığını etkileyen faktörler. Toraks Dergisi, 2, 49-53.
  • Aykut M, Öztürk Y (1989). Erciyes Üniversitesi’nin çeşitli fakültelerinde okuyan öğrencilerin sigara içme durumu ve bunu etkileyen bazı faktörler. Sağlık Dergisi, 61, 60-72.
  • Şahin Ü, Öztürk M, Ünlü M et al (2000). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sigara kullanım ve bağımlılık düzeylerini etkileyen faktörlerin irdelenmesi. Akciğer Arşivi, 1, 73-9.
  • Valente TW, Unger BJ, Johnson CA (2005). Do popular students smoke? The association between popularity and smoking among middle school students. J. Adolesc. Health, 37, 323–29.
  • Marakoğlu K, Erdem D, Çivi S (2007). Konya’da İlköğretim Okullarındaki Öğretmenler Arasında Sigara İçme Durumu. Turk Toraks Dergisi, 7, 71-9.
  • Açıkel CH, Kılıç S, Uçar M, Yaren H, Türker T (2004). Sağlık Astsubay Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde sigara içme durumu ve etki eden faktörler. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 3(8), 178-85.
  • Gencer M, Ceylan E, Yengil E, Ethemoğlu G (2007). Şanlıurfa’da ilköğretim okulu öğretmenlerine uygulanan sigara anket sonuçları. Akciğer Arşivi, 8, 5-9
  • Pirinçci E, Erdem R (2003). Fırat üniversitesi sağlık hizmetleri meslek yüksek okulu öğrencilerinde sigara kullanım sıklığı. OMÜ Tıp Dergisi; 20(4), 193-201.
  • Kutlu R, Çivi S (2006). Seydişehir Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde sigara kullanma durumu veetkileyen faktörler. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 7(2), 71-79
  • Aksakal A, Khorshid L (2006). Adana Tekel Sigara Fabrikasında çalışan bireylerin sigara içme ve nikotin bağımlılıklarının incelenmesi. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 7(2), 57-64
  • World HelthOrganization (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. The MPOWER package; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008
  • Atilla SM, Tufan N, Baştaş S (2007). Attitudes towards smoking and frequency of smoking among students of Düzce medical school. TAF Prev. Med. Bull. 6, 364–70.
  • Ilhan F, Aksakal N, İlhan MN, Aygün R (2005). Smoking prevalence among Gazi university faculty of medicine. TAF Prev. Med. Bull, 4, 188–98.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Tobacco Free Initiative. Building Blocks forTobacco Control: A Handbook; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 4–13.
  • Warren CW, Jones NR (2006). The global tobacco surveillance system. Tob. Control, 15 (Suppl. 2), 1–3.
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There are 86 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section MAK
Authors

Nazan Akçalı

Ersin Nazlıcan

Muhsin Akbaba

Ramazan Azim Okyay

Publication Date May 6, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akçalı, N., Nazlıcan, E., Akbaba, M., Okyay, R. A. (2015). Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services. The Turkish Journal Of Occupational / Environmental Medicine and Safety, 1(1).
AMA Akçalı N, Nazlıcan E, Akbaba M, Okyay RA. Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services. turjoem. May 2015;1(1).
Chicago Akçalı, Nazan, Ersin Nazlıcan, Muhsin Akbaba, and Ramazan Azim Okyay. “Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services”. The Turkish Journal Of Occupational / Environmental Medicine and Safety 1, no. 1 (May 2015).
EndNote Akçalı N, Nazlıcan E, Akbaba M, Okyay RA (May 1, 2015) Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services. The Turkish Journal Of Occupational / Environmental Medicine and Safety 1 1
IEEE N. Akçalı, E. Nazlıcan, M. Akbaba, and R. A. Okyay, “Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services”, turjoem, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015.
ISNAD Akçalı, Nazan et al. “Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services”. The Turkish Journal Of Occupational / Environmental Medicine and Safety 1/1 (May 2015).
JAMA Akçalı N, Nazlıcan E, Akbaba M, Okyay RA. Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services. turjoem. 2015;1.
MLA Akçalı, Nazan et al. “Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services”. The Turkish Journal Of Occupational / Environmental Medicine and Safety, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015.
Vancouver Akçalı N, Nazlıcan E, Akbaba M, Okyay RA. Smoking, Prevalance, Behavior and Associated Factors in Vocational School of Health Services. turjoem. 2015;1(1).